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t3. 


MANUAL  OF  POWER 


FOR 


MACHINES,  SHAFTS,  AND  BELTS, 

WITH   THE 

HISTORY  OF  COTTON  MANUFACTURE 

IN   THE 

UNITED    STATES. 


BY 


SAMUEL    WEBBEK,    C.  E. 
H 


NEW    YORK: 
D.    APPLETON    AND    COMPANY, 

549  AND  551  BROADWAY. 

1879. 


T~S 


COPYRIGHT   BY 
SAMUEL     WEBBER. 

1879. 


V  i  •' 

f      '  •:  '/ 

•"•'  -  •     .  ,'.;,. 


TO 

HOJST.    E.    A.    STEAW, 

PRESIDENT   OP   THE   NEW  ENGLAND   COTTON   MANUFACTURERS'   ASSOCIATION, 

THIS  COLLECTION  OF  TESTS,    COMMENCED  AT  HIS  BEQUEST, 

IS   RESPECTFULLY   DEDICATED, 

BY  THE  COMPILER. 


337536 


PEEFAOE   TO   EEVISED   EDITION. 


IN  preparing  for  the  press  a  second  and  enlarged  edition  of  my 
"  Tests  of  Power,"  a  somewhat  more  extended  preface  seems  neces- 
sary, in  order  to  explain  what  have  appeared  to  many  persons  to  be 
discrepancies  in  the  first  edition,  and  also  to  give  a  short  explana- 
tion of  the  manner  in  which  the  results  were  attained. 

The  dynamometer  used  in  the  great  majority  of  the  tests  was 
designed  by  Hon.  E.  A.  Straw,  of  Manchester,  New  Hampshire,  on 
the  same  principle  as  the  one  originally  invented  by  Samuel  Batch- 
elder,  Esq.,  at  Saco,  Maine,  in  the  year  1836,  but  contained  the 
modifications  of  the  hydraulic  regulator  and  second  transmitting 
shaft,  which  were  added  to  the  original  machine  by  James  B.  Fran- 
cis, C.E.,  of  Lowell.  The  principle  of  the  machine  may  be  de- 
scribed as  follows  :  A  shaft  containing  the  receiving  pulley  passes 
through  the  fulcrum  of  a  steelyard,  having  fast  on  it  at  the  end 
next  the  pulley  a  bevel  gear,  which  forms  one  side  of  a  "  box  or 
compound "  gear.  On  a  sleeve  at  the  opposite  end  of  the  shaft, 
and  revolving  freely  around  it,  are  fixed  another  bevel  gear  of  equal 
diameter,  forming  the  opposite  side  of  the  "  box,"  and  a  plain 
gear,  which  transmits  the  power  to  a  second  shaft  parallel  with  the 
first,  and  which  carries  the  delivering  pulley,  which  is  thus  brought 
in  the  same  line  of  transmission  as  the  receiving  pulley.  Around 
the  steelyard,  on  either  side  of  the  fulcrum,  revolve  freely  two 
other  bevel  gears,  of  equal  diameter  with  those  mentioned,  which 
complete  the  "  box  "  or  "  compound,"  and  which  transmit  the  mo- 


VI 

tion  from  the  first  shaft  to  the  sleeve,  from  which  it  is  given  to 
the  second  shaft  by  a  pair  of  equal  gears. 

If  the  dynamometer  is  put  in  motion  without  attaching  any 
machine  to  the  second  shaft,  the  gears  revolve  around  the  steelyard 
without  any  other  resistance  than  their  own  friction,  and  no  effect 
is  recorded  ;  but  if  a  belt  be  carried  from  the  delivering  pulley  to 
the  pulley  on  any  machine,  the  resistance  caused  by  such  machine 
tends  to  act  upon  the  steelyard  in  such  a  manner  as  to  give  it  a 
motion  around  its  fulcrum. 

This  steelyard  is  made  of  such  length  that  a  weight  hung  at  its 
extremity  would  describe  a  circle  of  10  feet  each  revolution,  if  the 
steelyard  were  allowed  to  rotate  on  its  fulcrum ;  and  consequently 
the  100  revolutions  would  move  1,000  feet. 

A  set  of  weights  are  therefore  prepared,  which  are  sufficient  to 
hold  the  steelyard  at  a  level  poise  when  the  power  is  being  trans- 
mitted through  the  dynamometer,  and  each  one  pound  weight  is 
considered  to  move  1,000  feet  in  100  revolutions,  or  to  equal  1,000 
pounds  moved  one  foot.  The  steelyard  is  also  graduated  into  inches 
and  tenths,  and  a  poise  weight  prepared,  which  represents  100 
pounds  moved  one  foot  in  100  revolutions,  for  each  inch  that  it  is 
carried  out  on  the  steelyard  toward  its  outer  end,  this  poise  being 
3.84  pounds  in  actual  weight.  The  weights  representing  1,000 
pounds  are  also  double  the  actual  weight  necessary  to  represent 
that  sum,  as  the  steelyard  would  only  make  50  revolutions,  if  left 
free,  while  the  shaft  was  making  100. 

The  dynamometer,  being  fastened  in  position  and  belted  prop- 
erly, is  put  in  motion,  the  machine  to  be  weighed  being  driven 
through  it ;  and  the  weight  necessary  to  hold  the  steelyard  perfectly 
level  while  driving  the  machine  is  attached  to  it  in  the  usual  man- 
ner. When  this  balance  is  properly  adjusted,  the  revolutions  of  the 
shafts  are  counted  by  a  clock  driven  by  a  worm  and  gear  attached 
to  one  of  them,  and  the  apparent  weight  hung  on  the  steelyard  is 
divided  by  the  number  of  seconds  consumed  in  making  100  revo- 
lutions. 

Thus  if  11,000  pounds  be  the  marking  of  the  weight  hung  on 
the  steelyard,  and  the  time  of  completing  100  revolutions  be  10 


Vll 

seconds,  the  answer  to  the  division  is  -       -  =  1,100  pounds  lifted 

a  foot  in  one  second,  or  2-horse  power — 550  pounds  lifted  one  foot 
per  second  being  the  equivalent  of  33,000  pounds  lifted  one  foot 
per  minute,  the  established  standard  of  a  horse  power.  The  amount 
of  weight  necessary  to  balance  the  friction  of  the  dynamometer  it- 
self, when  in  revolution  at  the  desired  speed,  is  first  ascertained  and 
deducted  before  making  such  divisions,  and  will  average  not  far 
from  five  per  cent,  of  the  whole  power  consumed,  but  in  all  cases  in 
these  tests  has  been  actually  ascertained  and  deducted  in  each  in- 
stance. 

Previous  to  the  commencement  of  these  operations,  the  dyna- 
mometer was  compared  with  the  one  designed  by  Mr.  Francis  for 
the  Locks  and  Canals  Company,  of  Lowell,  with  which  it  was  found 
to  agree  exactly,  and  was  then  further  verified  by  over  one  thou- 
sand tests  with  a  Prony  brake,  the  friction  pulley  of  which  was 
attached  to  the  machine  in  the  place  of  the  ordinary  delivering  pul- 
ley and  the  arm  of  the  lever  loaded  with  varying  weights ;  while 
by  a  series  of  pulleys  the  speed  of  the  dynamometer  was  changed 
from  time  to  time,  so  as  to  vary  from  200  to  1,000  revolutions  per 
minute. 

During  all  these  tests  the  steelyard  of  the  dynamometer  was 
found  to  record  accurately  the  load  placed  on  the  brake-lever,  plus 
a  certain  uniform  difference  for  the  friction  of  the  machine,  which 
increased  in  a  regular  ratio  with  the  velocity,  and  agreed  very  close- 
ly with  the  amount  of  friction  observed  by  running  the  dynamom- 
eter without  a  load,  and  it  was  therefore  decided  to  adopt  the  method 
of  deducting  the  actual  observed  friction  in  every  test. 

The  greater  part  of  the  tests  in  the  following  tables  have  been 
taken  without  any  previous  preparations  of  the  machines  to  be 
weighed,  the  dynamometer  having  been  attached  to  them  as  they 
were  actually  in  operation  in  the  mills ;  but  there  are  some  few 
exceptions  which  should  be  noted. 

All  the  tests  at  Manchaug  in  August,  1871,  were  of  compara- 
tively new  machinery,  which  was  in  the  best  possible  order,  and  had 
been  run  just  about  long  enough  to  get  fairly  eased  in  its  bearings  • 


Vlll 

and  the  same  remarks  will  apply  to  the  tests  at  the  Manchester 
Print  Works  in  June,  1872.  The  tests  at  Manville,  Ehode  Island, 
were  of  a  new  frame  in  perfect  order,  kept  thoroughly  clean  and 
well  oiled,  but  in  an  unfinished  mill,  where  the  atmosphere  was 
damp  and  cool  until  the  last  day  of  the  trials,  reference  to  which 
will  show  that  the  machinery  ran  with  less  power  on  that  day ;  and 
the  same  difference  will  be  noticed  in  the  tests  at  Mount  Yernon 
Mills,  Baltimore,  as  well  as  the  difference  caused  by  the  oils  used 
for  lubrication  in  the  same  trials. 

The  tests  of  the  Pusey  Spindle  at  Wilmington,  Delaware,  and 
those  of  the  Sawyer  Spindle  at  the  Appleton  Mills,  Lowell,  were 
also  made  under  the  most  favorable  circumstances,  as  were  those  of 
the  Pearl  and  Rabbeth  Spindles  in  June,  18T3,  at  the  Pacific  Mills, 
and  those  of  the  Kabbeth  in  March,  1873,  at  the  Potomska  Mills. 
The  difference  due  to  cleaning  and  lubrication  will  be  noticed  in 
the  tests  of  spinning  September  25-27,  1873,  at  the  Atlantic 
Mills,  and  of  the  throstle  frame,  A,  at  the  Stark  Mills  in  April  and 
November,  1871. 

The  difference  due  to  the  atmosphere  is  strikingly  shown  in  the 
tests  of  the  same  spinning  frame,  August  7th  and  8th,  1872,  at  the 
Amoskeag  Mills. 

The  differences  due  to  banding  may  be  seen  in  many  places,  but 
in  none  more  strikingly  than  in  the  tests  at  the  China  Mill  in  March, 
1875 ;  and  those  caused  by  tight  belts  may  be  seen  in  the  trials  at 
the  Ocean  Mills,  June,  1873. 

The  matter  of  banding  is  one  to  which  it  is  well  worth  while  to 
call  the  attention  of  spinners,  as  all  tension  beyond  that  actually 
required  to  drive  the  spindle  up  to  its  proper  speed  causes  unneces- 
sary friction  in  the  bearings,  and  wears  out  both  them  and  the 
spindles  rapidly. 

A  band  should  never  be  tied  on  so  as  to  be  rigid,  but  should 
always  retain  its  elasticity ;  and  the  same  is  true  in  regard  to  belts ; 
and  a  little  extra  attention  to  these  matters  is  always  true  economy. 

Geared  machines,  like  drawing,  speeders,  and  fly  frames,  will  not 
of  course  show  these  differences ;  but  with  spinning  every  detail 
must  be  taken  into  account  to  prove  a  correct  conclusion  as  to  the 


IX 


result.  It  has  also  been  found  impossible  to  test  a  single  loom 
with  absolute  correctness,  as  the  dynamometer  tended  to  register  the 
extreme  power  of  the  beat,  particularly  if  the  speed  was  high. 

It  should  also  be  noted  that  the  speed  of  the  mule  spindles  given 
is  the  actual  number  of  revolutions  per  minute,  deducting  the  time 
taken  up  in  "  running  in  "  the  carriage,  and  not  the  velocity  of  the 
spindle  when  in  operation,  and  the  comparative  power  of  the  mules 
and  frames  is  ascertained  by  the  number  of  yards  of  yarn  per 
spindle  per  minute,  as  compared  with  the  foot  pounds. 

This  in  the  mule  is  equal  to  the  length  of  stretch,  multiplied  by 
the  number  of  stretches  per  minute,  and  in  the  frames  by  the 
number  of  revolutions  of  the  front  roll,  multiplied  by  3.1410  or  3^-, 
the  diameter  of  the  front  roll  being  one  inch. 

Taken  as  a  whole,  however,  the  results  obtained  have  agreed 
remarkably  with  those  obtained  by  the  steam-engine  indicator,  when 
the  summary  of  the  dynamometer  results  was  compared  with  the 
indicator  cards  of  the  same  mill,  after  allowing  for  friction  of  en- 
gine, or  with  the  calculation  of  the  effect  of  the  Boyden  turbine 
in  cases  where  water  power  was  used,  particularly  in  the  cases  shown 
in  the  summaries  of  tests  as  in  mills  B  and  I. 

In  two  cases  "  Swain "  Wheels  have  been  put  into  mills  after 
getting  the  required  power  by  the  dynamometer,  namely,  the 
Whittenton  Mills  at  Taunton,  and  the  Clinton  Mills  at  Woonsocket, 
and  in  both  cases  have  agreed  exactly  with  the  calculations  previ- 
ously made. 

It  should  also  be  mentioned  that  in  some  of  the  mills  tested, 
such  as  those  at  Kockport,  Newburyport,  Gloucester,  N".  J.,  Hay- 
densville,  Mass.,  and  the  Stark  Mills  at  Manchester,  K.  H.,  much 
or  all  of  the  machinery  was  quite  old,  and  the  tests  were  made  to 
ascertain  the  actual  consumption  of  power,  with  a  view  to  future 
improvements ;  while  in  the  tests  previously  referred  to  such  im- 
provement had  commenced,  and  the  trials  were  for  the  purpose  of 
demonstrating  the  prospective  saving  to  be  attained. 

Such  as  the  records  are  they  are  correct,  and  any  apparent  dis- 
crepancies in  them  are  usually  explained  at  once  by  a  full  knowl- 
edge of  the  circumstances. 


It  should  also  be  remembered  that  neither  very  new  nor  very 
old  machinery  can  be  depended  on  for  a  fair  average  test  of  the 
power  usually  required.  In  the  first  case  there  is  a  loss  of  power 
from  extra  friction,  in  the  last  from  extra  gyration. 

Although  the  greater  part  of  my  tests  have  been  confined  to 
cotton  machinery,  there  are  a  sufficient  number  of  trials  of  woolen, 
worsted,  and  flax  machines  to  give  a  fair  idea  of  the  usual  amount 
of  power  required  to  operate  them  at  the  usual  velocity,  together 
with  a  short  list  of  machine  tools  and  miscellaneous  machinery. 
Paper  machinery  has  not  been  tested,  for  want  of  a  dynamometer 
of  sufficient  capacity. 

To  the  separate  tests  of  machines,  I  add  in  this  edition  the 
summaries  of  all  the  machines,  with  the  power  required  by  them, 
in  a  series  of  mills  on  different  fabrics,  and  also  tables  for  shaft- 
ing and  belting;  the  former  calculated  from  the  tables  of  Mr. 
James  B.  Francis,  the  latter  from  various  authorities,  as  well  as 
from  my  own  experiments,  and  at  the  request  of  several  manu- 
facturers add  the  English  tables  of  twist  for  yarn,  and  roving,  and 
for  the  breaking  strength  of  yarns,  together  with  certain  convenient 
rules  for  calculating  drafts  and  numbers. 

I  also  add  a  corrected  report  of  the  turbine  tests  at  the  Cen- 
tennial Exposition,  which  contained  a  number  of  small  errors  in  the 
official  publication,  though  not  enough  to  invalidate  the  general 
result. 

The  work  is  completed  for  the  present  by  a  historical  sketch  of 
the  growth  and  progress  of  the  cotton  manufacture  in  the  United 
States,  originally  prepared  for  the  American  Society  of  Civil  En- 
gineers, as  part  of  a  centennial  record  of  various  American  indus- 
tries, but  the  publication  of  which  has  been  so  long  delayed,  from 
various  causes,  that  the  officers  of  the  Society  have  consented  to  its 
publication  in  this  form. 

MANCHESTER,  N.  H.,  January,  1879. 


PEEFAOE. 


THESE  tests,  undertaken  without  any  view  to  publication, 
may  be  found  deficient  in  some  points ;  but  may  be  depended 
on  as  correct,  as  far  as  they  go. 

They  give  a  representation  of  the  power  required  by  cotton- 
machinery,  as  actually  in  use,  under  various  circumstances,  in  a 
large  number  of  mills:  some  of  it  new,  and  in  the  best  run- 
ning order ;  some  of  it  very  old,  and  tested  with  a  view  to 
ascertain  how  much  power  was  lost  by  using  it.  Part  of  the 
tests  have  been  made  to  ascertain  the  variations  due  to  weather, 
oil,  and  banding;  but  the  writer  believes  that  the  notes  will 
explain  sufficiently  these  different  points,  and  trusts  that  the 
information  contained,  as  to  the  average  power  actually  used, 
will  be  of  sufficient  value  to  manufacturers  to  justify  their 
publication. 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


PART  I. 

PAGES 

EXPLANATORY  PREFACE 3 

Power  Tests  of  Cotton  Openers  and  Pickers 12,  66 

"  "      Cards 16,59 

"      Railway  Heads 18,  69 

"     Drawing  Frames ,. 20,  69 

"      Roving  Frames 22,  60 

"  "      Throstle  Spinning 28 

"      Ring  Spinning,  Common  Spindle 30,  62 

"  "  "  Sawyer          "       34,  66 

"  "  "  Pearl  "       36,  68 

"  "  <•  Rabbeth        "       36,70 

"  "  "  Birkenhead  «       38,  70 

"  "  "  Excelsior      "       38,  70 

"  "  "  Perry  "       42,70 

"  "  «  Pusey  "       42 

"  "  "  Miscellaneous  Spindles 70 

"  "      MuleSpinning 44,72 

"  "      Spoolers 48,73 

"  "      Twisters 48,72 

"  "      Warpers 48,73 

"  "      Dressers 48,  73 

"  "      Looms 46,74 

"          of  Miscellaneous  Machinery  and  Tools 49,  78 

"          of  Flax  Machinery 60,  72 

of  Wool        " 50,  74 

"          of  Worsted   " 79 

"          of  Shafting 62 

of  Mills  in  full 78 

Rules  and  Tables  for  Shafting 88 

"  "  Belting 95 

Turbine  Wheel  Tests 101 

Roving  and  Yarn  Tables 115 


XIV 

PART    II. 

CHAPTER  I. 

PAGE 

Commencement  of  Cotton  Manufacture  by  Machinery — Arkwright — Paul— Har- 

greaves — Crompton — Wyatt 1 

CHAPTER  II. 

First  attempts  in  the  United  States — Bridgewater — Beverly — Philadelphia — Rhode 

Island,  etc 1 

CHAPTER  III. 

Samuel  Slater — Almy  and  Brown — Eli  Whitney — Pliny  Earle — Amos  Whittemore. .     16 

CHAPTER  IV. 

1800  to  1812 — Rapid  Growth— Pawtucket — Paterson — Watertown — New  Ipswich, 
N.  H. — Samuel  Batchelder — Peterborough,  N.  H. — Amoskeag  Falls — General 
Statistics— 1 810 21 

CHAPTER  V. 

Nathan  Appleton — Power  Looms — Francis  C.  Lowell — Patrick  T.  Jackson — Paul 
Moody— Waltham— The  New  England  System 28 

CHAPTER  VI. 

1812 — Beginning  at  Fall  River — Paterson — Ludlow — North  Adams — Matteawan — 
William  Gilmore — Power  Looms — Ira  Draper — Rotary  Temple — Statistics — 
1820 34 

CHAPTER  VII. 

1821 — Origin  of  Lowell — Kirk  Boott  —  Nathan  Appleton — Paul  Moody — Francis  C. 
Lowell — John  D.  Prince — Samuel  L.  Dana — Merrimac  Manufacturing  Company 
— Hamilton  Company — Appleton  Company — Samuel  Batchelder  —  First  Mill 
driven  by  main  belts  by  Paul  Moody — Nashua — Dover — Chicopee — Tariff  of 
1824 — A.  &  A.  Lawrence — Aza  Arnold — Equation  Box — Saco — Cohoes — Tariff 
of  1828— Danforth's  Cap-Spindle 39 

CHAPTER  VIII. 

Ring-Spinning — John  Thorpe — William  Mason — Brewster's  Speeder — York  Manu- 
facturing Company — Samuel  Batchelder — Balance  Dynamometer — Cotton  Crop 
of  1834— Boston  &  Lowell  Railroad— Patent  Office  established— Newburyport 
— Amoskeag  Company — Stark  Mills — E.  B.  Bigelow — Counterpane  Loom — Sta- 
tistics—1840 47 

CHAPTER  IX. 

Self -Acting  Mule — Ira  Gay — Pitcher  &  Brown — William  Mason — Richard  Roberts 
—William  C.  Davo— Smith  Mule— Higgins  Mule— Potter  Mule— Parr  &  Curtis 
— Platt  Brothers — Wanton  Rouse — English  Roving  Frames — Higgins  &  Sons — 


XV 


First  Turbine  Wheels — Uriah  A.  Boyden — Lawrence — Essex  Company — Atlan- 
tic Mills — E.  B.  Bigelow— Gingham  Loom — Increase  in  size  of  Mills — Produc- 
tion— 1850 52 

CHAPTER  X. 

Iladley  Falls  Company — Holyoke — Lewiston — Rapid  Growth  to  1857 — Self-Stripping 
Card — George  Wellman — Horace  Woodman — Bag  Loom — Cyrus  W.  Baldwin — 
Picker  Staff— W.  W.  Dutcher — Railway  Evener — D.  W.  Hayden — George  Dra- 
per— Pembertou  Mills — Census  of  1860 — Progress  of  Ten  Years 58 

CHAPTER  XI. 

The  Great  Rebellion  of  1861 — Prostration  of  Business — Close  of  the  War — Revival 
of  Manufactures,  and  enormous  increase — "  Slasher"  Dresser  Introduced  by  A. 
D.  Lockwood — Improvements  in  Ring  Spindles — Oliver  Pearl — Jacob  H.  Saw- 
yer— George  Draper — Richard  Garsed — Barton  H.  Jenks — F.  J.  Rabbeth — Open- 
ing and  Picking — Creighton  Willow — Richard  Kitson — Whitehead  &  Atherton 
— Palmer  &  Jillson — Great  Increase  at  Fall  River — New  Mills  in  New  England 
and  the  Southern  States 63 

CHAPTER  XII. 

Statistics  of  1874— Calico  Printing-Machines  in  1876 — Ginghams— Cottouades — Cot- 
ton Duck — Spool-Cotton — Small  Wares — Statistics  of  1876" — Lowell — Lawrence 
— Manchester — Lewiston — Fall  River — Comparative  cost  of  Water  and  Steam- 
Power — Water-Wheels  at  the  Centennial — Letter  of  Edward  Atkinson  to  New 
York  "  Herald  " 75 

SUPPLEMENTARY   CHAPTER. 
The  Cotton  Manufacture  as  illustrated  at  the  Centennial  Exhibition 89 

APPENDICES. 

A.— Paper  by  William  A.  Burke,  Esq 95 

B.— Letter  of  Aza  Arnold..  102 


12 


TESTS  OF  POWER.— COTTON-OPENERS, 


DATE. 

PLACE, 

MACHINE. 

No. 
Beaters. 

Rev. 
do. 

May,  1871 

(  Amoskeag  Mills,  [ 
1  Manches'r,  N.  K.  f 

Double  Creighton  Willow, 

2 

946 

"      1872 

\  MasconometMill,  } 
|     Newburyport,    f 

Single        "                " 

1 

820 

"      1871 

Amoskeag  Mills, 

Van  Winkle  Opener, 

1 

520 

u          u 

u                u 

u              u                 a 

1 

532 

Aug.,  1871 

Manchaag  Mill,  Mass. 

Kitson's  "  Old  Pattern," 

2 

1,344 

May,  1872 

Eockport  Mill,  '     " 

a                  a           u 

2 

1,400 

u           u 

u               u             u 

Kitson's  Mixer, 

1 

750 

Nov.  1873 

Tremont  Mills, 

f  Whitehe'd  &  Atherton,  ) 

1 

700 

a          u 

Lowell,  Mass., 

\          New  Mixer.           \ 

1 

700 

POWER  OP  COTTON-PICKERS. 


DATE. 

PLACE. 

MACHINE. 

No. 
Beaters. 

Revolution 

Beaters. 

May,  1871 

Amoskeag  Mills,     ) 

36  inch  Amoskeag  Pattern 

3 

1,507 

j« 

Manchester,  N.  H.  > 

u                u                   u 

2 

1,026 

u 

"          S 

Whitin's  Pattern,* 

3 

1,617 

June,  1871 

Derry  Mills,  Manch'r 

Whitin's  Lapper,  30  inch. 

2 

2,045 

May,  1872 

Rockport,  Mass., 

u                u        48     u 

3 

1,500 

April,  1873 

j   "Social"  Mill,     } 
(     Woon  socket,      ) 

"                "        30     " 

3 

1,500 

a 

a 

"                "        30     " 

3 

2,100 

April,  1872 

Salmon  Falls,  N.  H., 

Platt's           *'       36     " 

2 

1,100 

May,  1872 

j  Masconomet,        ) 
i   Newburyport,      ) 

u                    u         ^g      tt 

2 

1,016 

u 

a 

It                             tt              ^g        U 

2 

1,066 

Nov.,  1873 

Granite  Mill,  F.Riv'r 

"                "        36     " 

2 

1,130 

u 

«                u        36     <( 

2 

1,130 

Aug.,  1871 

Mauchaug,  Mass., 

Kitson's          " 

2 

1,344 

Jan.,  1872 

j      Whittenton,       ) 
1  Tannton,  Mass.,    j 

u                   a 

2 

1,530 

Nov.,  1872 

j  Essex  Mill,  Pat-    ) 
(     erson,  N.  J.,        ) 

u                    u 

2 

1,066 

Nov.,  1873 

Westville,  Taunton, 

u                    a 

2 

1,500 

May,  1873 

Manchester  Print 
Works, 

Kitson's  Compound, 

4 

1,500 

u 

Weetamoe  Mill, 
Fall  River, 

"       Lapper, 

2 

1,500 

Oct.,  1873 

Merrimac  Manfg.  ) 
Co.,  Lowell,       f 

"        Compound, 

4 

1,600 

a 

u 

(i                              U 

4 

1,600 

a 

u 

u                    a 

3 

1,600 

NOTE.— Ft.  Ibs.,  in  all  c«ses  in  this  book,  refers  to  Ibs.  lifted  1  ft.  cer  second.  550  of  which  =  1.  H.  P. 
*  Built  at  Amoskeag  Shop. 


13 


DELIVERING  COTTON  LOOSE  ON  FLOOR. 


No. 
Pans. 

Rev. 
do. 

Lbs.  Cott'n 
per  Day. 

Ft.  Lbs. 
per  sec. 

Horse- 
Power. 

REMARKS. 

1 

1,420 

5,000 

6,868 

12.488 

Counter-shaft  included  j  g^^'p 

1 

1,183 

3,000 

2,971 

5.402 

«              u 

1 

1,155 

2,000 

891 

1.620 

«              « 

1 

1,360 

3,000 

1,149 

2.090 

a                  u 

2 

J  1,456 
\  1,620 

3,200 

3,298 

5.996 

Cotton  blown  through  long  dust-box. 

2 

1,600 

3,000 

3,151 

5.730 

"  previously  opened  in  mixer  " 

1 

750 

3,000 

697 

1.258 

"  delivered  to  last  machine. 

1 

TOO 

8,330 

3,490 

6.345 

1 

TOO 

10,900 

3,679 

6.689 

DELIVERING  COTTON  IN  LAP. 


No. 

Fans. 

Revolution 
Fans. 

Lbs.  Cott'n 
per  Day. 

Wt.  Lap 
per  Yd. 

Ft.  Lbs. 
per  Sec. 

Horse- 
Power. 

REMARKS. 

8 

1  822 

1  000 

2,670 

4.860 

1st  Picker.  2  Beat's  &  Fans=2,024=3.68 

2 

1,200 

1,000 

1,676 

3.048 

2d       "       without  Feed-motion=2.487 

1 

1  560 

1  000 

1  622 

2.950 

2d       "            "              "             —2  252 

1 

2,000 

600 

1,387 

2.395 

1st      " 

1 

870 

1,500 

2,769 

5.034 

2d       " 

9, 

3,487 

6.340 

1st      "    &  Hayden  Trunk  &  Dust-box. 

1 

2,703 

4.914 

2d       " 

9, 

1,600 

2,486 

4.520 

1st      " 

9, 

1,354 

2,667 

4.848 

1st      "    without  Feed                =3.584 

9, 

1  421 

2,511 

4.566 

2d       " 

2 

1,507 



10|  oz. 

3,237 

5.886 

1st      "    without  Feed                =3.885 

9, 

1  507 

3,441 

6.256 

2d       " 

9, 

1  456 

1  200 

2,080 

3.776 

1st      "    without  Feed                =2.976 

9, 

1,668 

2,514 

4.571 

2d       " 

2 

1,177 

1,867 

3.394 

2d       "    with  Evener. 

2 

1,500 

2,000 

11    OZ. 

2,830 

5.145 

2d       " 

3i 

2.  1,500 
1.  2,000 

2,000 

8  oz. 

6,025 

10.954 

1st      " 

2 

1,500 

.... 

12  oz. 

3,045 

5.536 

2d       "    with  Evener. 

3I 

2.  1,600 
1.  2,100 

3,300 

11  oz. 

6,807 

12.360 

1st      "    on  previously-opened  Cotton. 

8 

u 

5,795 

10.530 

1st      "    same  Machine  without  Cotton. 

2i 

1.  1,600 
1.  2,100 





3,897 

7.086 

1st      "       "  1  Beater  and  Fan  stopped 

14 


COTTON  OPENERS  AND  LAPPERS. 


DATE. 

PLACE. 

MACHINE. 

No. 
Beaters. 

Revolution 
Beaters. 

Oct.,  1873 

j  Merrimac  Mnfg.   ) 
(      Co.,  Lowell,       f 

Kitson's  Compound, 

4 

1,600 

.  tt 

it 

tt                tt 

4 

1,600 

u 

tt 

tt                tt 

4 

1,380 

u 

u 

(t                tt 

4 

1,380 

(i 

u 

<t                tt 

4 

1,380 

u 

tt 

"        2d  Lapper, 

2 

1,700 

ii 

ti 

tt                tt 

2 

1,700 

u 

u 

tt               tt 

2 

1,550 

tt 

ti 

tt                tt 

2 

1,550 

tt 

« 

tt                tt 

2 

1,400 

tt 

" 

tt                tt 

2 

1,400 

Nov.,  1873 

j    Tremont  Mills,    ) 
1         Lowell,           f 

"        Compound 

4 

1,380 

tt 

it 

tt                n 

4 

1,500 

tt 

tt 

tt                (t 

4 

1,500 

(t 

(t 

C  Whitehead  &  Atherton  1 

3 

1,300 

tt 

tt 

Whipper  Lapper, 

3 

1,300 

M 

tt 

1                                         1 

3 

1,300 

tt 

tt 

J 

3 

1,300 

May,  1873 
u 

Great  Falls,  N.  H., 
tt 

j  Whitehead  &  Atherton  'i 
(        Old  1st  Lapper,       J 
2d        " 

2 

1.  1,200 
2.  1,500 
1,500 

Nov.,  1873 

j    Westville  Mill,    ) 
(        Taunton,          f 

Kitson  Lapper, 

2 

1,500 

Jan.,  1874 

]  Clipper  Mill,  Bal-  [ 
\     timore,  Md.       f 

tt          tt 

3 

1,380 

<t 

tt 

Whitehead  &  Atherton, 

3 

1,380 

Feb.,  1874 

(Jackson  Co.  Mills,  j. 
(         Nashua,          f 

Kitson  Compound, 

4 

1,380 

tt 

u 

tt            tt 

4 

1,380 

C     Kitson  Compound,     ) 

r 

1.     700 

tt 

Boott  MiUs,  Lowell, 

<     New  Style,  with  2     > 
(    "Broken"  Beaters,    ) 

4  1 

1.     950 
2.  1,380 

u 

j  Whittenton  Mills,) 

j  Kitson  Compound,  Old  { 

43 

.... 

(       Taunton,          f 

i                Style,               ? 

•j 

1,390 

(t 

f  Same  Machine,  1st  pair  ' 

Beaters  removed,  and 

Mar.,  1874 

tt 

1.24  in.  Whipper  Cyl- 
inder substituted   by 

•1 

1.  1,000 
2.  1,390 

Whitehead  &  Ather- 

ton, 1,000  rev.  p.  min. 

(  1.24  inch    "  Broken  "  ) 

. 

11  nnn 

M 

(C 

<    Beater  substituted  for  [• 
(    Whipper,  by  Kitson,   ) 

M 

.  1,UUU 

2.  1,390 

15 


COTTON   LAPPERS— (Continued). 


No. 

Fans. 

Revolution 
Fans. 

Lbs.  Cott'n 
per  Day. 

Wt.Lap 
per  Yd. 

Ft.  Lbs. 
per  Sec. 

Horse- 
Power. 

REMABKS. 

..{ 

2.  1,600 
1.  2,100 

5,000 

19^  OZ. 

7,333 

13.33 

1st  Trial,  A.  M.,  Heavy  Lap. 

•I 

2.  1,600 
1.  2,100 

5,000 

19|-  OZ. 

7,414 

13.48 

2d      "      P.M., 

| 

3| 

2.  1,380 
1.  1,850 

3,000 

11     OZ. 

4,815 

8.75 

Speed  reduced. 

t 

H 

2.  1,380 
1.  1,850 

.... 



3,889 

7.07 

11    without  Cotton  passing. 

1 

'{ 

l!  1^850 

4,500 

18    oz. 

5,864 

10.66 

Speed  •same,  Lap  increased. 

1 

2 

1,700 

2,250 

8£  oz. 

3,744 

6.80 

"  regular,  following  last  machine. 

f 

2 

1,700 

.... 

.... 

2,615 

4.755 

"      "        without  Cotton. 

E 

P< 

2 

1,550 

2,300 

10£  oz. 

2,923 

5.315 

"  reduced.  Lap  heavier. 

§ 

2 

1,550 

.... 

.... 

2,141 

3.891 

"      "          without  Cotton. 

~ 

2 

1,400 

1,750 

8Joz. 

2,410 

4.382 

"  further  reduced. 

2 

1,400 





1,667 

3.080 

"      "           "       without  Cotton.  . 

3 

1,380 

4,200 

12|  oz. 

8,871 

16.128 

2  Trials  on  Cotton  from  Bale. 

3 

1,500 

3,540 

llf  oz. 

8,518 

15.487 

1  Trial       " 

3 

1,500 

.... 

.... 

7,106 

12.92 

1  Trial  without  Cotton  " 

3 

1,300 

3,260 

13    oz. 

4,482 

8.15 

Taken  as  running          " 

3 

1,300 

3,600 

13£  oz. 

4,623 

8.407 

U                 '11                                           U 

3 

•  1,300 

4,080 

14|  oz. 

4,448 

8.085 

11                    (1                                           U 

3 

1,300 

.... 

.... 

3,918 

7.123 

Without  Cotton. 

3i 

2.  1,500 
1.  2,000 

12    oz. 

5,116 

9.300 

Opened  Cotton,  1  Scratcher,  2  Beaters. 

2 

1,500 



8    oz. 

3,687 

6.70 

Following  Jast  Machine. 

2 

1,500 

2,000 

11    oz. 

2,830 

5.145 

2d  Picker. 

3 

1,380 

3,930 

16    oz. 

4,383 

7.969 

1st  Picker,  working  Cotton  from  Bale. 

3 

1,380 

3,600 

12    oz. 

5,883 

10.607 

U                                                   It                                         it 

3 

1,380 

3,840 

13    oz. 

5,674 

10.318 

U                                                   11                                          U 

3 

1,380 

.... 

.... 

4,590 

8.346 

"             without  Cotton. 

j 

1.  1,730 

4,800 

14    oz. 

4,525 

8.228 

"             working  Cotton  from  Bale. 

( 

2.  1,380 

.... 

3,282 

5.950 

"             without  Cotton. 

1,390 

3,300 

15    oz. 

8,142 

14.805 

Work'g  Bl'k  Cotton,  dyed  after  Card'g. 

6,047 

9.177 

Without  Cotton. 

1.  1,000 

3,906 

7.102 

3  ( 

2.  1,390 

3',350 

15    oz. 

6,308 

11.505 

Work'g  Black  Cotton,  as  at  above  test 

4,420 

19^  oz. 

5,000 

9.091 

Working  White  Cotton  from  Bale. 

< 

1.  1,000 

3,691 

6.711 

Without  Cotton. 

3i 

2.  1,390 

3^300 

15    oz. 

6,588 

11.978 

Working  Dyed  Cotton,  as  before. 

16 


COTTON  CARDS. 


DATE. 

PLACE. 

DESCRIPTION. 

£ 

S 

| 

Kevol'n 

Lb.  Cot. 
per  Day. 

June,  1871 

j  Derry  MiUs,  Man-  { 
\    Chester,  N.  H.,   ) 

Hand-Stripper, 

30 

116 

30 

u 

j  Amoskeag  Mills,  j. 
"j  Manches'r,  N.  H.,  ) 

Self-Stripper, 

36 

110 

36 

Aug.,  1871 

Mauchaug,  Mass., 

Saco  W.  P.  Co.  "  Breaker, 

36 

128 

40 

it 

u                  u 

"              "  Finisher, 

36 

128 

40 

Jan.,  1872 

Whittenton,  Taunton, 

Mason's  Breaker, 

30 

127 

.  . 

'a 

tt                    n 

"  Self-Stripper,  Finisher, 

36 

120 

n 

It                    tt 

"         "              Breaker, 

36 

120 

.  . 

tt 

It                           it 

"         "               Single, 

36 

120 

.  . 

Mar.,  1872 
April,  1872 

Haydensville,  Mass., 
Salmon  Falls,  N.  H., 

Whitin's  Self-Stripper, 
Saco  W.  P.  Co.  "  Breaker, 

36 

36 

120 
125 

it 

it              tt 

"              "  Finisher, 

36 

125 

.  . 

May,  1872 

Rockport,  Mass., 

Whitin's  Breaker, 

48 

137 

u 

u                 tt 

SacoW.  P.  Co.  S.  S.  Finsh'r, 

36 

123 

.  . 

it 

Masconomet  Mill, 

Mason's  Breaker, 

24 

133 

Newburyport,  Mass., 

Saco  W.  P.  Co.  Finisher, 

36 

127 

June,  1872 

j  Manchester  Print  [ 
1     Works,  N.  H.,    y 

a             a                    u 

36 

120 

27 

Nov.,  1872 

j  Essex  Mill,  Pat-  ) 
(      erson,  N.  J.,      f 

Howard  &  Bullough, 

36 

115 

76 

Apr.,  1873 

Clinton  Mill, 

Mason's  Cylinder,  Wood, 

30 

130 

Woonsocket,  Mass., 

"             "          Iron, 

30 

132 

May,  1873 

Weetamoe,  F.  Kiver, 

J.  Pettee,  Single, 

36 

120 

Nov.,  1873 

Granite,          " 

Davol  &  Co., 

36 

136 

June,  1873 

j  Ocean  Mill,  New-  ) 
{        buryport,         ) 

Saco  W.  P.  Co.  Self-Strip'r, 

36 

125 

u 

a 

u                        u 

36 

125 

u 

n 

((                                     (C 

36 

125 

Sept.,  1873 

Atlantic  Mills, 

Lowell  Ma.  Shop,    " 

36 

130 

65 

u 

Lawrence,  Mass., 

u                        u 

36 

130 

65 

u 

u 

It                         it 

36 

130 

65 

u 

u 

tl                         tl 

36 

130 

65 

u 

u 

It                         tt 

36 

130 

45 

Nov.,  1873 

Westville,  Taunton, 

Mason, 

36 

156 

36 

COTTON  CARDS— (Continued). 


Ft.  Lbs. 
per  Sec. 

Horse- 
Power. 

No.  per 
Railw'y. 

H.  P.  of 

Railw'y- 

Total 
H.  P. 

Cards 
per  H.P. 

REMARKS. 

44.85 

.0816 

10 

0.585 

1.40 

7.14 

Single  Carding  for  Hosiery,  old. 

78.92 

.144 

11 

0.645 

2.229 

5. 

"    Tickings. 

46.92 

.085 

52 

1.437 

5.857 

8.88 

2  Tests,  Double  Carding  for  fine  Cambrics. 

70.77 

.129 

13 

.530 

2.207 

5.89 

98. 

.178 

28 

.806 

5.790 

4.83 

Hand-Stripper,  very  old. 

62. 

.112 

10 

.361 

1.481 

6.75 

80. 

.145 

22 

1.016 

4.206 

5.23 

80. 

.145 

11 

.380 

1.975 

5.57 

YO. 

.126 

9 

.253 

1.387 

6.47 

Single  Carding. 

50.58 

.093 

64 

1.020 

6.972 

9.18 

Double     " 

50.58 

.093 

16 

.233 

1.721 

8.26 

u               u 

201.36 

.366 

48 

1.794 

5.088 

2.48 

Hand-Stripper,  old. 

85. 

.155 

12 

.361 

2.221 

5.40 

Self 

105. 

.191 

68 

2.539 

15.527 

4.40 

Hand-Stripper,  Old. 

147. 

.268 

11 

.512 

3.460 

3.18 

Self 

40. 

.073 

12 

.601 

1.477 

8.12 

U                             U 

280. 

.527 

.  . 

.... 

.... 

1.90 

Single  Card,  Coiler,  8  W'kers  &  Strip're  , 

158. 

.288 

24 

.247 

7.159 

3.35 

Hand-Stripper,  Breaker,    old. 

113.21 

.206 

12 

.507 

2.979 

4.03 

Self        "        ,  Finisher,    " 

120. 

.218 

12 

*.667 

3.283 

3.66 

H                       tt 

92. 

.167 

15 

.689 

3.194 

4.70 

63.57 

.116 

10 

.430 

1.530 

6.29 

Single  Carding. 

66.07 

.120 

32 

1.535 

5.375 

6. 

Breaker. 

65. 

.118 

8 

.354 

1.298 

6.16 

Finisher. 

150. 

.273 

60 

2.267 

18.647 

3.28 

Breaker. 

143.75 

.261 

60 

2.267 

17.927 

3.35 

u 

189.13 

.253 

9 

.906 

3.183 

2.83 

Finisher. 

125.22 

.228 

9 

.906 

2.958 

3.04 

" 

82.92 

.151 

9 

.906 

2.265 

3.97 

H 

76.74 

.139* 

11 

.803 

2.337 

4.71 

Single  Carding. 

*  Estimated. 


18 


RAILWAY-HEADS  FOR  CARDS. 


DATE. 

PLACE. 

DESCRIPTION. 

June,              1871 

Amoskeag  Mills,  K  H., 

Breaker,  Lap-Head, 

August,          1871 

Manchaug  Mills,  Mass., 

U                         11 

January,        1872 

Whittenton  Mills,  Mass., 

u                 u 

tt                       u 

ft                  u           u 

It                         U 

May,                  " 

Salmon  Falls,  ST.  H., 

u                 u 

u                            tt 

Eockport,  Mass., 

u                 u 

a                            tt 

Masconomet,  Newburyport,  Mass., 

u                  u 

June,                 " 

Manchester  Print  Works,  K  H., 

a                 u 

April,             1873 

Clinton  Mill,  Woonsocket,  R.  I., 

a                 a 

June,                 " 

Ocean  Mill,  Newburyport,  Mass., 

u                 u 

September,        " 

Atlantic  Mill,  Lawrence,  Mass., 

U                            (( 

June,             1871 

Berry  Mill,  Manchester,  N.  H., 

Finisher  Railway, 

t(                          a 

Amoskeag  Mills,  Manchester,  N".  H., 

it              tt 

u                          u 

a                a                tt                    a 

tt              tt 

August,             " 

Manchaug  Mills,  Mass., 

tt                 u 

January,        1872 

Whittenton,  Taunton,  Mass., 

tt                  tt 

March,              " 

Haydensville,  Mass., 

tt                      U 

u                         u 

Salmon  Falls,  K  H., 

tt               11 

May, 

Rockport,  Mass., 

tt                 u 

tt                         tt 

Masconomet,  Newburyport,  Mass., 

tt                       U 

June,                 " 

Manchester  Print  Works,  N.  H., 

tt                        (i 

April,             1873 

Clinton  Mill,  Woonsocket,  R.  I., 

It                        U 

June,                 " 

Ocean  Mill,  Newburyport,  Mass., 

tt                       U 

»»                         ft 

u          a                   u                    u 

tt                        U 

September,       " 

Atlantic,  Lawrence,  Mass., 

tt               <( 

November,        " 

Granite,  Fall  River,  Mass., 

tt               (( 

U                           U 

Westville,  Taunton,     " 

tt                  (( 

U                             U 

u                    u 

tt               tt 

19 


RAILWAY-HEADS  FOR  CARDS. 


No.  of  Cards. 

Diameter  of  Roll 

Velocity  of  Boll. 

Ft.  Ib.  per  Sec. 

Horse-Power. 

32 

9  inches. 

10  yds.  per  min. 

578. 

1.051 

52 

u 

9.42      "      " 

790. 

1.437 

28 

u 

10.          "      " 

443. 

.806 

22 

u 

10.          "      " 

559. 

1.016 

64 

u 

7.33     "      " 

560. 

1.020 

48,  48in 

a 

10.         "      "     • 

987. 

1.794 

68,  24in 

a 

11.         "      " 

1396. 

2.539 

36 

n 

10.          "      " 

519. 

.944 

24 

Can. 

11.66     "      " 

135.76 

.247 

32 

9  inches. 

12.         "      " 

844. 

1.555 

60 

5  inches. 

14:5        "      " 

1247. 

2.267 

10 

1£  inches. 

320  revolutions. 

321. 

.585 

11 

u 

400            " 

395. 

.716 

11 

u 

378            " 

-  361. 

.656 

13 

u 

290            " 

291.46 

.530 

10 

u 

302            " 

188. 

.361 

9 

it 

220            " 

139. 

.253 

8 

<t 

230            " 

128. 

.233 

12 

u 

200            " 

198.38 

.361 

11 

u 

360            " 

282. 

.512 

12 

u 

282            " 

336. 

.601 

12 

(( 

394            " 

278.57 

.507 

10 

u 

200            " 

236.36 

.430 

8 

u 

200            " 

194.44 

.354 

9 

u 

365            " 

498. 

.906 

15 

u 

412            " 

379.17 

.689 

11 

It 

306            " 

310. 

.564 

11 

it 

312            " 

441.51 

.803 

20 


DRAWINO-FRAMES.—COTTON 


DATE. 

PLACE. 

MAKER. 

June,            1871 

Derry  Mills,  Manchester,  N.  H., 

Unknown, 

u                       a 

Amoskeag  Mills,  Amoskeag,  " 

Amoskeag  Co.,  1st, 

a                       u 

U                         U                     U                     U 

"             "     2d, 

July, 

Langdon  Mills, 

Whitin, 

August,          " 

Manchaug  Mills,  Mass., 

Saco  W.  P.  Co.,  1st, 

a                     a 

U                          (I                U 

2d, 

January,       1872 

Whittenton,  Taunton,  Mass., 

Mason, 

u                    c; 

tl                            U                       i( 

u 

u                    u 

u                    u                u 

u 

March,            " 

Haydensville,  Mass., 

Whitin, 

April,              " 

Salmon  Falls,  N.  H., 

Saco  W.  P.  Co. 

May, 

Kockport,  Mass., 

Mason, 

a                     u 

Masconomet,  Newburyport,  Mass., 

"      1st, 

a                     u 

u                             u 

"      2d, 

June,              " 

Manchester  Print  Works,  N".  H., 

Saco  W.  P.  Co.  1st, 

((                               It 

U                     U                  U                     11 

"            "           2d, 

November,      " 

Essex,  Paterson,  N".  J., 

Howard  &  Bullough, 

April,           1873 

Clinton,  "Woonsocket,  E.  I., 

Whitin,  1st, 

u                    u                    u 

"       2d, 

u                    u                    u 

"        3d, 

May, 

"Weetamoe,  Fall  Eiver,  Mass., 

Whitin,  1st, 

u                    a                    u 

"        2d, 

June,              " 

Ocean,  Newburyport,     " 

Higgins,  1st, 

a                      tt 

u                   u 

u       2d, 

November,     " 

Granite,  Fall  Eiver,        "    . 

Whitin,  1st, 

a               it 

u                 u 

"       2d, 

a                u 

Westville,  Taunton,        u 

Mason,    1st, 

U                            U                            (t 

"        2d, 

21 


DRAWING-FRAME  S.— COTTON. 


No. 
Rolls. 

Kev. 
per  min. 

Doublings. 

Draft. 

From 

To 

No.  De- 
liveries. 

Ft.  Lb.  per 

Delivery. 

H.P.  per 
Deliv'ry 

H.P. 

Frame. 

qin 

2 

450 

6 

46.20 

.084 

.506 

4 

240 

2 

3. 

97.g. 

74.g 

8 

39.4 

.072 

.573 

4 

240 

4 

3.50 

74. 

80. 

8 

40.7 

.074 

.591 

4 

221 

2 

4. 

79. 

40. 

6 

52.8 

.096 

.580 

5 

226 

3 

4.0T 

115. 

87. 

6 

60.5 

.110 

.662. 

5 

226 

3 

4.30 

87. 

66. 

8 

57.75 

.105 

.842 

3 

400 

2 

5. 

62.5 

12.5 

10 

47.4 

.086 

.860 

4" 

040 

2 

4 

105. 

.190 

.762 

4" 

155 

3 

3  50 

6 

66.6 

.121 

.727 

4. 

220 

4 

4 

65. 

.119 

.474 

5 

196 

3 

3.34 

109. 

98. 

8 

45.5 

.083 

.662 

A 

202 

4 

8 

42.73 

.078 

.621 

5 

258 

3 

4.83 

123. 

75. 

6 

79.40 

.144 

.866 

5 

296 

3 

4.68 

75. 

48. 

8 

75. 

.136 

1.091 

5 

184 

3 

3.33 

.... 

.... 

12    - 

72.4 

.132 

1.580 

240 

3 

3.75 

12 

80.3 

.146 

1.753 

4 

338 

8 

6 

74.72 

.136 

.815 

4 

381 

4 

6 

104.36 

.190 

1.138 

4 

361 

4 

8 

113.75 

.207 

1.655' 

4 

380 

2 

20 

53.27 

.097 

1.937 

4 

220 

3 

6 

72. 

.131 

.784 

4 

210 

2 

12 

42.65 

.078 

.930 

4. 

220 

3 

12 

46.38 

.086 

1.012 

4 

220 

3 

16 

38. 

.068 

1.091 

4 

238 

3 

4. 

136. 

102. 

8 

63.5 

.115 

.924 

4 

238 

3 

4.61 

102. 

76.5 

12 

59.4 

.108 

1.296 

4 

312 

3 

4.50 

135. 

90. 

4 

73.21 

.134 

.534 

4 

415 

3 

4.50 

90. 

55. 

4 

89.12 

.162 

.648 

22 


DEAD-SPINDLE   ROVING-FRAMES. 


DATE. 

PLACE. 

DESCRIPTION. 

Size  of 
Bobbin. 

No. 
Spin. 

Kev. 

Spin. 

April,  1871 

Stark  Mills, 

Lowell  Speeder, 

102x53 

28 

720 

U               <( 

Manchester,  N.  H., 

u               tt 

8  X4 

52 

904 

u           a 

tt                       a 

a               it 

u 

64 

830 

June,     " 

Amoskeag  Mills, 

"            "         built 

12  x  6 

30 

501 

a           a 

Manchester, 

by  Amoskeag  Co., 

10  x  5 

40 

601 

it          a 

u 

u 

a 

40 

575 

u           u 

u 

u 

8x4 

46 

887 

a           u 

a 

u 

u 

64 

782 

u          a 

U 

u 

tt 

64 

906 

Mar.,  1872 

Haydensville, 

Brown  Speeder, 

9  x  46 

30 

u           u 

u 

"              " 

7  x3a 

44 

.... 

"    1873 

Am.  Linen  Co.,  F.  River, 

tt                  u 

u 

78 

1277 

Nov.,     " 

Westville,  Taunton, 

a                  ti 

a 

60 

962 

Mar.,  1872 

Haydensville, 

Pettee,  "Soft  Bobbin," 

it 

40 



ROVING-FRAMES, 


DATE. 

PLACE. 

DESOBIPTION. 

Size  of 
Bobbin. 

No. 
Spin. 

Rev. 

Spin. 

Aug.,  1871 

Manchaug,  Mass., 

SacoW.  P.  Co.  Slubber 

12x6 

48 

590 

Sept.,     " 

Wauregan,  Conn., 

u                      u 

a 

52 

540 

tt           u 

u                    u 

Higgins  &  Sons'    " 

u 

40 

475 

April,  1872 

Salmon  Falls,  N".  H., 

it                 it 

u 

56 

530 

Masconomet,  Newbury- 

May,       " 

port,  Mass., 

Saco  W.  P.  Co.     " 

ti 

60 

543 

June,      " 

Manchester  P.  Works, 

u                      « 

tt 

44 

360 

Mar.,  1873 

Am.  Linen  Co.,  F.  River, 

Higgins  &  Sons'    " 

it 

64 

606 

tt               It 

a                 u            a 

it                 it 

tt 

60 

515 

it           u 

u                 it            tt 

Walker  &  Hacking" 

it 

64 

543 

April,     " 

Mannville,  R.  I., 

Prov.  Mach.  Co.    " 

tt 

68 

648 

May,      " 

Weetamoe,  Fall  River, 

Curtis,  Parr  &  Co.  " 

it 

48 

550 

June,     " 

(    Ocean,  ISTewbury-    ) 

Higgins  &  Sons'     " 

it 

48 

560 

U                11 

(           port,  Mass.,        J 

u                     u 

tt 

68 

560 

Nov.,     " 

j       Granite  Mills,        ) 

Howa'd&Bullough" 

it 

48 

630 

U              it 

|    Fall  River,  Mass.,     f 

u                      u 

tt 

56 

630 

23 


DEAD-SPINDLE  ROVING-FRAMES. 


Diam.  of 
Boll. 

Rev. 
Roll. 

Draft. 

From 

To 

Ft.  Lb. 
Frame. 

Ft.  Lb. 
Spindle. 

H.P. 

Frame. 

Spindl's 
H.P. 

REMARKS. 

li 
li 

175 
162 

4. 
6. 

72.gr. 
18.3 

18.8g. 
6.* 

465 
597 

16.6 
11.49 

.845 
1.086 

33.67 

47.88 

Average  half-full 
Bobbin. 

tt 

149 

6. 

18.3 

5.* 

626 

9.78 

1.138 

56.24 

M 

li 

178 

3.50 

80. 

25. 

461 

15.36 

.838 

35.80 

M 

IT\ 

170 

4. 

25. 

12.50 

522 

13.05 

.949 

41.15 

|| 

a 

159 

4.24 

75. 

17.70 

554 

13.85 

1.007 

39.72 

n 

180 

5.78 

17.70 

1.381i 

682 

14.83 

1.240 

37.10 

II 

it 

126 

6.04 

12.50 

2.  lik. 

563 

9.06 

1.023 

62.56 

11 

u 

144 

6.04 

12.50 

2.  lik. 

670 

10.47 

1.218 

52.54 

H 

11 

585 

19.50 

1.064 

28.20 

U 

A4 

li. 

1,037 

23.58 

1.887 

23.32 

H 

•*•  o 

a 

125 

6.60 

1.25hk 

4.13  h 

859 

11.01 

1.561 

50.. 

|| 

a 

175 

6.50 

55.gr. 

0.95  h 

830 

13.63 

1.509 

40. 

M 

a 

500 

12.50 

.910 

44. 

u 

ROVING-FRAME  S. 


Diam.  ot 
Roll. 

Rev. 
Roll. 

Draft. 

From 

To 

Ft.  Lb. 

Frame. 

Ft.  Lb. 
Spindle. 

H.P. 

Frame. 

Spindl's 
JH.P. 

REMARKS. 

li 

a 

152 
135 

5.63 
4.79 

66.gr. 

72.85 

0.52  h 
15.21  g 

739 

684 

15.39 
13.15 

1.343 
1.244 

35. 

41.8 

Average  half  full. 

u            tt 

n 

125 

4.48 

60. 

13. 

521.20 

13.03 

.948 

42.13 

it            u 

it 

142 

4.72 

85. 

18. 

692. 

12.36 

1.259 

44.4 

"  New  Frame. 

it 

183 

3.80 

47.9 

0.56  h 

796.5 

15.27 

1.448 

41.4 

u 

a 

92 

4.03 

0.13hk 

0.531i 

357 

8.12 

.650 

68. 

M 

it 

212 

0.43 

1220 

19.06 

2.217 

28.75 

tl   /\1A     TZ1-**fn 

it 

180 

0.52 

1154 

19.24 

2.100 

28. 

Old  £  rame. 

it 

190 

0.49 

778.83 

12.16 

1.419 

45. 

u 

it 

107 

4. 

'6.14" 

0.55 

621 

9.13 

1.129 

60. 

M 

tt 

156 

738.5 

15.38 

.738.5 

35.76 

H 

150 

4.17 

0.12 

0.50 

454 

9.44 

.824 

58.25 

t4 

u 

150 

4.17 

0.12 

0.50 

827 

12.16 

1.503 

45.50 

U 

li 

174 

4.53 

76.5gr. 

0.39 

725 

15.11 

1.318 

36.42 

u 

a 

174 

4.53 

76.5gr. 

0.39 

862 

15.51 

1.567 

35.75 

u 

ROVING-FRAMES.— (Continued.) 


DATE. 

PLACE. 

DESCRIPTION. 

Size  of 
Bobbin. 

No. 
Spin. 

Rev. 

Spin. 

July,  1871 

Langdon  Mills,  N.  H. 

Prov.  Ma.  Co.  Slubber, 

10x5 

48 

615 

Aug.,     " 

Manchaug  Mills,  Mass. 

Saco  W.  P.  Co.  Inter., 

80 

736 

u           a 

U                      U                     It 

City  M.  Co.  Slubber, 

88 

720 

Sept.,     " 

Wauregan,  Conn., 

Higgins  &  Sons  " 

52 

509 

Jan.,  1872 

j     Whittenton  Mills, 

Wm.  Mason        " 

56 

670 

u          u 

(      Taunton,  Mass. 

u                        a 

64 

634 

April,     " 

Salmon  Falls,  N.  H., 

Higgins  &  Sons  Inter., 

88 

630 

Nov.,      " 

Essex,  Paterson,  N.  J., 

How'd&Bull'hSlub., 

80 

564 

a        n 

it            tt              it 

Saco  W.  P.  Co.     " 

60 

525 

Dec.,      " 

WasVgton,  Gloster,N.  J., 

Higgins  &  Sons    " 

76 

750 

Jan.,  1873 

Potomska,  N.  Bedford, 

City  Ma.  Co.         " 

52 

450 

April,     " 

Manville,  R.  I., 

Prov.  Ma.  Co.  1st  In., 

it 

80 

769 

it          « 

Social,  Woonsocket,  R.  I. 

City  Ma.  Co.  Slubber, 

tt 

80 

714 

May,      " 

Weetamoe,  Fall  River, 

Curtis,  Parr  &  Co.  In., 

it 

68 

650 

June,      " 

j    Ocean  Mills,  New- 

Higgins  &  Sons  In-  / 

it 

64 

780 

u        u 

i      buryport,  Mass., 

termediates.         f 

it 

88 

780 

Nov.,     " 

Granite,  Fall  River, 

How'd&Bull'h  Inter., 

tt 

66 

694 

May,  1872 

Rockport,  Mass., 

Prov.  Ma.  Co.  Slubber, 

it 

60 

477 

ROVING-FRAMES, 


DATE. 

PLACE. 

DESCRIPTION. 

Size  of 
Bobbin. 

No. 
Spin. 

Rev. 
Spin. 

July,  1871 

Amoskeag,  Manchester, 

Prov.  Ma.  Co.  Interm., 

9x42 

84 

815 

a          a 

Langdon,            " 

u                       a 

a 

80 

773 

Sept.,     " 

Wauregan,  Conn., 

Higgins  &  Sons    " 

it 

96 

575 

Jan.,  1872 

Whittenton,  Taunton, 

Mason                   " 

it 

72 

676 

May,      » 

Rockport,  Mass., 

Prov.  Ma.  Co.       " 

it 

72 

588 

u           u 

it              it 

Saco  W.  P.  Co.     " 

it 

84 

604 

It           It 

Masconomet,  Mass., 

Prov.  Ma.  Co.       " 

tt 

80 

630 

June,      ' 

Manchester  P.  W.,  N.  H. 

SacoW.P.Co.lst" 

it 

72 

550 

Nov.,     ' 

Essex,  Paterson,  N.  J., 

How'd&Bull'h    " 

it 

100 

562 

Mar.,  1873 

j   Am.  Linen  Co.,  Fall 

Higgins  &  Sons    " 

ti 

72 

730 

a           t 

(           River,  Mass., 

Walker  &  Hacking" 

it 

72 

781 

April,     ' 

Clinton,  "Woonsocket, 

Higgins  &  Sons  Slub., 

it 

72 

530 

Nov.,     * 

l  Westville,  Taunton, 

Prov.  Ma.  Co.       " 

tt 

80 

880 

U                t 

]             Mass., 

u                     u 

tt 

80 

576 

Sept.,  1871 

Wauregan,  Conn., 

Higgins  &  Sons  Inter., 

8x4 

80 

709 

Dec.,  1872 

Washington,  N.  J., 

tt              n 

ti 

96 

900 

Jan.,   1873 

Potomska,  N.  Bedford, 

City  Mach.  Co.     " 

It 

104 

575 

April,     " 

Manville,  R.  I., 

Prov.  Ma.  Co.  2d  " 

a 

136 

952 

25 


ROVING-FRAMES.— (  Continued.) 


Diam.  of 
Roll. 

Rev. 

Roll. 

Draft. 

From 

To 

Ft,  Lh. 
Frame. 

Ft.  Lb. 
Spindle. 

H.  P. 

Frame. 

Spindl'e 
H.P. 

REMARKS. 

it 

i« 

a 
a 

138 
133 
216 
130 

4. 
5.03 
4.03 
4  03 

39.77g 
0.52h 

T.ig 

0.84h 
1.25 
0.54 

434. 
676. 
1550 
554 

9.04 
8.98 
17.62 
10  66 

.789 
1.300 
2.819 
1  008 

60.86 
62. 
31.21 
51  67 

Half-fall  Bobbin. 

it 

a 

120 
173 

4.80 
4.50 

12t-g. 

0.66 

747. 
925. 

13.33 
14.45 

1.358 
1.682 

41.26 
38.05 

a 
It 

1* 

112 

176 
101 
200 

5.14 
6. 
6. 

18.g. 
70.25 
50.g. 

T-g. 
0.69 
1.00 

600. 
879. 
470.6 
1650 

6.82 
10.99 
7.84 
22.71 

1.091 
1.595 
.856 
3.000 

80.66 
50. 
70. 
2530 

tt           u 

it 

a 
(l 

130 
95 

19,0 

4. 
4.2 
5.41 

O.lSh 
0.55 

0.55 
1.30 

446. 

577. 
848. 

8.58 
7.21 
10.60 

.811 
1.049 
1.541 

64. 
76. 
52. 

u           tt 

it 

u 
u 

it 

(i 

140 
130 
130 
124 
145 

5.30 
5.30 
5.30 
6.20 
4  90 

0.50 
0.50 
0.50 
0.39 

1.32 
1.32 
1.32 
1.21 

939. 
483.76 
996. 
780. 
469 

13.81 
7.56 
11.32 
11.82 

7  81 

1.707 
.878 
1.811 
1.418 
853 

40. 
73. 

48.5 
46.5 
70 

t           tt 

'  New  Frame 
'  just  started. 

ROVING-FRAMES.— ( Continued.) 


Diam.  of 
Roll. 

li 
« 

tt 

It 

li 

it 

11 
it 
it 

li 

i( 

it 

It 

Rev. 
Roll. 

Draft. 

From 

To 

Ft.  Lb. 
Frame. 

Ft.  Lb. 
Spindle. 

H.  P. 

Frame. 

Spindl's 
H.P. 

REMARKS. 

140 
118 
93 
120 
100 
108 
100 
110 
107 
138 
140 
118 
174 
141 

'125 

180 
118 
100 

5.25 
4.50 
5.07 

0.47  li 
0.84 
13.g. 

1.25h 
1.88 
1.50 

575 
681 
723 
814 
475 
507 
537 
417 
781 
911 
858 
326 
937 
833 

539 
1,175 
573 

885 

6.84 
8.51 
7.53 
11.30 
6.60 
6.04 
6.72 
5.79 
7.80 
12.05 
11.92 
4.59 
11.14 
9.47 

6.74 
12.24 
5.51 
6.53 

1.045 

1:238 

1.314 

1.480 
.863 
.924 
.977 
.758 
1.420 
1.656 
1.561 
.593 
1.705 
1.585 

.981 
2.137 
1.042 
1.610 

80.58 
64.62 
73.06 
48.65 
83. 
91. 
82. 
95. 
70. 
43.5 
46. 
120. 
47. 
58. 

81.5 
45. 
100. 
84. 

Half-fall  Bobbin. 

it                          tt 
11                          tl 
tt                      tt 

it               tt 
tl               it 
tt               tl 

tt               tt 
tt               tt 
(i               tt 

11  Centrifugal 
"     Presser. 

tt 
tt 
tt 

H 

5.20 
5.20 
5.27 
5.03 
4.20 
5.50 
5. 
4.80 
6.50 
3.76 

5.67 

0.56 
0.53 
0.69 
0.43 
0.49 

55.g.' 
55.g. 

0.85 

1.49 
1.30 
1.45 
1.20 
1.26 
1.14 
9.95 
0.55 

2.33 

6.18 
5. 

0.55 
1.30 

1.39 
3.27 

26 


ROVING-FRAMES.— (  Continued.) 


DATE. 

PIXA.CE. 

DESCRIPTION. 

Size  of 
Bobbin. 

No. 
Spin. 

Kev. 

Spin. 

July,  1871 

j  Langdon  Mills,  Man-  ) 
(       Chester,  N.  H.        J 

(  Prov.  Machine  Co.  ) 
1     Fine  F.  Frame,     J 

7x3|- 

144 

934 

Aug.,     " 

Manchaug,  Mass, 

Saco  W.  P.  Co.  2d  In, 

a 

136 

968 

u           u 

a             tt 

"   Fine  F.  Frame, 

a 

136 

979 

Sept,     « 

Wauregan,  Conn, 

a                            u 

u 

128 

993 

a           u 

tt                 u 

Higgins  &  Sons 

a 

128 

993 

Jan.,  1872 

Whittenton  MiUs, 

Wm.  Mason 

it 

112 

779 

U                11 

Taunton,  Mass, 

u 

tt 

128 

935 

ti          it 

u               u 

If 

it 

112 

935 

u          u 

44                        It 

u 

tt 

136 

861 

April,     « 

Salmon  Falls,  N.  H, 

Higgins  &  Sons 

it 

152 

1060 

May,      " 

Rockport,  Mass, 

Saco  W.  P.  Co,    " 

it 

128 

904 

June,      " 

Manchester  P.  W,  N.  H. 

"  2d  Interme, 

it 

144 

1000 

Nov.,     " 

Essex,  Paterson,  N.  J: 

How'd&Bull.F.F.F. 

tt 

144 

873 

u           u 

it                 u                  u 

Saco  W.  P.  Co.      " 

it 

144 

775 

Dec,      " 

Wash'gton,  Gloucst,N.J. 

Higgins  &  Sons      " 

7x3 

140 

1350 

Mar,  1873 

Am.  Linen  Co,  F.  River, 

u                    u 

7x3^ 

144 

1305 

April,     " 

j  Clinton  Mill,  Woon-  ) 

u                   u 

a 

120 

760 

it               tl 

1        socket,  Mass,        C 

u                    u 

it 

120 

744 

« 

u                u 

Prov.  Mach.  Co.     " 

u 

120 

707 

u 

Social  Mill,       " 

City        "              " 

u 

160 

1041 

u 

a                 a 

u              u                   u 

n 

160 

1041 

u 

a                 a 

Wm.  Mason            " 

u 

160 

900 

May, 

Weetamoe,  Fall  River, 

Curtis,  Parr  &  Co.  " 

It 

144 

1060 

June,      " 

j     Ocean  Mill,  New-    ) 

Higgins  &  Sons      " 

It 

136 

1160 

u          ti 

(      buryport,  Mass,      J 

u                    u 

It 

152 

1160 

Nov.,     " 

Granite  Mill,  Fall  River, 

How'd&Bull'h,    " 

tt 

160 

1070 

July,  1871 

Amoskeag,  Man'r,  N.  H, 

Prov.  M.  Co.  F.  F.  F, 

6x3 

128 

611 

May,  1872 

Rockport,  Mass, 

U                             It 

u 

128 

900 

a           u 

Masconomet,  New'port, 

It                   It 

'  tl 

136 

1000 

Jan,   1873 

Potomska,  N.  Bedford, 

City  Mach.  Co.       " 

It 

168 

900 

April,     " 

Manville,  R.  I, 

Prov.    "       "         " 

It 

184 

1129 

Nov.,     " 

Westville,  Taunton, 

a           a         a           it 

It 

128 

832 

Aug.,  187S 

Manchaug,  Mass, 

Saco  W.  P.  Co.  F.F.F, 

5x2i 

144 

1117 

June,  1871 

Manchester  P.  W,  N.  H, 

u             u                 a 

u 

152 

1340 

27 


ROVINO-FRAMBa— (  Continued.) 


Diam.  of 
Roll. 

Rev. 
Roll. 

Draft. 

From 

To 

Ft.  Lb. 
Frame. 

Ft.  Lb. 
Spindle. 

H.  P. 

Frame. 

Spindles 
perH.P. 

REMARKS. 

1* 

98 

5. 

1.88  h. 

4.76  h. 

577 

4.01 

1.050 

137. 

Bob.  *  full. 

M 

115 

5.90 

1.25 

4. 

823 

6.05 

1.496. 

91. 

44       44 

u 

94 

6.30 

1.87 

5.95 

716 

5.26 

1.302 

104.5 

44    44 

(( 

106 

5.98 

1.54 

4.75 

910 

7.11 

1.655 

77.4 

u     44 

tt 

106 

5.98 

1.54 

4.75 

1,093 

8.54 

1.988 

64.4 

44       41 

(I 

130 

6. 

0.66 

1.90 

645 

5.76 

1.173 

97. 

"    "  Old  Pattern 

(1 

104 

4.54 

0.88 

4. 

692 

5.41 

1.250 

102. 

"    "New     " 

'    u 

104 

4.54 

0.88 

4. 

584 

5.22 

1.063 

105. 

44        44        44         .        44 

u 

133 

6. 

0.66 

1.90 

757 

5.57 

1.377 

99. 

"    "  Col'd  Rov. 

(1 

110 

6. 

1.21 

3.62 

691 

4.55 

1.256 

121. 

"    "NewPat'rn 

u 

98 

6. 

1.32 

4. 

512 

4. 

.931 

137. 

u 

100 

5.45 

1.30 

3.64 

646 

4.49 

1.175 

122.5 

44       44 

u 

97 

5.34 

1.49 

4. 

733 

5.09 

1.333 

108. 

44         44 

a 

94 

6.66 

1. 

3.33 

873 

6.06 

1.588 

91. 

44         U 

u 

141 

4. 

1,534 

10.96 

2.789 

50. 

44        44 

u 

123 

6.60 

1.25 

4.13 

1,046 

7.27 

1.903 

76. 

4        44 

it 

95 

6.60 

1.14 

3.80 

549 

4.57 

.998 

120. 

'    "Cent.  Pres'r 

u 

93 

6.60 

1.14 

3-.80 

506 

4.22 

.920 

130. 

'    "  Spring  " 

a 

86 

6.60 

1.14 

3.80 

413 

3.44 

.733 

164. 

4        44            44                 44 

it 

120 

6.86 

1.27 

4.37 

1,167 

7.28 

2.121 

75.2 

'    "Bad  order. 

a 

120 

6.86 

1.27 

4.37 

900 

5.63 

1.635 

98. 

'    "  Sim.  Frame 

14 

97 

6.86 

1.27 

4.37 

622 

3.87 

1.131 

141. 

4        44 

lin. 

120 

6.40 

1.20 

3.80 

995 

6.91 

1.808 

80. 

4        44 

u 

120 

6. 

1.32 

3.90 

842 

6.19 

1.540 

83. 

4        44 

u 

120 

6. 

1.32 

3.90 

1,065 

7. 

1.937 

79. 

'    "New  Frame 

H 

126 

6.40 

1.21 

3.88 

1,414 

8.83 

2.570 

62.25 

4        44 

u 

89 

5.92 

1.25 

3.70 

256 

2.00 

.463 

276. 

44        44 

u 

98 

5.87 

682 

5.33 

1.241 

103. 

"    "  Old  Frame 

a 

100 

6.17 

1.49 

4.50 

541 

4.00 

.983 

138. 

44        44 

U 

92 

6.10 

1.39 

4.28 

685 

4.08 

1.245 

135. 

44        44 

U 

86 

5. 

3.87 

9. 

604 

3.77 

1.263 

146. 

44        44 

u 

125 

7. 

0.55 

1.95 

597 

4.67 

1.086 

118. 

44        44 

u 

61 

6. 

4. 

12. 

603 

4.18 

1.096 

131.4 

44        44 

u 

86 

6. 

3.64 

10.75 

631 

4.15 

1.147 

132.5 

44        44 

28 


THROSTLE-SPINNING. 


DATE. 

PLACE. 

DESCRIPTION. 

No. 

Spin. 

Weight 
Flier. 

Eev.  of 

Flier. 

Rev. 
Roll. 

Draft. 

April,  1871 

(    Stark  Mills,    ) 
lMan'r,N.H.,   f 

j  Amosk'g  Sh'p  ) 
}  23  years  old,    f 

128 

3£oz. 

3,820 

94 

8.27 

u          a 

it 

u 

a 

u 

3,820 

94 

8.27 

it          it 

n 

Locks  and  Ca-  ) 
'  nals  Co.,  30  y.  J 

u 

4    oz. 

4,000 

94 

7.84 

Nov.,     " 

tt 

Amosk'g  Sh'p  j. 
23  years,      ) 

u 

3|oz. 

4,100 

100 

8.27 

a           a 

it 

a 

u 

u 

4,220 

103 

8.27 

tt           it 

n 

u 

u 

u 

4,220 

.  .  . 

tt           tt 

it 

u 

(( 

It 

3,690 

90 

8.27 

tt          it 

it 

a 

a 

u 

3,280 

80 

8.27 

it           tt 

n 

tt 

U 

u 

2,954 

72 

8.27 

tt           tt 

it 

tt 

u 

11 

2,685 

66 

8.27 

June,  1872 

Amosk'g  Mill  No.2 

j  Amosk'g  Sh'p  ) 

(  about  20  yrs.,  j" 

tt 

4    oz. 

3,071 

76 

9.35 

a           a 

it        it  -^ 

u 

it 

(( 

3,170 

74 

10.26 

it           a 

u           a  j 

u 

it 

u 

3,042 

73 

9.35 

a           it 

a           a   j 

It 

tt 

tt 

3,332 

78 

9.35 

tt           tt 

it           tt   ^ 

tt 

tt 

3£  oz. 

3,226 

76 

9.35 

it           tt 

"        a  3 

it 

it 

4    oz. 

3,694 

96 

6.65 

it           tt 

a           u  3 

it 

it 

tt 

3,450 

90 

6.65 

Aug.  7,  « 

u         n  3 

tt 

tt 

it 

3,450 

90 

6.65 

"    8,  " 

"         "  3 

It 

tt 

n 

3,450 

90 

6.65 

June,      " 

"          "  8 

It 

it 

ti 

3,690 

76 

7.09 

a        tt 

"         "  3 

tl 

it 

ti 

3,820 

79 

7.09 

it        n 

"        "  3 

It 

n 

it 

3,717 

73 

8.27 

July,      " 

u  5 

It 

160 

2£oz. 

4,136 

72 

8.39 

hi                U 

u          u  5 

It 

a 

a 

4,142 

64 

9.93 

April,     " 

(      Appleton      ) 
1  Mills,  Lowell,  f 

Lowell  M.S'p.,old, 

128 

3i  oz. 

3,800 

81 

8. 

July,      « 

Pepperell  Mills, 

u 

u 

3.45  oz 

4,929 

71 

7. 

u           a 

Biddeford,  Maine, 

(( 

II 

a 

4,929 

71 

7. 

u           u 

u 

u 

u 

it 

4,929 

71 

7. 

tt           tt 

tt 

u 

It 

2.83  oz 

4,929 

71 

7. 

n          tt 

tt 

tt 

tl 

a 

4,929 

71 

7. 

tt           tt 

tt 

It 

11 

U 

4,929 

71 

7. 

Feb.,  1874 

Nashua  Mfg.  Co. 

tt 

tt 

4    oz. 

3,778 

59 

8.66 

DEAD-SPINDLE!. 


From 

To 

Ft.  Lb. 
Frame. 

Ft.  Lb. 
Spindle. 

H.  P. 

Frame. 

Spindl's 
H.P. 

REMARKS. 

5igr. 

13.  weft. 

954 

7.45 

1.734 

74. 

Heart  Motion  on  Lift,                         A. 

1.61  h. 

13.      " 

929 

7.25 

1.689 

76. 

Mangle    "              "  Similar  Frame,  B. 

1.61 

12.33  wa. 

1,077 

8.38 

1.959 

65. 

1.61 

13.  weft. 

930 

7.25 

1.690 

76. 

Similar  to  Frame  B. 

[Mangle,  leveled. 

1.61 

13.      " 

867 

6.72 

1.576 

81. 

Frame  A  changed  to              [and  oiled. 



689 

5.38 

1.252 

102. 

"    Bolls   stopped. 

1.61 

13.  weft. 

722 

5.64 

1.313 

97. 

"    speed  reduced,  in  full  operation. 

1.61 

13.      " 

604 

4.72 

1.079 

110. 

"       "          "       further. 

1.61 

13.      " 

486 

3.80 

.883 

145. 

<i       it          u          u 

1.61 

13.      " 

428 

3.34 

.778 

164. 

U              U                    U                    li 

1.50 

14.      " 

746 

5.83 

1.357 

94. 

1.50 

16.      " 

688 

5.36 

1.250 

102. 

1.50 

14.      " 

767 

6.00 

1.395 

92. 

1.50 
1.50 
1.50 

14.      " 
14.      " 
10.  warp. 

848 
757 
920 

6.62 
5.91 
7.19 

1.542 
1.S77 
1.673 

83. 
93. 
76. 

Speed  increased  from  last  Trial. 
Similar  Frame,  Malleable-iron  Flier. 
Old  Frame,  refitted  in  New  Mill. 

1.50 

10.      " 

881 

6.89 

1.601 

80. 

"    Speed  reduced. 

1.50 
1.50 

10.      " 
10.      " 

757 
938 

5.91 
7.33 

1.377 
1.703 

93. 

75. 

"    very  Ttiot  afternoon.       [in  night. 
"    Rainy  morning,  weather  changed 

2. 

14.      " 

649 

5.07 

1.180 

108. 

Similar  Frame.   Fair  day,  2  Trials,  ex- 

2. 
2. 

14.      " 
16.      u 

740 
739 

5,76 
5.76 

1.345 
1.343 

95. 
95. 

Similar  Frame.           [centionally  light. 

2.86 

24.      " 

971 

6.07 

1.766 

90. 

2.86 

28.      " 

954 

5.96 

1.735 

92. 

1.65 

12.50  " 

977 

7.63 

1.776 

72. 

BANDING  TESTS.       [16i  on  one  side. 

3.14 

22.      " 

1,102 

8.60 

2.003 

64. 

Com'n  Flier,  empty  Bobbin,  long  Band, 

3.14 

22.      " 

1.058 

8.27 

1.924 

66.5 

"  16  sp.  across,  8  each  side. 

3.14 

22.      " 

1,014 

7.92 

1.845 

69. 

"8                    4         "       . 

3.14 

22.      " 

927 

7.24 

1.686 

76. 

Pearls  Flier  16       on       one  side. 

3.14 

22.      " 

884 

6.90 

1.607 

79.75 

"       "      16      across,    8  each  side. 

3.14 

22.      " 

841 

6.57 

1.528 

83.75 

"       "       8          "        4       " 

2.50 

22.      " 

986 

7.70 

1.793 

71.10 

Bands  hard  and  heavy. 

30 


RING  SPINNING 


DATE. 

PLACE. 

MAKER, 

3  ^£ 

S'w 

No. 
Spin. 

Wt. 
Spin. 

Rev. 

Spindle. 

Rev. 
Roll. 

Draft 

April,  1871 

(    Stark  Mills,    ) 
\  Man'r,  N,  H.,  f 

Lowell  Ma.  Shop, 

If  in 

144 

12JOZ 

4,480 

100. 

7.84 

Nov.,  1871 

it 

44 

(4 

144 

44 

4,480 

100. 

7.84 

u 

a 

44 

44 

144 

44 

4,480 

May,  1871 

Amosk'g  Mills,  " 

Amoskeag  Co., 

H 

144 

11* 

4,380 

73. 

7.26 

u 

44 

a 

u 

144 

u 

5,100 

72. 

8.48 

u 

44 

44 

(4 

144 

11 

5,727 

75. 

7.76 

June,  1871 

44 

44 

(4 

128 

13 

5,066 

62. 

7.68 

u 

44 

u 

U 

128 

u 

5,240 

68. 

8.40 

July,  1871 

Langdon  Mills,  " 

Saco  W.  P.  Co. 

U 

128 

12i 

5,900 

62.& 

7.44 

Aug.,  1871 

Manchaug,  Mass. 

44 

44 

160 

10 

5,857 

54. 

7.68 

Sept.,  1871 

Wauregan,  Conn., 

Whitin, 

U 

144 

12 

5,028 

63. 

7.26 

ii 

44 

44 

II 

144 

12* 

4,968 

54. 

6.75 

u 

u 

44 

U 

144 

44 

5,060 

53. 

6.75 

(( 

4i 

U 

1{* 

240 

44 

4,930 

53. 

6.75 

u 

44 

11 

44 

240 

(4 

5,010 

64. 

6.75 

June,  1871 
Nov.,  1871 

j   Derry  Mills,    ) 
{  Man'r,  N.  H.,  f 
Stark  Mills,  N.H., 

M 

Lowell  Ma.  Shop, 

2 
H 

120 
144 

(4 

12i 

2,211 
4,524 

90. 
101. 

6. 

7.84 

u 

44 

44 

(4 

144 

44 

4,255 

95. 

7.84 

u 

U 

U 

44 

144 

44 

3,893 

87. 

7.84 

u 

u 

(I 

44 

144 

(4 

3,476 

78. 

7.84 

44 

u 

44 

U 

144 

44 

3,200 

73. 

7.84 

Mar.,  1872 

Haydensville,  Ms. 

Whitin, 

1A 

120 

5,609 

84. 

.... 

Jan.,  1872 

j   Whittenton,    } 
(  Taun'n,  Mass.  J 

William  Mason, 

iff 

128 

12 

4,325 

100. 

9.50 

44 

"  No.  1  Mill, 

a 

44 

128 

u 

4,325 

100. 

9.50 

u 

44          a 

u 

44 

128 

u 

3,500 

120. 

5. 

u 

u          u 

u 

U 

128 

44 

3,800 

100. 

7.37 

u 

u          a 

44 

li 

128 

44 

4.326 

114. 

8. 

u 

u          u 

44 

U 

128 

44 

3,800 

100. 

8. 

u 

u          u 

44 

a 

128 

44 

3,400 

86. 

7.37 

(( 

"  No.  2  Mill, 

44 

H 

160 

(4 

4,050 

130. 

8. 

u 

u          u 

U 

u 

160 

U 

5,067 

96. 

9.50 

u 

u          it 

t( 

u 

160 

(4 

5,067 

84. 

6.50 

Mar.,  1872 

Salmon  F'ls,  N.H. 

Saco  W.  P.  Co., 

44 

144 

11 

4,972 

68. 

7.25 

Apr.,  1872 

j  Appleton  Co.,  ) 
"j       Lowell,        ) 

Lowell  Ma.  Shop, 

U 

144 

12 

5,120 

100. 

8. 

May,  1872 

Rockport,  Mass., 

William  Mason, 

(1 

72 

44 

5,240 

68. 

7.27 

a 

44 

44 

a 

108 

44 

5,440 

68. 

7.27 

tt 

44 

Saco  W.  P.  Co., 

44 

192 

11 

5,460 

68. 

7.27 

u 

j  Masconomet,  ) 
(  Newburyp'rt,  J 

<( 

1C 

192 

(( 

6,000 

75. 

6.66 

June,  1872 

Amoskeag,  No.  6, 

Amoskeag  Co., 

li 

128 



5,154 

61. 

7.68 

a 

44 

u 

u 

128 

6,187 

68. 

7.68 

44 

U 

44 

u 

128 

.  .  .  . 

3,544 

74.6 

.... 

u 

Manches'r  P.  W., 

Saco  W.  P.  Co., 

If 

128 

.... 

5,950 

64. 

.... 

u 

Manchester,  N.H. 

U 

44 

192 

.... 

5,950 

56. 

.  .  .  . 

31 


RING  SPINNING. 


From 

To 

Ft.  Lb. 
Frame. 

*i 

s- 

H.  P. 

Frame. 

Spindl's 
H.P. 

KEMAKKS. 

1.61 

12.33  wp 

750 

5.21 

1.363 

106. 

Old  Bands,  Bobbin  half  fall. 

1.61 

12.33   " 

865 

6. 

1.572 

92. 

Same  Frame,  new  Bands. 

•  .  •  • 



630 

4.37 

1.145 

126. 

"          Rolls  stopped,  Spindles  only. 

3.30 

24.       " 

631 

4.38 

1.148 

126. 

3.30 

28.       " 

715 

5. 

1.300 

110. 

Same  Frame  as  last  trial.    Speed  and  Draft 

4.40 

34.       " 

845 

5.87 

1.537 

94. 

Similar        '              "                         [changed- 

4.42 

34.   weft 

727 

5.68 

1.322 

97. 

4.42 

37.       " 

794 

6.20 

1.444 

90. 

Similar  to  last  Frame. 

4.26 

33.  warp 

698 

5.45 

1.268 

101. 

12. 

46.       " 

596 

3.73 

1.084 

148. 

Three  Trials,  averaged.          [started  that  A.m. 

4.33 

30.       " 

1,306 

9. 

2.375 

61. 

Wet  day,  Frame  near  open  door,  not  previously 

7. 

48.       " 

1,111 

7.70 

2.020 

71. 

Common  Bobbin,  1-8  inch  Bands. 

7. 

48.       "  ' 

979 

6.80 

1.781 

81. 

Chambered  Bobbin,  1-16  inch  Mule  Bands. 

7. 

48.       " 

1,476 

6.15 

2.684 

90. 

Common  Bobbin  and  Band,  Draper's  Spiral 

4.50 

30.       " 

1,451 

6.04 

2.639 

91. 

"             "                  "     [Bolster. 

1.33 

8.       " 

634 

5.28 

1.153 

104. 

Hosiery  Frame. 

1.61 

12.33    " 

841 

5.77 

1.510 

95. 

1.61 

12.33    " 

769 

5.34 

1.399 

103. 

Same  Frame  as  last,  Speed  reduced. 

1.61 

12.33    " 

677 

4.70 

1.230 

117. 

"              "                "              further. 

1.61 

12.33    " 

584 

4.05 

1.062 

136. 

tt                              11        '                        tt                                       tt 

1.61 

12.33    " 

527 

3.66 

.959 

150. 

tl                              U                                 H                                      tl 

, 

23.       " 

782 

6.52 

1.423 

84.4 

•it 

16.       " 

787 

6.15 

1.431 

89.5 

Colored  Rovings,  Black  and  Orange. 

1.90 

16.       " 

727 

5.68 

1.322 

97.5 

White 

1.90 

9.  weft 

677 

5.29 

1.231 

104. 

tt                    u 

1.90 

14.       " 

649 

5.10 

1.180 

108. 

tt                   it 

(  2.60 
2     3<oo 

11.  warp 

820 

6.40 

1.491 

86. 

Colored        " 

u 

11.       " 

700 

5.46 

1.273 

100. 

"             "       Black  and  White. 

1.90 

14.    weft 

680 

5.31 

1.237 

103. 

White 

1.15 

9.  warp 

1,018 

6.36 

1.852 

86.5 

tt               tt 

•ft 

17.      " 

1,060 

6.60 

1.927 

83. 

Colored        "      Black  and  Orange. 

3.40 

22.       ;t 

1,055 

6.59 

1.917 

83.5 

White          " 

3.62 

25!       " 

735 

5.10 

1.336 

108. 

1.65 

12.50   " 

740 

5.14 

1.346 

107. 

Average  of  four  Tests. 

3.80 

28.       " 

501 

6.96 

.911 

79. 

Old  Frame. 

3.80 

28.       " 

728 

6.74 

1.323 

82. 

it       it 

3.80 

28.       " 

1,023 

5.33 

1.861 

103. 

4.50 

30.       " 

1,179 

6.14 

2.143 

90. 

4.42 

34.       " 

660 

5.15 

1.200 

107. 

4.42 

34.       " 

789 

6.16 

1.434 

89. 

Same  Frame,  last  Trial,  increased  Speed. 

.... 

14.       " 

480 

3.75 

.872 

147. 

.... 

30.       " 

886 

6.92 

1.611 

80. 

.... 

42.       " 

1.150 

6. 

2.091 

92. 

32 


RING   SPINNING— (Continued.) 


DATE. 

PLACE. 

MAKER. 

i£ 
p« 

No. 

Spin- 

Wt. 

Spin. 

Rev. 
Spindle. 

Rev. 

Roll. 

Draft 

July,  1872 

Pepperell  Mills, 

Saco  W.  P.  Co., 

H 

128 

ll.2oz 

5,666 

84 

7. 

u 

Biddeford,  Me., 

u 

u 

128 

u 

5,666 

84 

7. 

u 

u 

a 

u 

128 

6.2 

5,666 

84 

7. 

u 

(( 

a 

u 

128 

II.2 

5,666 

84 

tj 

a 

u 

a 

u 

128 

a 

5,666 

84 

7! 

a 

u 

u 

u 

128 

a 

5,666 

84 

7. 

Oct.,  H72 

Amoskeag  Mill, 

Amoskeag  Co., 

H 

144 

a 

4,600 

70 

7.26 

a 

Manchester,  N~.H. 

u 

a 

144 

u 

5,250 

77 

7.26 

u 

u 

u 

a 

144 

a 

6,127 

90 

7.26 

u 

u 

a 

a 

144 

U 

7,355 

107 

7.26 

a 

u 

M 

a 

128 

13. 

3,090 

66 

9.35 

u 

u 

U 

u 

128 

u 

4,050 

82 

9.35 

u 

u 

u 

a 

128 

a 

5,672 

115 

9.35 

Dec.,  1872 

Washington  Mill, 

Gloucester  Foun., 

1TV 

128 

12. 

6,000 

70 

7.30 

a 

Gloucester,  N".  J., 

Whitin, 

ii 

128 

u 

5,890 

63 

7.30 

u 

u 

u 

it 

128 

u 

6,356 

70 

7.30 

u 

(t 

Lanphear, 

u 

128 



6,000 

72 

7.30 

u 

a 

Fales  &  Jenks, 

u 

128 

6,000 

72 

7.30 

Fob,  1873 

j  Cocheco,  Do- 
{     ver,  K  H., 

Cocheco  Co., 

If 

128 

.... 

4,820 

66 

7.90 

a 

a 

Saco  W.  P.  Co., 

If 

192 

.  .  .  . 

4,895 

67 

7.90 

u 

u 

u 

u 

192 

.... 

4,895 

67 

7.90 

April,  1873 

Clinton  Mill, 

Whitin, 

a 

192 

12. 

5,460 

68 

8.14 

u 

Woonsocket,  B.  I. 

u 

(( 

192 

a 

5,540 

69 

8.14 

a 

u 

u 

u 

128 

a 

5,380 

67 

8.14 

u 

u 

u 

u 

128 

u 

6,020 

75 

8.14 

H 

Social  Mill,  B.  I., 

u 

a 

192 

a 

5,715 

64 

7.52 

tt 

u 

t( 

a 

192 

u 

5,715 

64 

.... 

May,  1873 

j  Am.  Linen  Co., 
t      Fall  River, 

Higgins  &  Sons, 

H 

224 

12.83 

5,200 

56 

7.09 

u 

Davol  Mills,  " 

Saco  W.  P.  Co., 

a 

128 

11. 

6,000 

74 

6.52 

u 

u 

a 

a 

128 

u 

5,270 

65 

6.52 

a 

« 

tc 

u 

128 

u 

5,430 

67 

6.52 

June,  1871 

Pacific  Mills, 

Whitin, 

H 

160 

12. 

6,059 

73 

6.79 

a 

Lawrence,  Mass., 

u 

u 

160 

u 

6,059 

73 

6.79 

u 

u 

u 

U 

160 

u 

6,059 

a 

u 

u 

a 

160 

u 

6,059 

a 

u 

"  Altered,* 

u 

160 

7. 

6,059 

73 

6.79 

u 

u 

u           u 

a 

160 

u 

6,059 

73 

6.79 

a 

u 

a           a 

u 

160 

a 

6,059 

u 

u 

u           u 

u 

160 

(t 

6,059 

Sept.,  1873 

Atlantic  Mills, 

Lowell  Ma.  Shop, 

H 

176 

12. 

5,802 

96 

7.60 

u 

Lawrence,  Mass., 

a 

u 

176 

a 

5,802 

96 

7.60 

Nov.,  1873 

Westville,  Taun- 

William  Mason, 

a 

192 

8. 

5,864 

107 

9.45 

a 

ton,  Mass. 

Light  Spindle, 

u 

192 

u 

5,651 

102 

9.45 

Mar.,  1873 

j   Orescent  Mill, 
(     Fall  Biver, 

u 

If 

192 

6. 

5,570 

67 

7.50 

*  Spindle  cut  off  at  butt,  and  reduced  in  diameter— top  as  before. 


33 


RING 


ontinued.) 


From 

To 

Ft.  Lb. 
Frame. 

*i 

£n 

H.  P. 

Frame. 

SpindPs 
H.P. 

REMARKS. 

3.14 

3.14 

22.  warp. 

22.      " 

'850 
983 

6.64 
7.69 

1,545 

1.788 

83. 

71.5 

Spindles  banded  singly. 
Empty  Bobbin  j  Averages  1.667  H.  P.,  7.26  Ib.  pel 
Full                    j  Spindle,  or  77  Spindles  per  H.  P. 

3.14 
3.14 
3.14 
3.14 

22.       " 
22.       " 
22.       " 
22.       " 

900 
939 
817 
750 

7.03 
7.33 
6.38 
5.86 

1.636 
1.707 
1.485 
1.364 

78. 
75. 
86. 
94. 

Spindle  shortened  at  butt.  Average  one-half  full. 
Common  Spindle,  long  Band,  16  Spin,  on  one  side, 
"    16  Spin,  across,  8  each  side.   [Av.  i  full. 

it       g     u           "4     "         " 

3.30 

24.      " 

619 

4.30 

1.125 

128. 

Straight  Spindle. 

3.30 

24.      " 

716 

4.97 

1.302 

110. 

"               Same  Frame,  increased  Speed. 

3.30 

24.      " 

978 

6.79 

1.779 

81. 

"  Further             " 

3.30 

24.      " 

1,553 

10.78 

2.824 

51. 

1.50 

14.  weft. 

422 

3.30 

.768 

167. 

Taper  Spindle. 

1.50 

14.      " 

627 

4.90 

1.140 

112. 

"             increased  Speed. 

1.50 

14.      " 

1,053 

8.23 

1.915 

67. 

"                      "  Further             " 

4. 

30.  warp. 

853 

6.64 

1.551 

88. 

Bobbin  one-half  full. 

4. 

30.      " 

896 

7. 

1.629 

78.5 

It                           41 

4. 

30.       " 

1,006 

7.86 

1.830 

70. 

U                          tt 

4. 

30.      " 

827 

6.46 

1.562 

85. 

41                                It 

4. 

30.      " 

776 

6.06 

1.410 

90.5 

It                           11 

3.54 

28.      " 

746 

5.63 

1.358 

98. 

tt          - 

3.54 

28.      " 

991 

5.16 

1.800 

107. 

"              u    Cocheco  Dynamometer. 

3.54 

28.      " 

1,016 

5.29 

1.847 

104. 

"              "    twa-thirds  full,  Amoskeag    " 

3.80 

31.      " 

1,370 

7.35 

2.491 

77. 

Half  full,  damp  day,  next  to  wall  of  mill. 

3.80 

31.      u 

1,204 

6.27 

2.190 

87.66 

"       Clear  day,  in  centre  of  room. 

3.80 

31.      " 

736 

5.75 

1.337 

95.75 

"                "                       " 

3.80 

31.      " 

910 

7.11 

1.655 

77. 

(I                          tt                                     tt 

4.37 
4.37 

32.       " 
32.       " 

996 
1,143 

5.18 
5.95 

1.811 

2.078 

106. 

92. 

Empty  Bobbin,  j  Av'ge,  1,069.5  ft.lb.=1.945  H.P. 
Full           "        1  =5.57  Ib.  Spin.=99.  Spin.  H  P. 

4.13 

29.       " 

1,410 

6.29 

2.580 

88. 

Half-full  Bobbin. 

4.50 

29.       " 

947 

7.40 

1.722 

74.2 

Frame  not  level,  old  Mill. 

4.50 

u 

726 

5.68 

1.321 

97. 

Bands  too  tight  and  Bobbins  too  heavy. 

4.50 

u 

726 

5.68 

1.321 

97. 

Bobbin  lighter  than  last. 

4.40 
4.40 

28.56  " 
28.56  " 

1,098 
1,141 

6.87 
7.15 

1.996 
2.073 

80. 

77. 

Empty  Bobbin,  j  Av'ge,  1,120  ft.  lh.  =2.037  H.  P.= 
Full          "        j   7.01  Ib.  Spin.  =78.5  Spin.  H.  P. 

1,007 

6.30 

Empty  Bobbin  only  on  Spin*    .Rolls  stopped. 

-*•)  VV  ' 

1,050 

6.56 

Full          "               " 

4.40 

28.56  " 

1,253 

7.83 

2.378 

70. 

Empty      "     j  Av'ge,  1,432  ft.  Ib.  =  2.602  H.  P.  = 

4.40 

28.56  u 

1,630 

10.19 

2.965 

54. 

Full           "     1  8.95  Ib.  per  Spin.=61.5  Spin.  H.  P. 

1,087 

6.80 

Empty  Bobbin  only  on  Spindle.    Rolls  stopped. 

1,447 

9.04 

Full           "              "                               " 

2. 
2. 

15.      " 
15.      " 

1,395 
1,575 

7.92 
8.77 

2.536 

2.807 

70. 
62. 

Empty      "    j  Av'ge,  1,470  ft.  Ib.  =  2.671  H.  P.  = 
Full          "    1     8.B5  Ib.  Spin.=  66.  Spin.  H.  P. 

0.95 

9.      " 

1,270 

6.61 

2.309 

83. 

Two-thirds  full  Bobbin,  tight  Bolster. 

0.95 

9.      " 

886 

4.61 

1.610 

119. 

Half-full  Bobbin,  tight  Bolster,  reamed  out. 

4. 

30.      " 

806 

4.20 

1.466 

131. 

11          "       Evidently  full  fast  enough. 

34 


RING-SPINNING.— {  Continued.) 


DATE. 

PLACE. 

MAKER. 

Diam 
King. 

No. 
Spin. 

Wt.  per 
Spindle. 

Rev. 

Spindle. 

Rev. 
Roll. 

Draft. 

Jan.,.  1874 

Mt.  Vernon  Mills, 

Bridesburg  Mfg. 

If 

204 

8    OZ. 

5,050 

128 

7. 

44           a 

Baltimore,  Md., 

Co., 

44 

204 

44 

5,050 

128 

7. 

u           a 

"Carroll  Spin.," 

44 

U 

204 

44 

5,050 

80 

7. 

u           44 

44 

44 

44 

204 

44 

5,050 

80 

7. 

44           44 

44* 

44 

(4 

204 

4-4 

5,050 

80 

7. 

14                U 

44 

44 

U 

204 

U 

5,050 

80 

7. 

44              U 

44 

44 

44 

204 

44 

5,050 

80 

7. 

(4               44 

44 

44 

44 

204 

44 

5,050 

80 

7. 

44               44 

U 

(4 

44 

204 

44 

5,050 

80 

7. 

Feb.,  1874 

Nashua  Mfg.  Co., 

Tales  &  Jenks, 

44 

128 

44 

5,930 

94 

7. 

44                44 

j   Altered  from 
]     Throstle, 

44 

44 

128 

44 

5,930 

94 

8.66 

SAWYER 


April,  1872 

j  Appleton  Mills, 
1         Lowell, 

Lowell  Ma.  Shop, 

(4 

160 

4   oz. 

6,050 

120 

8. 

44                44 

44 

Altered  from  old 

44 

128 

44 

3,055 

66 

8. 

44               44 

44 

Throstle-Frame, 

44 

128 

44 

4,027 

88 

8. 

44               44 

U 

4 

44 

128 

44 

5,000 

107 

8. 

44                44 

U 

4 

44 

128 

44 

2,950 

83 

8.07 

44               44 

44 

( 

44 

128 

44 

4,027 

110 

8.07 

(4               44 

44 

4 

44 

128 

44 

4,027 

110 

8.07 

44                44 

44 

( 

44 

128 

44 

4,027 

110 

8.07 

44                44 

44 

44 

14 

128 

44 

4,115 

117 

8.07 

44               44 

44 

44 

44 

128 

44 

4,022 

115 

8.07 

Oct.,  .  1872 

Stark  Mills,  Man- 

(4 

44 

128 

44 

5,605 

115 

7.84 

44               44 

chester,  N.  H., 

44 

44 

128 

a 

5,069 

104 

7.84 

44                44 

44 

44 

44 

128 

44 

4,386 

90 

7.84 

44               44 

44 

44 

44 

128 

44 

3,753 

77 

7.84 

Jan.,  1873 

44  f 

44 

44 

128 

44 

4,180 

90 

7.84 

44                44 

44 

U 

44 

128 

44 

4,900 

104 

7.84 

44               44 

44 

U 

44 

128 

44 

5,320 

115 

7.84 

44                44 

44 

44 

44 

128 

44 

6,320 

135 

7.84 

44               44 

"t 

44 

44 

128 

44 

4,600 

91 

7.84 

44              4; 

44 

44 

44 

128 

It 

5,230 

106 

7.84 

44              44 

(4 

44 

44 

128 

44 

5,770 

117 

7.84 

44              44 

44 

44 

44 

128 

44 

6,350 

130 

7.84 

Feb.,  1873 

j   Oocheco  Mills, 
1  Dover,  N.  H. 

Old  Frame  alter'd 

H 

128 

3|oz. 

6,002 

78 

7.90 

Mar.,      " 

Stark  Mills,     " 

44 

If 

128 

31  oz. 

5,290 

110 

7.84 

U              44 

King  Philip,  F.R. 

Saco  W.  P.  Co., 

New, 

H 

160 

44 

6,260 

65 

7.31 

44               44 

44 

44 

44 

160 

44 

6,260 

44                44 

Manville,  R.  I., 

Fales  &  Jenks,  alt., 

H 

128 

44 

7,730 

80 

11.25 

<4                44 

u 

44 

44 

128 

44 

7,730 

80 

11.25 

April,    " 

44               44 

j      Social  Mill, 
1  Woonsock't,R.I. 

44 

Whitin,  New, 

a 

If 

192 
192 

44 
44     . 

6,448 
6,448 

77 
77 

7.52 

7.52 

*  Frame  had  been  in  operation  three  weeks  longer. 


t  Same  frame. 


%  Similar. 


35 


RING-SPINNING.— (  Continued. ) 


From 

To 

Ft,  Lb. 
Frame. 

S'l 

£'£ 

H.  P. 

Frame. 

Spindl's 
ft.  P. 

REMARKS. 

0.85  hk 

6.  wp 

1696. 

8.31 

3.080 

66. 

Mill  cold,  60°  Fahr.    Oil  at  65  cents  per  gallon. 

0.85 

6.      " 

1875. 

9.19 

3.409 

60. 

"  damp         "           "       35 

1.83 

12.      " 

1661. 

8.14 

3.020 

67. 

"     "            "          "       35 

1.83 

12.      " 

1500.39 

7.35 

2.727 

75. 

"      "             »           «        65 

1.83 

12.      " 

1464. 

7.18 

2.662 

77. 

«        »                  «               4t          gg 

1.83 

12.      " 

1348.25 

6.61 

2.451 

83.2 

"  warmer  =  70",               65             " 

1.83 

12.      " 

1134. 

5.56 

2.062 

.... 

Ends  down.    Traveler  stopped  =  13.60  per  cent. 

1.83 

12.      " 

1009. 

4.95 

1.835 

.... 

Rolls  stopped  =  9.52  per  cent. 

1.83 
2.50 

12.      " 

22.      " 

884. 
1034.30 

4.33 
8.08 

1.607 
1.880 

.... 

Bobbin  off  =  9.53  per  cent.  Spin,  only  67.35  per  ct. 
Empty  Bobbin.    Warm  and  clear. 

2.50 

22.      " 

1271.20 

9.93 

2.311 

.... 

Full 

1152.54 

9. 

2.095 

61. 

Average  "            Bands  heavy  and  hard. 

SPINDLE. 


1.65 

12.50  " 

662. 

4.14 

1.204 

133. 

Average  of  18  Tests.  Bobbin  half  full. 

1.65 

12.50" 

207. 

1.62 

.376 

340. 

Bobbin  half  full.   Loose  Bands,  55  in.,  &  in  diam. 

1.65 

12.50" 

326. 

2.54 

.593 

216. 

44 

1.65 

12.50" 

454. 

3.55 

.825 

155. 

M 

1.65 

13.  wf. 

211. 

1.65 

.384 

333. 

M 

1.65 

13.     " 

322. 

2.52 

.586 

219. 

" 

1.65 

13.      " 

343. 

2.68 

.623 

205. 

"  Damp  day,  wet  floor.    Bands  54f  in. 

1.65 

13.     " 

303. 

2.37 

.551 

232. 

"  Dry  day.    New  Bands,  55f  in. 

1.65 

13.      " 

399. 

3.12 

.725 

176. 

"  Common  Ring  Bauds,  ^  diam.    Dry. 

1.65 

13.      " 

417. 

3.26 

.758 

167. 

"             "             "              Damp. 

1.61 

12.  wp 

731.58 

5.71 

1.330 

96. 

Half-full  Bobbin,  1.10  in.  Band. 

1.61 

12.33" 

541. 

4.26 

.984 

130. 

"    Speed  reduced. 

1.61 

12.33" 

444. 

3.47 

.808 

158. 

"    Speed  further  reduced. 

1.61 

12.33" 

361. 

2.82 

.656 

180. 

;t            n               il                       ti 

1.61 

12.33" 

451. 

3.52 

.820 

156. 

"    1-8  inch  Band. 

1.61 

12.33" 

596. 

4.66 

1.083 

118. 

"    Speed  increased. 

1.61 

12.33" 

667. 

5.21 

1.218 

105. 

"    Speed  further  increased. 

1.61 

12.33" 

890. 

6.96 

1.619 

80. 

it               U                   U                             it 

1.61 

12.33" 

486. 

3.80 

.884 

145. 

"    New  Bolster,  1.10  in.  loose  Band. 

1.61 

12.33" 

611. 

4.73 

1.112 

115. 

Speed  increased. 

1.61 

12.33" 

718. 

5.61 

1.306 

95.5 

"          "              Speed  further  increased. 

1.61 

12.33" 

899. 

7.02 

1.634 

78.5 

U                    IV                                 It                 11                          It 

3.54 

28.  wp 

577. 

4.50 

1.049 

122. 

"    Spiral  Bolster.                 [Rolls,  24  per  cent. 

1.61 

12.33  " 

547. 

4.28 

.995 

129. 

"    Cyl.  and  Spin.,  56  per  ct.,  Traveler,  20  p.  ct., 

6. 

40.     " 

613.43 

3.83 

1.116 

143.5 

" 

366. 

9,9,8 

.665 

"  =  60  per  ct.  of  whole  power  for  Cyl.  &  Spin. 

7.  dou. 

40.      " 

493. 

3.85 

.897 

143. 

Empty  Bobbin,  334  grains  weight. 

7.  dou. 

40.     " 

525. 

4.10 

.955 

134. 

Half-full  Bobbin  =  172  gr.  yarn  additional. 

4.37 
4.37 

32.     " 
32.      " 

750. 
941. 

3.91 

4.90 

1.364 
1.711 

140. 
112. 

Empty       "  I  Average,  846  ft.  lb.=  1.538  H.  P. 
Full           "  1  =4.40ft.  per  Spin.=125.  Spin.  H.P. 

36 


RING-SPINNING.— (  Continued.) 


DATE. 

PLACE. 

MAKER. 

Diam 
King. 

No. 

Spin. 

Wt.  per 
Spindle. 

Rev. 
Spindle. 

Rev. 
Roll. 

Draft 

Jun.  2,1873 

j    Pacific  Mills, 
1      Lawrence, 

j  Whitin,  altered 
(    to  Saw.  Spin., 

1| 

160 

3.75  oz 

6,059 

73 

6.79 

n 

n 

u 

u 

160 

u 

6,059 

73 

6.79 

it 

n 

n 

(I 

160 

tt 

6,059 

73 

6.79 

"    5,    " 

u 

u 

it 

160 

a 

6,059 

73 

6.79 

it 

n 

u 

it 

160 

a 

6,059 

73 

6.79 

« 

u 

u 

It 

160 

tt 

6,059 

73 

6.79 

a     0      " 

u 

It 

u 

160 

n 

6,059 

*l 

a 

u 

u 

11 

160 

11 

6,059 

u      5'    a 

u 

tl 

u 

160 

a 

6,059 

**1 

Sep.  30,  " 

j   Same  Frame 
(      repeated. 

n 

a 
n 

160 

a 

6,059 

73 

6.79 

(i 

u 

ti 

u 

160 

it 

6,059 

73 

6.79 

u 

u 

u 

u 

160 

U 

6,059 

73 

6.79 

Dec.,    " 

Stark  Mills,  Man- 

Lowell Ma.  Shop, 

H 

128 

3.75 

5,820 

97 

9.48 

a 

chester,  N".  H., 

Old  Frame  alter'd 

u 

128 

it 

5,820 

97 

9.48 

RJ 

IBB] 

BTH 

Jan.,      " 

it 

Potonska  Mills, 
N.  Bedford,  Mass., 

(  Fales  &  Jenks, 
\  Rabbeth  Spind. 

u 

H 

a 

480 
160 

3£oz. 

a 

6,100 
6,100 

80 
80 

7.50 
7.50 

Mar.,     " 

u 

u 

a 

160 

n 

6,160 

79 

7.50 

n 

It 

(( 

n 

160 

it 

6,200 

80 

7.50 

a 

It 

11 

n 

160 

it 

6,200 

80 

7.50 

u 

tl 

11 

n 

160 

ti 

6,200 

80 

.... 

tt 

It 

11 

n 

160 

11 

6,200 

Spin 

only 

it 

It 

11 

it 

160 

tt 

6,200 

80 

7.50 

Jun.  2,  " 

Pacific  Mills, 

Lowell  Shop,  al. 

H 

160 

3f  oz. 

6,059 

73 

6.79 

u 

Lawrence,  Mass., 

to  Kabbeth  Spin. 

ti 

160 

u 

6,059 

73 

6.79 

it 

u 

by  Fales  &  Jenks, 

it 

160 

a 

6,059 

73 

6.79 

u 

tl 

u 

it 

160 

11 

6,059 

73 

.... 

u 

It 

l( 

u 

160 

it 

6,059 

73 

.... 

"    5,    " 

tl 

(( 

It 

160 

n 

6,059 

73 

6.79 

u 

tl 

a 

tl 

160 

ti 

6,059 

73 

6.79 

(( 

11 

u 

u 

160 

it 

6.059 

73 

6.79 

tl 

II 

u 

It 

160 

u 

6,059 

Sep.  30," 

It 

n 

ti 

160 

a 

6,059 

73 

6.79 

r  <(  ' 

11 

it 

tl 

160 

a 

6,059 

73 

6.79 

u 

tl 

it 

It 

160 

ti 

6,059 

73 

6.79 

PEu 

flLRL 

• 

C  Lowell  Machine 

Jun.  2,  " 

Pacific  Mills, 

•?     Shop,  Pearl 
(    Spindle  No.  3, 

tl 

160 

3£oz. 

6,059 

73 

6.79 

it 

u 

a 

11 

160 

a 

6,059 

73 

6.79 

it 

u 

n 

11 

160 

u 

6,059 

73 

6.79 

it 

It 

it 

It 

160 

a 

6,059 

t< 

tl 

n 

tl 

160 

a 

6,059 

"    5,   " 

tl 

ti 

11 

160 

a 

6,059 

73 

6.79 

it 

11 

it 

tl 

160 

u 

6,059 

73 

6,79 

u 

11 

it 

It 

160 

u 

6,059 

73 

6.79 

H 

11 

n 

It 

160 

a 

6,059 

SAWYER   SPINDLE.— ( Continued. ) 


From 

To 

Ft.  Lbs. 
Frame. 

Ft.  Lbs. 
Spindle. 

H.  P. 

Frame. 

Spindl's 
H.P. 

KEMAKKS. 

hanks. 

4.40 

4.40 
4.40 

28.50  wp 

u        u 
a        a 

692. 

724. 
766. 

4.32 

4.53 

4.79 

1.258' 

1.317 
1.394 

121 

Empty  Bob.,  clear  day,  (  Av.  of  3  tests,  728.  ft.  lb., 
i  full       "             "        •(  1.  322  H.  P.,  4.55  lb.  per 
Full         "            "        f  Spin.,  121  Spin,  per  H.  P. 

4.40 
4.40 
4.40 

11           <( 

a        u 
u        a 

726.5 
727.4 
805.7 

4.54 
4.58 
5.04 

1.321 
1.322 
1.465 

117 

Empty  Bob.,  damp  day  (  Av.  of  3  tests,  753ft.  lb., 
*full        "             "        •<  =1.860  H.  P.=  4711b.jjer 
Full         "             "         (Spin.=117.  Spin,  per  H.P. 

479. 

3. 

Empty  Bob.  only  on  Spin.  Rolls  stopped=69.5  pr. 

.  .  •  . 



554. 

3.46 





FuU         "            "                     "    [cent,  of  whole. 



490. 

3.06 





Empty  Bobbin  only  =  67.5  per  cent. 

4.40 

a        u 

689.7 

4.31 

1.2541 

Empty  Bobbin  (  Average,  758.6  ft.  lb.,  1.372  H.  P. 

4.40 
4.40 

a        u 
a        u 

758.6 
827.6 

4.74 
5.17 

1.372  [ 
1.534J 

116 

*full        "        <        "       4.74  lb.  per  Spindle. 
Full         "        (        "       116  Spindles  per  H.  P. 

1.61 
1.61 

15.25    " 

a        a 

416.6 

522.7 

3.25 

4.09 

.757 
.950 

169 
135 

Empty  Bobbin,  J  Average,  470  ft.  lb.=  .854  H.  P.= 
Full          "        1  3.67  lb.  per  Spin.=150  Spin.  H.P. 

SPINDLE. 


4. 

30.  warp 

2285. 

4.75 

4.155 

116  — 

4. 

u        u 

759. 

4.73 

1.380 

116  + 

4. 

u        a 

770. 

4.81 

1.401 

114 

4. 

u        u 

702. 

4.39 

1.277 

125 

4. 

584. 

571 

500. 

3.125 

=71p  c 

4. 

u        u 

690^5 

4.315 

1.255. 

128 

4.40 

28.50    " 

609. 

3.80 

1.1071 

A      5 

4.40 
4.40 

u        u 
u         a 

689. 
696. 

4.31 

4.35 

1.253  \ 

1.265J 

Av  ge, 
132.5 

.  .  . 



460. 

2.89 







532. 

3.32 



4.40 

a        u 
u        u 

617. 
672.3 

3.85 
4.20 

1.1221 

1.252  \ 

Av'ge, 

V.40 

u        u 

712.8 

4.45 

1.290  J 

.  .  . 

. 

457.4 

2.88 





4.40 
4.40 

a        a 
a        u 

574.5 

627.7 

3.59 
3.92 

1.0451 
1.141  \ 

Av'ge, 
1/11 

4.40 

u        a 

672.4 

4.20 

1.222  J 

14:1 

)  3  Frames  taken  together  average,  J  full, 
1  Full  =  4.491  H.  P.    Empty  =  3.877  H.  P. 

Half-full  Bobbin. 

44  Centre  of  cylinder  f  in.  below  whorl. 

"  »  "    raised  level  with  " 

Ends  down.  Traveler  stopped  =  16.93  per  cent. 
Roving  Broken,  Draught  stopped  =  1.70  per  cent. 
Rolls  stopped  =  10.17  per  cent.  [oiled, 

i  full,  Bands  all  put  in  order,  and  Frame  well 
Empty  Bobbin,  clear  day. 

j.  full  Bobbin  j  Average,  664  ft.  lb.  =  1.208  H.  P.= 
Full       "        j  4.15  lb.  per  Spin.  =  132.5  Spin.  H.  P. 
Empty  Bobbin  only  =  75.5  per  cent. 
Full  "        =  76.3       "  [ster-step. 

Empty  Bob.,  damp  day,  but  with  fresh  oil  in  Bol- 

*  full  Bobbin  j  Average,  667.4  ft.  lb.=  1.232  H.  P.  = 
Full       "        J  4.17  lb.  Spin.  =  132  Spin.  H.  P. 

Empty  Bobbin  only  on  Spindle  =  74  per  cent. 
44          "  Reduced  in  weight  from  379  gr.  to  214  gr. 

*  full  Bobbin  j  Average,  624.8  ft.  lb.=  1.136  H.  P.= 
Full       "       1  3.90  lb.  per  Spin.=  141.  Spin.  H.P. 


SPINDLE. 


4.40 

li            ti 

519.6 

3.25 

.945-j 

Empty  Bobbin,  clear  day. 

4.40 

u        u 

664.3 

4.15 

1.208  ( 

Av'ge, 
141 

i  full  Bobbin  j  Average,  623  ft.  lb.  =  1.134  H.  P.= 
FuU        "      1  3.90  lb.  Spin.=  141  Spin.  H.  P. 

4.40 

u         u 

687.5 

4.30 

1.250J- 

.  .  .  . 



383.9 

2.42 

=74pc 



Empty  Bobbin  on  Spindle  only.    Rolls  stopped. 



526.8 

3.29 

=76pc 



Full 

4.40 
4.40 
4.40 

U             ti 
U             It 

u         a 

578.9 
682.5 
710.5 

3.62 

4.28 
4.44 

1.053] 
1.241  I 

1.292J 

Av'ge, 
134 

Empty  Bobbin,  damp,  showery  day. 
*  full  Bobbin  j  Average,  657.31  ft.  lb.=  1.195  H.P.= 
Full       "       1  4.11  lb.  per  Spin.=  134  Spin.  H.  P. 

4.40 



430. 

2.69 

=74pc 



Empty  Bobbin  only  on  Spin.    Rolls  stopped. 

38 


RING-SPINNING — ( Continued.) 


DATE. 

PLACE. 

MAKER. 

Diam 
Ring. 

No. 

Spin. 

Wt.  of 

Spindle. 

Rev. 
Spindle 

Rev. 
Roll. 

Draft 

Sep.  30,  '73 

Pacific  Mills, 

Pearl  Spin.  No.  2, 

If  in 

160 

4ioz. 

6,059 

73 

679 

(( 

14 

(4 

160 

u 

6,059 

73 

6.79 

44 

U 

44 

U 

160 

a 

6,059 

73 

6.79 

"  25,    « 

Atlantic  Mills, 

U 

44 

176 

u 

5,719 

80 

7.60 

4i 

(i 

U 

U 

176 

44 

5,719 

80 

7.60 

ii 

u 

(1 

u 

176 

U 

5,719 

80 

7.60 

"  27,    " 

u 

u 

44 

176 

U 

5,719 

80 

7.50 

u 

u 

(4 

•   u 

176 

a 

5,719 

80 

7.60 

(t 

u 

11 

44 

176 

u 

5,719 

80 

7.60 

"  25,    " 

u 

u 

U 

176 

u 

5,285 

103 

7.60 

(4 

u 

U 

U 

176 

u 

5,285 

103 

7.60 

(( 

14 

(I 

u 

176 

u 

5,285 

103 

7.60 

U 

11 

(4 

u 

176 

41 

5,448 

90 

7.60 

U 

(4 

41 

(4 

176 

U 

5,448 

90 

7.60 

u 

44 

(4 

44 

176 

44 

5,448 

90 

7.60 

u  26,    u 

U 

41 

(I 

176 

U 

5,448 

66 

7.60 

14 

44 

44 

U 

176 

U 

5,936 

72 

7.60 

it  27,   « 

U 

U 

u 

176 

44 

5,735 

70 

7.60 

u 

U 

U      ' 

u 

176 

44 

5,735 

70 

7.60 

u 

u 

II 

u 

176 

U 

5,735 

70 

7.60 

BIRKENHEAD 


Mar.,  1873 

Eic'd  Borden  Mill 

Wm.  Mason,  Bir- 

If  in 

192 

4    oz. 

5,100 

69 

8.14 

a 

Fall  Kiver,  Mass., 

kenhead  Spin., 

(4 

192 

u 

5,100 

44 

Amer.  Linen  Co., 

Higgins,     altered 

H 

160 

u 

5,830 

69 

7.09 

44 

u 

to  Birkenhead, 

u 

160 

44 

5,830 

U 

u 

it 

u 

160 

U 

6,840 

81 

7.09 

May,  1873 

u 

u 

44 

160 

44 

5,750 

08 

7.09 

u 

14 

44 

U 

160 

U 

5,750 

68 

7.09 

{4 

44 

U 

a 

160 

U 

5,750 

68 

a 

44 

44 

u 

160 

a 

5,750 

68 

u  . 

44 

(I 

u 

160 

44 

5,750 

RICH. 

ARD 

SON 

June,  1873 

Ocean  Mills,  New- 

Lowell  Ma.  Shop, 

If  in 

208 



5,200 

67 

7.04 

44 

buryport,  Mass., 

Eichardson  & 

u 

208 

.     .  . 

5,440 

71 

7.04 

44 

tt 

Oumnock's  Spin. 

u 

208 

.... 

5,290 

68 

7.04 

44 

44 

and  Bolster, 

u 

208 

.... 

5,000 

65 

7.04 

U 

u 

44 

u 

208 

.... 

5,290 

68 

7.04 

EXC 

2ELS 

IIOR 

Oct.,   1872 
Dec.,  1872 

44 

Frankford,  Pa., 
Wingohocking  M'l 

Bridesburg  Man- 
ufacturing Co., 

u 

Ifin 

44 
44 

204 
204 
204 

4    oz. 

a 

a 

2,960 
4,103 
5,081 

62 
90 
111 

6. 
6. 
6. 

44 

44 

u 

a 

204 

44 

6,053 

130 

6. 

44 

u 

u 

44 

204 

44 

6,923 

148 

6. 

14 

44 

u 

44 

204 

U 

5,035 

68 

7. 

44 

a 

u 

a 

204 

44 

6,020 

79 

7. 

44 

« 

14 

n 

204 

(4 

7,009 

90 

7. 

14 

(i 

u 

u 

204 

44 

8,026 

102 

7. 

39 


PEARL-SPINDLE.— ( Continued.) 


From 

To 

Ft.  Lb. 
Frame. 

Ft.Lb. 

Spin. 

H.  P. 

Frame. 

Spindl's 
UP. 

REMARKS. 

4.40 

warp. 

28.50 

732.14 

4.58 

1.3311 

ATT-'O-A 

Empty  bobbin,  Bolsters  too  tight  fit.  Damp  day. 

4.40 
4.40 

28.50 
28.50 

839.3 
875. 

5.25 

5.47 

1.526  \ 
1.691  J 

Avge, 
108. 

Half  full  Bob.  j  Av'ge,  815.48  ft.  lb.  =1.483  H.  P.  = 
Full          "     1  5.10  lb.  per  Spin.=108.  Spin.  H.  P. 

2.80 

20.50 

806.5 

4.58 

1.466 

.... 

Empty  Bobbin.    Taken  just  as  running  in  mill. 

2.80 

20.50 

959.7 

5.45 

1.745 

.... 

Full         "                                           [No  cleaning. 

2.80 

20.50 

883. 

5.02 

.605 

110. 

Average.                                                 [and  oiled. 

2.80 

20.50 

685.5 

3.90 

.246 

.... 

Empty  Bobbin.    Same  Frame,  thoroughly  cleaned 

2.80 

20.50 

758. 

4.31 

.378 

.... 

Full 

2.80 

20.50 

721.8 

4.10 

.312 

134. 

Average  Bobbin. 

1.87 

14. 

806. 

4.58 

.465 

.... 

Empty        "       Similar  Frame,  taken  as  running 

1.87 

14. 

1000. 

5.68 

.818 

Full 

1.87 

14. 

903. 

5.13 

.641 

107.' 

Average     "                 " 

2. 

15. 

824.60 

4.68 

.500 

.... 

Empty       "       Frame  like  last.    Spindle  half  an 

2. 

15. 

962.46 

5.47 

1.752 

.... 

Full           "                                        [inch  shorter. 

2. 

15. 

893.53 

5.07 

1.621 

110. 

Average     " 

3.68 

28. 

701.75 

3.986 

1.273 

138. 

Half  full    "       Same  Frame,  finer  Yam. 

3.68 

28. 

789.47 

4.486 

1.435 

122. 

"          "       4  P.  M.,  same  Frame,  speed  incr'd. 

3.68 

28. 

694.9 

3.94 

1.263 



Empty       "       10A.M.,       "           cool  morning. 

3.68 

28. 

915.24 

5.20 

1.666 

Full           " 

3.68 

28. 

805.08 

4.57 

1.465 

120.' 

Average     " 

SPINDLE. 


3.53 

29. 

817.71 

4.25 

1.487 

129. 

Half  full     "       Bands  very  tight. 

666.60 

3.47 

Spindle  and  Cylinder  only  =  81.50  per  cent. 

4.13 

29. 

630.66 

3.94 

1.147 

139.' 

Bobbin  half  full. 

516. 

3.23 

.938 

Spindle  and  Cylinder  only  =  81  per  cent. 

4.13 

29. 

836. 

5.22 

1.520 

105. 

Bobbin  half  full.    Too  high  speed  for  Frame. 

4.13 

29. 

690.8 

4.31 

1.256 

128. 

"           "          Same  Frame  as  above. 

4.13 

20. 

680. 

4.25 

1.237 

130. 

»*           "                  "                   Bands  eased. 

593. 

1.079 

Ends  down,  Traveler  stopped  =  12.8  per  cent. 

553. 

1.006 

Weight  off  Eolls  =  5.88  per  cent. 

540. 

3*3*7*5 

.982 

Rolls  stopped.    Spin,  and  Cyl.  only  =  79.4  per  ct. 

SPINDLE. 

3.90 

29. 

975. 

4.69 

1.773 

117. 

Bob.  i  full.   Banded  in  usual  way.  Belt  too  tight. 

3.90 

29. 

1082. 

5.20 

1.967 

106. 

"          Frame  not  level.    Belt  too  tight. 

3.90 

29. 

711.6 

3.42 

1.294 

160. 

"               •*     Level;    Belt  easy. 

3.90 

29. 

746.6 

3.59 

1.359 

153. 

"          Belt  tight,  f  Banded,  6  Spin,  with  long 

3.90 

29. 

575.4 

2.77 

1.046 

199. 

"          Belt  easy.  1  Band  across,  3  on  each 
[side. 

SPINDLE. 

2. 

12. 

326. 

1.60 

.593 

344. 

1st  Frame  tested  of  this  Spindle. 

2. 

12. 

565. 

2.77 

1.027 

200. 

3d     "       Bobbin  half  full  in  all  cases. 

2. 

12. 

769. 

3.77 

1.398 

146. 

" 

2. 

12. 

1038. 

5.09 

1.888 

108. 

» 

2. 

12. 

1273. 

6.24 

2.314 

88. 

H 

2.90 

20.5 

620. 

3.04 

1.127 

181. 

It 

2.90 

20.5 

804. 

3.94 

1.462 

140. 

M 

2.90 

20.5 

1009. 

4.94 

1.834 

111. 

tl 

2.90 

20.5 

1206. 

6.11 

2.266 

90. 

H 

40 


RING-SPINNING — ( Continued.) 


DATE. 

PLACE. 

MAKER. 

it 

S« 

No. 
Spin. 

Wt. 
Spin. 

Rev. 
Spindle. 

Rev. 
Roll. 

Draft 

Dec.,  1872 

Franktbrd,  Pa., 

Bridesburg  Mfg. 

If  in 

204 

4oz. 

9,067 

118 

7. 

(i 

u 

Co, 

a 

204 

n 

5,081 

62 

7.50 

it 

u 

u 

a 

204 

it 

6,053 

72 

7.50 

a 

n 

tt 

it 

204 

ti 

7,009 

84 

7.50 

u 

tt 

tt 

ti 

204 

it 

8,026 

96 

7.50 

a 

u 

it 

it 

204 

it 

9,067 

108 

7.50 

u 

u 

it 

it 

204 

it 

10,071 

121 

7.50 

Mar.,  1873 

Stark  Mills,  Man- 

it 

IT\ 

204 

it 

4,900 

116 

8.30 

u 

chester,  N.  H. 

u 

n 

204 

ti 

5,050 

118 

8.30 

u 

a 

ti 

it 

204 

n 

5,200 

120 

8.30 

u 

a 

tt 

it 

204 

it 

4,736 

120 

8.30 

u 

u 

it 

it 

204 

ti 

5,264 

131 

8.30 

June,  1873 

a 

tt 

ti 

204 

11 

4,287 

110 

8.30 

April  2,  '73 

Mannville,  R.  I., 

ti 

tt 

204 

u 

8,300 

80 

5.71 

u 

a 

Cast-Iron  Step 

a 

204 

n 

8,300 

80 

u 

tt 

and  Bolster, 

a 

204 

n 

8,300 

u 

u 

u 

it 

204 

n 

8,300 

u 

tt 

u 

ti 

204 

n 

8,300 

u 

a 

tt 

it 

204 

n 

April  3,  '73 

tt 

tl 

it 

204 

it 

9,300 

91 

5.71 

a 

u 

tt 

n 

204 

it 

8,300 

80 

5.71 

u 

M 

It 

it 

204 

it 

7,550 

73 

5.71 

n 

a 

It 

a 

204 

n 

6,870 

67 

5.71 

u 

u 

tl 

a 

204 

n 

6,390 

62 

5.71 

April  7,  '73 

u 

Brass  Step  and 

n 

204 

it 

9,600 

100 

5.71 

u 

u 

Bolster, 

it 

204 

it 

8,740 

91 

5.71 

(4 

tt 

a 

it 

204 

it 

8,300 

86 

5.71 

U 

a 

u 

a 

204 

it 

7,650 

80 

5.71 

u 

u 

u 

it 

204 

it 

6,870 

72 

5.71 

u 

tt 

it 

ti 

204 

n 

6,150 

64 

5.71 

April  9,  '73 

u 

Ring  changed, 

1A 

204 

it 

9,440 

986 

5.71 

u 

a 

u 

"    204 

n 

8,300 

86 

5.71 

a 

u 

u 

"    204 

n 

7,450 

776 

5.71 

u 

a 

It 

u 

204 

n 

6,870 

706 

5.71 

u 

u 

n 

n 

204 

n 

6,150 

64 

5.71 

Apr.  11,  '73 

u 

a 

n 

204 

n 

10,040 

104 

5.75 

ti 

u 

a 

ti 

204 

n 

9,080 

94 

5.75 

(C 

a 

it 

ti 

204 

n 

8,300 

86 

5.75 

a 

a 

it 

it 

204 

it 

7,650 

80 

5.75 

a 

U 

n 

n 

204 

n 

6,970 

73 

5.75 

it 

it 

ti 

n 

204 

it 

6,000 

63 

5.75 

Nov.,  1873 

Weetaraoe  Mills, 

it 

tt 

204 

it 

5,760 

90 

9.06 

a 

Fall  River,  Mass., 

ti 

it 

204 

it 

5,760 

90 

9.06 

Jan.,  1874 

Clipper  Mills, 

it 

If 

132 

n 

4,660 

122 

6.50 

M 

Baltimore,  Md., 

it 

a 

132 

n 

4,660 

122 

6.50 

U 

a 

u 

it 

132 

11 

2,700 

70 

6.50 

41 


EXCELSIOR   SPINDLE.—  (Continued.) 


From 

To 

Ft.  Lb. 
Frame. 

it 

H.  P. 

Frame. 

Spindl's 
H.  P. 

REMARKS. 

2.90 

20.5  wp. 

1508. 

7.89 

2.742 

74.5 

2d  Frame. 

4. 

30.5     " 

546. 

2.67 

.993 

205. 

tt      tt 

4. 

30.5     " 

705. 

3.45 

1.282 

159. 

tt      (t 

4. 

30.5     " 

929. 

4.55 

1.649 

121. 

4. 

30.5     " 

1174. 

5.75 

2,134 

95.5 

4. 

30.5     " 

1475. 

7.23 

2.862 

76. 

4. 

30.5     " 

1754. 

8.60 

3.190 

64. 

1.50 

13.  weft. 

864. 

4.23 

1.571 

130. 

Bobbin  half  full.    Bands  too  tight. 

1.50 

13.       " 

896. 

4.39 

1.629 

125. 

\  Cyl.  &  Spin.  68.4  p.  c.,  Twist  16  do.,  Rolls  15.6  do. 

1.50 
1.50 

13.       " 
13.       " 

963. 
693. 

4.72 
3.40 

1.753 
1.260 

116.5 
162. 

U                          th            bt                               It                                             tt 

j  Bobbin  half  full.    New  Bands,  larger, 
1  Cyl.  &  Spin.  61.4  p.  c.,  Twist  20  do.,  Rl's.  18.6  do. 

1.50 
1.50 

13.       " 
13.       " 

772. 
571. 

3.78 
2.80 

1.404 
1.038 

145. 
196.5 

1  Bobbin  half  full.    New  Bands,  larger, 
1  C.  &  S.  66.66  p.  c.,  Twist  18.02  do.,Tlolls  15.32  do. 
Bobbin  half  full. 

7. 

40.  warp 

993.33 

4.87 

1.806 

113. 

Half  full.  New  Frame,  a  new  mill.   Cold  and  wet. 

.... 



893.33 

.... 

1.624 



"    Yarn  broken,  Trav'r  stop'd  =  —10.07.  p.  c. 

.... 



843.33 

.... 

1.530 

.... 

Roving    u     Draught               "     =  —  5.03    " 

.... 



816.66 

.... 

1.485 

Top  Rolls  off                                     =—  2.69    " 

766.66 

3.76 

1.394 

.... 

Bottom  Rolls  stopped                      =  —  5.03    " 

7.'" 
7. 

40.       " 
40.       " 

100. 
1233.33 
916.86 

6.04 
4.50 

.182 
2.242 
1.665 

91.' 
122. 

j  Bands  off,  Spindles  stopped          =—67.11    " 
1  Cylinder  only                                  =  —  10.07    " 
Half  full.    Weather  warmer,  but  mill  damp. 
"             and  cool  all  through  the  experiments 

7. 

40.       " 

772.73 

3.79 

1.405 

145. 

it                    ^                 it                    tt 

7. 

40.       " 

700. 

3.46 

1.273 

159. 

tt                    t.                 tt                    it 

7. 

40.       " 

646. 

3.17 

1.175 

174. 

tt                    tt                 tt                    it 

7. 

40.       " 

1372. 

6.73 

2.495 

82. 

"      Twist-gear  changed.  Colder  than  last  test 

7. 

40.       " 

1140. 

5.59 

2.073 

98. 

tt                       tt                             tt 

7. 

40.       " 

983.33 

4.84 

1.788 

114. 

tt                       tt                             tt 

7. 

40.       " 

833.33 

4.08 

1.576 

135. 

tt                       tt                              tt 

7. 

40.       " 

755. 

3.70 

1.373 

149. 

tt                       tt                             t> 

7. 

40.       " 

714. 

3.50 

1.298 

157. 

tt                       tt                             tt 

7. 

40.       " 

1190. 

5.83 

2.163 

94.2 

"       Mill  still  very  cold  and  damp. 

7. 

40.       " 

953. 

4.67 

1.733 

118. 

tt              tt              tt            tt 

7. 

40.        ' 

834. 

4.09 

1.517 

134.5 

tt             it               tt            tt 

7. 

40.        ' 

733.33 

3.59 

1.333 

153. 

tt              tt              tt  '         .it 

7. 

40.        ' 

573.5 

2.81 

1.053 

195. 

it              tt               tt            tt 

7. 

40.        ' 

1283.33 

6.28 

2.333 

87.5 

"       Warm  day.    WindS.W. 

7. 

40.        ' 

983.6 

4.82 

1.788 

114. 

tt                 tt                    it 

7. 

40.        ' 

833.33 

4.08 

1.515 

135. 

tt                 tt                    tt 

7. 

40. 

743.33 

3.64 

1.351 

151. 

tt                 it                    tt 

7. 

40.        ' 

643.33 

3.15 

1.190 

175. 

tt                 n                    »» 

7. 

40.       " 

500. 

2.45 

.909 

224. 

tt                 tt                    •• 

4. 

36.  weft. 

640. 

3.14 

1.165 

175. 

Empty  Bobbin. 

4. 

36.       " 

656.25 

3.21 

1.193 

171. 

Pull 

1. 
1. 

6.50  wp 
6.50  " 

607.43  4.60 
700.33  5.21 

1.104 
1.274 

lAv. 
{ill. 

Empty  Bobbin  j.  Average,  4.95  Ib,  per  Spindle. 

1. 

6.50  " 

319. 

2.42 

.580 

228. 

tt 

42 


RING-SPINNING.— ( Continued.) 


DATE. 

PLACE. 

MAKER. 

!'£ 
ss 

No. 
Spin. 

Wt. 

Spin. 

Rev. 

Spindle. 

Rev. 
Roll. 

Draft 

June,  1872 

Amosk'g  Mills, 

Amoskeag  Co., 

liin 

128 

.... 

5,154 

61 

7.68 

u 

(i 

u 

u 

128 

.... 

6,187 

68 

7.68 

u 

u 

u 

u 

128 

.... 

3,506 

74 

9.35 

Oct.,  1872 

u 

u 

u 

128' 

... 

3,090 

66 

9.35 

u 

a 

u 

u 

128 

.... 

4,050 

82 

9.35 

n 

u 

a 

u 

128 

.... 

5,672 

115 

9.35 

n 

u 

u 

a 

144 

.... 

4,600 

70 

7.26 

(( 

u 

a 

u 

144 

.... 

5,250 

77 

7.26 

« 

u 

U 

<( 

144 

.... 

6,127 

90 

7.26 

u 

u 

u 

a 

144 

.... 

7,355 

107 

7.26 

Feb.,  1874 

a 

(I 

u 

144 

.... 

5,004 

66 

7.26 

« 

a 

u 

u 

144 

.... 

5,700 

75 

7.26 

u 

a 

a 

u 

144 

.... 

6,316 

83 

7.26 

« 

u 

a 

u 

144 

7,384 

97 

7.26 

« 

u 

tt 

u 

144 

.... 

8,380 

110 

7.26 

PUSEY   SPINDLE. 


Jan.,  1874 

Clipper  Mill, 

Pusey  Bros.,  Wil- 

2  Jin 

132 

.... 

3,132 

108 

4. 

u 

Baltimore,  Md., 

mington,  Del., 

u 

132 

.... 

3,132 

108 

4. 

u 

Wilmington,  Del., 

« 

If  in 

132 

.... 

6,026 

84 

8.86 

u 

u 

u 

u 

132 

.... 

6,026 

84 

8.86 

u 

(( 

(i 

u 

132 

.... 

7,030 

98 

8.86 

u 

(t 

11 

11 

132 



7,030 

98 

8.86 

43 


PERRY  SPINDLE  (Dead). 


From 

To 

Ft.  Lb. 
Frame. 

.0*     • 

»j.2 

&£ 

H.  P. 

Frame. 

Spindl's 

H.P. 

KEMAEKS. 

4.42 
4.42 

34  warp 
34      " 

493. 
608. 

3.85 
4.75 

.896 
1.106 

143. 
116. 

Bobbin  half  full.    Set  on  Whorl  which  revolves 
around  Spindle,  the  latter  free  to  move. 
Bobbin  half  full. 

1.50 

14  weft. 

339. 

2.65 

.616 

208. 

u            u 

1.50 

14      " 

811. 

2.43 

.565 

226. 

u            u 

1.50 

14      " 

440. 

3.44 

.801 

160. 

» 

1.50 

14      " 

669. 

5.23 

1.217 

105. 

u            u 

3.30 

24  warp 

439. 

3.05 

.800 

180. 

(t            (i 

3.30 

24      " 

518. 

3.60 

.941 

153. 

"            " 

3.30 

24      " 

716. 

4.97 

1.202 

110. 

11            u 

3.30 

24      " 

956. 

6.64 

1.738 

83. 

it            it 

3.30 

24      " 

437.5 

3.04 

.795 

181. 

it            it 

3.30 

24      " 

514. 

3.57 

.935 

155. 

it            tt 

3.30 

24      " 

639. 

4.44 

1.162 

124. 

it            ii 

3.30 

24      " 

804. 

5.58 

1.462 

98. 

tt            ii 

3.SO 

24      " 

1000. 

7. 

1.818 

78.5 

ii            11       ^» 

(Dead.) 


0.75 

3  warp 

1145.84 

8.08 

2.083-1 

Av. 

(  Empty  Bobbin.  A 

0.75 

3      " 

1218.75 

9.23 

2.216J 

67. 

(Full          "       =8oz.  Yam. 

2.25 

20      " 

404.35 

3.06 

.735-1 

Av. 

(Empty      " 

2.25 

20      " 

525.22 

3.98 

.955  J 

156.25 

(Full          "       =2oz.      " 

2.25 

20      u 

521.21 

3.96 

.949-1 

Av. 

(Empty      " 

2.25 

20      " 

712.80 

5.40 

1.278J 

123.5 

(Full          "       =  2oz.      " 

A  Bobbin  placed  on  a  tube  which  revolves  around  Spindle. 


44 


MULE-SPINNING. 


DATE. 

PLACE. 

DESCRIPTION. 

No. 
Spin. 

Ac.  Rev. 
Spindle. 

St'ch. 

Sec. 
St'ch, 

July,  1871 

Amosk'g  Mill,  N.H. 

1  pair  Smith  Mules, 

896 

4,500 

65  in 

19* 

u 

Langdon,             " 

(  1  Saco  W.  P.  Co.   Im- 
\  proved  Sharpe  &  Eoberts 

704 

5,000 

60 

19. 

Aug.,  1871 

Manchaug,  Mass., 

j  1  Saco  W.  P.  Co.   Cur- 
(      tis,  Parr  &  Madely. 

696 

5,000 

64 

22. 

a 

u                  u 

u                     u 

552 

5,000 

64 

22. 

Sept.,  1871 

Wauregan,  Conn., 

1  Curtis,  Parr  &  Madely, 

696 

4,860 

62 

21.66 

a 

u                  u 

j      1   Marvel  &  Davol, 
1       Sharpe  &  Eoberts, 

516 

4,560 

61 

21. 

Aug.,  1871 

Manchaug,  Mass., 

1  Wm.  Mason  &  Co.,  old, 

832 

4,170 

60 

19.33 

Sept.,  1871 

Durfee  Mills, 

j  1   Win.   Mason  &  Co., 
Warp  T5T  Gau.,  new. 

768 

4,600 

60 

18. 

1  1  Wm.  Mason  &  Co.,  1^ 

u 

Fall  Eiver,  Mass., 

•<    Gauge,  5  months  old, 

768 

4,600 

60 

18. 

(          1TV  oz.  warp, 

Jan.,  1873 

j  Whittenton, 
(  Taunton,  Mass., 

iWm.  Mason,     "     "     " 

576 

3,000 

60 

18. 

Mar.,  1873 

Haydensville,  Mass. 

1          u           1£  Gauge, 

468 

4,200 

60 

17.5 

Apr.,  1873 

Salmon  Falls,  K  H. 

1  Saco  W.  P.  Co.,  S.  &  E., 

560 

3,850 

60 

17. 

a 

j  Appleton  Mills, 
Lowell, 

1  Platt  Bros.  -If  Gauge, 

600 

2,460 

64 

15.5 

u 

u 

Same  Mule,  Twist  ch'd, 

600 

3,220 

64 

17.5 

May,  1873 

Eockport,  Mass., 

j      1  Franklin  Foundery, 
(          Geared  Mule, 

600 

3,470 

60 

23.33 

u 

u                  u 

i  1  Saco  W.  P.  Co.,  F.  F. 
\             Pattern, 

544 

3,850 

60 

18. 

u 

Masconomet  Mill, 

1  Wm.  Mason,  1  J  Ga.,  old, 

480 

3,690 

60 

19.5 

u 

Newburyp't,  Mass., 

a                     u             u 

572 

3,690 

60 

19.5 

Nov.,  1873 

(  Essex,  Paterson, 

i     N.  j., 

1  Curtis,  Parr  &  Co.,  If 
inch  Gauge. 

704 

3,700 

63 

22. 

u 

u 

Marvel,   Davol  &  Co., 
1£  inch  Gauge, 

600 

3,550 

60 

18. 

Mar.,  1873 

Granite  Mill,  F.  E., 

j  1  Platt  Bros.  &  Co.  If  ga. 
1                 warp. 

552 

4,713 

64 

19. 

Nov.,  1873 

u           u           tt 

Same  Mule,  • 

552 

5,300 

64 

17. 

Mar.,  1873 

Slade        "        " 

1  Mason,  1^-  Gau.  warp, 

556 

4,480 

60 

18. 

May,  1873 

Weetamoe,        " 

1  Parr  &  Curtis  1-^g-  ga.  wp. 

544 

5,106 

63 

17. 

u 

u                    a 

1          «             i^.  «  wef. 

600 

4,113 

63 

17. 

Nov.,  1873 

Westville,  Taunton, 

1  Wm.  Mason   1£     "     " 

480 

3,100 

60 

18. 

45 


MULE-SPINNING. 


Draft. 

From 

To 

START. 

DRAFT  &  TWIST 

BACKING. 

Average 
Ft.  Lb. 

Lb.  per 
Spindle. 

Average 
H.  P? 

Spindles 
perH.P. 

Sec. 

Ft.  Lb. 

Sec. 

Ft.  Lb. 

Sec. 

FtLb 

8.99 

3.33 

30.  weft. 

* 

* 

* 

* 

* 

* 

1,472 

1.64 

2.677 

335. 

7.17 

4.76 

33.       " 

2. 

1,604 

12 

1,185 

5 

349 

1,146 

1.63 

2.084 

338. 

8.74 

5.95 

52.       " 

4. 

2,912 

14 

1,912 

4 

912 

1,912 

2.75 

3.476 

200.  JA 

8.74 

5.95 

52.       " 

4. 

2,772 

14 

1,772 

4 

772 

1,772 

3.21 

3.222 

173.  '  A 

8.71 

7. 

58.       " 

4. 

2,701 

1366 

1,701 

4 

701 

1,701 

2.59 

3.093 

225. 

9.15 

4.33 

40.      " 

3. 

2,220 

13 

1,660 

5 

600 

1,660 

3.22 

3.019 

171.  B 

8.40 

4. 

36.       " 

3. 

2,579 

13 

1,592 

5 

605 

1,592 

1.91 

2.895 

287. 

7.70 

3.85 

29.  warp. 

2. 

2,918 

-S9 

la 

1,839 
1,153  ' 

5 

388 

1,486 

1.93 

2.702 

284.1 

7.70 

3.85 

29.       " 

2. 

2,892 

(2 

1,842  . 
1,114 

5 

383 

1,473 

1.92 

2.678 

u 

287.  j  , 

8.50 

2. 

17.  weft. 

12 

1,050 

6 

478 

859 

1.46 

1.562 

370. 

27.      " 

II6 

1,235 

6 

374 

941 

2.00 

1.710 

8.56 

3.62 

31.       " 

2. 

1,536 

I1? 

'627  f 

4 

400 

955 

1.70 

1.736 

• 

322. 

8. 

1.65 

13.       " 

2.5 

2,512 

9 

2,078 

4 

813 

1,700 

2.83 

3.091 

194. 

(  Q 

o  Knq  ) 

- 

7.95 

1.65 

12.50  wp 

2.5 

2,946 

1 

ta 

Zf.vUO  f 

1,742  f 

4 

813 

2,031 

3.38 

3.693 

163. 

7. 

3.80 

26.  weft. 

4.33 

1,647 

14 

1,314 

5 

368 

1.173 

1.9/6 

2.133 

281. 

7.21 

3.80 

32.       " 

3- 

1,694 

10 

1,254 

5 

444 

1,102 

2.03 

2.004 

272. 

8.25 

4.50 

36.       " 

2. 

1,560 

125 

1,357 

5 

372 

1,124 

2.34 

2.045 

235.  )  c 

8.25 

4.50 

36.       " 

2. 

1,613 

125 

1,405 

5 

421 

1,174 

2.29 

2.135 

240.  f 

7.30 

4. 

30.  warp. 

2. 

2.244 

15 

1,625 

5 

475 

1,404 

2. 

2.533 

275- 

8.10 

3.33 

30.  weft. 

1. 

1,207 

12 

873 

5 

367 

734 

1.225 

1.335 

450. 

7.47 

3.88 

29.  warp. 

3. 

3,104 

11 

2,195 

5 

695 

1,944 

3.525 

3.535 

156.  D 

7.47 

3.88 

29.       " 

3. 

3,127 

9 

2,217 

5 

854 

1,977 

3.58 

3.594 

153.2 

7.50 

3.80 

28.       " 

3. 

1,967 

8 

1,517 

7 

363 

1,099 

1.976 

1.998 

279. 

7.15 

4.15 

29.5     " 

2. 

2,620 

10 

2,046 

5 

517 

1,664 

3.06 

3.025 

180. 

8.43 

4.15 

35.  weft. 

2. 

2,093 

10 

1,512 

5 

465 

1,257 

2.10 

2.287 

262. 

10.77 

1.95 

21.       " 

2. 

1,009 

10 

855 

6 

309 

690 

1.46 

1.255 

382.5 

*  Mules  balanced  each  other.          t  Companion  Mules. 
A  Mules  rather  new  and  stiff.  B  Mules  old  and  not  quite  level. 

c  Mules  quite  old.  j>  Belt  new  and  slipped.    Not  up  to  proper  speed. 


46 


COTTON-LOOMS. 


DATS. 

PLACE. 

DESCRIPTION. 

1 

^ 

No. 
Warp 

No. 
Weft. 

Picks  Clo'h 
per  inch. 

Picks 
p.min. 

April,  1871 

Stark  Mills, 

Lowell  M.  S.,  Sheeting 

inches. 

36 

16. 

16 

56  X48 

128 

June,  1871 

Amoskeag  Mills, 

Amosk'g  Co.,  Ticking, 

28 

10. 

.... 

48  X  50 

118 

a 

u 

"     Print  Cloth, 

28^ 

30. 

33 

64  X  64 

120 

July,  1871 

u 

"    Fine  Sheeting, 

40 

24. 

30 

64  x  80 

125 

a 

u 

U                     U 

49 

24. 

30 

it 

120 

a 

(( 

u               u 

60 

24. 

30 

n 

116 

a 

11 

u              u 

100 

24. 

30 

it 

70 

it 

tl 

"  Fancy  Gingham 

28 

13.5 

16 

56  x  56 

82 

<( 

u 

"           "  [Goods, 

28 

24. 

28 

a 

94 

a 

u 

"simple  Check" 

28 

24. 

28 

a 

94 

Aug.,  1871 

Manchauff, 

SacoW.P.Co.Plain  " 

37 

46. 

52 

140 

a 

u 

n                   ct       u 

37 

46. 

52 

138 

<i 

M 

11                           <l          (I 

37 

46. 

52 

154 

u 

u 

Whitin's          "      " 

36 

46. 

52 

151 

it 

(( 

u                   u       u 

28 

30. 

32 

64  x  64 

150 

u 

u 

((                          U          U 

28 

30. 

32 

it 

130 

1856 

Ind.  Orchard, 

Lowell  M.  S.  "      " 

36 

23. 

24 

64  x  72 

126 

u 

(c 

u          a 

39 

23. 

24 

64  x  68 

126 

Feb.,  1872 

Langdon  Mills, 

Whitin's          "      " 

40 

30. 

33 

88  x  100 

120 

u 

u 

a                   K       a 

40 

33. 

38 

72  x  80 

120 

Mar.,  1872 

Haydensville, 

U                            it          11 

36 

23. 

27 

64  x  64 

120 

April,  1872 

Salmon  Falls, 

SacoW.P.Co.  "      " 

36 

25. 

31 

64  x  72 

125 

Jan.,  1872 

Whittenton  Mills, 

Mason's  Drop-box  L'm 

36 

9. 

11 

ti 

112 

<i 

u 

1  Thomas's  Patent  " 

36 

9. 

11 

it 

118 

u 

u 

Mason's  4  Harness  " 

36 

9. 

11 

it 

115 

u 

U 

u        it              it 

36 

9. 

11 

it 

125 

u 

(( 

1  Eevolving  Box, 

36 

9. 

11 

ti 

110 

u 

a 

Mason's  4  Harness, 

36 

9. 

11 

it 

120 

l\ 

u 

1  Crompton,  New  Pat. 

36 

9. 

11 

it 

118 

(i 

II 

"         Old     " 

36 

22. 

24 

it 

118 

May,  1872 

Eockport  Mills, 

W.  Mason's  Drill,    " 

33 

28. 

32 

83  x  68 

145 

(i 

u 

a              u           u 

36 

28. 

32 

n 

140 

ff 

u 

u             u          it 

40 

28. 

32 

n 

135 

(( 

It 

"          "     [Pat. 

40 

28. 

32 

n 

140 

(( 

II 

Lewiston  Sh.,  Mason's 

40 

28. 

32 

n 

140 

ic 

u 

Win.  Mason,         " 

40 

28. 

32 

u 

117 

u 

Masconomet  " 

"    Plain  Sheeting, 

40 

30. 

36 

80  x  84 

130 

«( 

it 

Lesley,        " 

40 

30. 

36 

u 

130 

t( 

u 

U                        tl 

48 

30. 

36 

u 

122 

« 

a 

tl                 tl 

36 

30. 

36 

a 

130 

Nov.,  1872 

n 

Essex,  Pat'n,  N.  J. 
Dale  Mfg.  Co.,  " 

Mosquito-Net  Loom, 
Jacquard  on  Silk  Serge 

72 
27 

30. 

30 

12  x  12 

88 
100 

u 

(i 

Fancy  Braid  Loom,  ) 

96 

68 

Doub.  Bk.,  48  Shut.  J 

April,  1873 

Clinton,  Woon'kt 

Whitin's  Plain  Loom} 

40 

31. 

32 

64  x  72 

129 

u 

Social,         " 

it               it 

40 

31. 

•i 

5.66  x  68 
7.76  x  84 

il39 

Sept.,  1873 

Atlantic,  Law'nce 

Lowell  Mach.  Shop, 

40 

22. 

24 

64  x  68 

145 

11 

u 

tl                             U 

36 

15. 

16 

52  x  52 

156 

(( 

u 

a                      u 

36 

20. 

20 

56  x  56 

156 

Nov.,  1873 

Weetamoe,  F.  E., 

Kilburn,  Lincoln  &Co. 

28 

29. 

35 

64  x  64 

154 

it 

Granite, 

Davol  &  Co., 

28 

29. 

35 

u 

154 

47 


COTTON-LOOMS. 


Ft.  Lb.  per 
Sec.  Loom. 

H.  Power 
Loom. 

No. 

Tes'd 

Total  H.  P. 

Looms  per 

H.P: 

REMAKES. 

75.23 
106.15 

0.160 
.193 

8 
20 

1.282 
3.855 

6.25 

5.18 

Dynamometer  driving  Counter-Shaft, 
ii                u           u            it 

35.14 

.064 

20 

1.278 

15.62 

u                it           it           it 

51.15 

.093 

12 

1.117 

10.75 

tt                tt           tt           it 

62.15 

.113 

9 

1.019 

9. 

tt                tt           t»           tt 

64.90 

.118 

15 

1.779 

8.47 

tt                .t           tt           tt 

89.10 

.162 

3 

.486 

6.17 

n                tt           tt           tt 

96.82 

.176 

10 

1.760 

5.68 

tt                tt           it            tt 

86.35 

.157 

10 

1.568 

6.37 

tt                tt           tt           it 

48.95 

.089 

15 

1.333 

11.23 

ti                it            it           tt 

65. 

.118 

1 

.118 

8.47 

tt                                 •!                        tt                       ft        / 

72.05 
86.35 

.131 
.157 

1 
1 

.131 
.157 

7.63  • 
6.37 

u                it           it           it    J  New  Looms 

"                 it            u            it    |  just  started. 

85.80 

.156 

4 

.624 

6.41 

"    (  Old  Looms. 

64.35 

.117 

4 

.469 

8.55 

n                it           11           tt    j    it        it 
i'                it           11           it    §   it        tt 

53.90 

.098 

4 

.391 

10.20 

i 

60. 

.109 

10 

1.090 

9.17 

ii                 t           tt           tt 

64.50 

.117 

10 

1.170 

8.55 

"                 i           u           tt 

115.7 

.210 

8 

1.682 

4.76 

"                 i           it           it 

74,4 

.135 

8 

1.082 

7.41 

"                 t           u            it 

71.86 

.131 

6 

.786 

7.83 

"                                   1                       (I                       11 

59.60 

.108 

10 

1.084 

9.23 

II                    t  '          II             II 

166. 
96.43 

.302 
.175 

1 
1 

.302 
.175 

3.31 
5.71 

Dynamometer  applied  direct  to  Loom.    Doubtful. 

ii                   it          it           it              it 

102.5 

.183 

1 

.183 

5.47 

"  old  Loom,                    " 

85.70 

.156 

1 

.156 

6.41 

"                           u     new     u                                    it 

80. 

.145 

2 

.290 

'  6.90 

"    C.-shaft.  No  doubt  correct. 

87.16 

.158 

1 

.158 

6.33 

"                  "    Loom  quite  new.   Doubtful. 

141.17 

.257 

1 

.257 

3.89 

u                  u       it              tt                u 

116.2 

.212 

1 

.212 

4.72 

"      "      old, 

63.44 

.116 

4 

.464 

8.62 

"    Counter-Shaft.          Correct. 

77.60 

.144 

2 

.288 

7.09 

"      New  Loom,  " 

55. 

.100 

1 

.100 

10. 

tt                   ti         Qld         it         u 

63.33 

.115 

3 

.345 

8.70 

It                        II                    II 

64.44 

.117 

3 

.357 

8.55 

It                        Ik                    II 

50.86 

.092 

4 

.370 

10.87 

II                        tl                    It 

73. 

.133 

2 

.266 

7.52 

11                        It                    11 

80. 

.145 

2 

.289 

6.90 

"                  "               "       Old  Loom. 

76. 

.138 

1 

.138 

7.25 

tt                  it              ii             »t 

57. 

.104 

2 

.207 

9.61 

ii                  it               ti             it 

50. 

.091 

8 

.727 

11. 

it                  it               it             it 

32.5 

.059 

1 

.059 

17. 

"                  '*    direct  to  Looms. 

44.27 

.080 

1 

.080 

12.5 

it                  it              tt 

61.12 

.111 

14 

1.561 

9. 

"                  "    to  Shaft. 

93.62 

.170 

12 

2.043 

6. 

u                  tt       ti 

92.6 

.168 

4 

.673 

6. 

It                               Ii            tC 

108. 

.196 

12 

2.351 

5.10 

II                                  It            44 

108. 

.196 

12 

2.351 

5.10 

It                                 tt            It 

63.44 

.115 

10 

1.153 

9. 

tt                                 It             It 

56.50 

.103 

12 

1.233 

10. 

tl                                 tt            tt 

48 

COTTON-SPOOLERS. 


DATE. 

PLACE. 

DESCRIPTION. 

No. 
Spin. 

Rev. 
Spin. 

No. 
Yarn. 

Lb.  p. 

Spin. 

H.  P. 

May,  1857 

Ind.  Oro'd,  Mass. 

Lowell  Ma.  S'p,  upright, 

100 

936 

23 

1.18 

0.215 

June,  1871 

Amoskeag,  No.  3, 

Amoskeag  Shop, 

80 

700 

10 

2.35 

.342 

Aug.,     " 

Manchaug, 

Saco  W.  P.  Co., 

100 

663 

46 

.92 

.167 

Jan.,  1872 

Whittenton, 

Mason,  "Skein  Sp'ler," 

60 

.... 

16 

3.11 

.340 

Mar.,  1873 

Haydensville, 

Whitin,  upright,     " 

80 

800 

30 

3.62 

.527 

April,    " 

Salmon  Falls, 

Saco  W.  P.  Co.       " 

100 

700 

25 

1.80 

.327 

May,      « 

Rockport, 

it               tt 

70 

1,000 

28 

2.82 

.359 

a        a 

Masconomet, 

Lewiston  Ma.  Shop, 

80 

600 

30 

1.57 

.228 

tt        a 

Weetamoe, 

William  Mason, 

130 

640 

29 

.81 

.192 

Sept.,     " 

Atlantic  MiU, 

Lowell  Ma.  Shop, 

96 

700 

15 

1.62 

.282 

Nov.,     " 

Granite  Mill, 

George  Draper  &  Son, 

80 

630 

29 

1.28 

.186 

COTTON-TWISTERS. 


DATE. 

PLACE. 

DESCRIPTION. 

Diam 

Ring. 

No. 

Spin. 

Rev. 

Spin. 

Lb.  p. 

Spin. 

H.  P. 

June,  1871 

Derry  Mills, 

(  Eing  Frame  used  as  ) 
i    Oass.  Yarn-Twister,  j" 

11  in 

100 

5,186 

12.50 

2.273 

Nov.,     " 

Stark  Mills, 

Duck          " 

3* 

80 

2,812 

10. 

1.467 

Jan.,  1872 

Whittenton  Mill, 

Mason's  Ring,No.  17  Y'n 

2* 

48 

3,400 

9.23 

.805 

Nov.,     " 

Dale  Silk  Mill, 

English  Flier-Twister, 

100 

3,897 

4.30 

.783 

tt        it 

Paterson,  N.  J., 

n               a 

.... 

112 

3,005 

3.30 

.673 

COTTON-WARPERS. 


DATE. 

PLACE. 

DESCRIPTION. 

No. 
Yarn. 

No. 

Ends. 

H.  P. 

June,  1871 

Amoskeag, 

10 

230 

0.171 

Aug.,     « 
Jan.,  1872 
May,      " 
Nov.,      " 

Manchaug, 
Whittenton, 
Masconomet, 
Granite, 

Lewiston  English  Box, 
Mason, 
Lewiston, 
English, 

46 
9 
32 
29 

383 
240 
400 
358 

0.118 
0.119 
0.177 
0.113 

COTTON-DRESSERS. 

DATE. 

PLACE. 

DESCRIPTION. 

No. 
Yarn. 

No. 

Ends. 

Yards 
p.Min 

Lb.  p. 

Sec. 

H.  P. 

June,  1871 

Amoskeag, 

Amoskeag  Co.,  Old  Style 

10 

1,872 

4 

627 

1.141 

Jan.,  1872 

Whittenton, 

Mason's                 " 

9 

1,920 

10 

1,177 

2.139 

Mar.,      « 

Haydensville, 

Whitin's                " 

23 

2,300 

7 

1,060 

1.927 

SLASHERS. 

May,  1871 

Amoskeag, 

Howard  &  Bullough, 

28 

2,720 

20. 

869. 

1.581 

Aug.,  1872 

Manchaug, 

it                 tt 

46 

2,298 

28.57 

855. 

1.555 

May,       " 

Rockport, 

tt                 ti 

28 

2,592 

24. 

702. 

1.277 

April,  1873 

Olint'n,  Woon'kt, 

n                 it 

31 

2,800 

38.57 

583.88 

1.061 

May,      « 

Weetamoe,  F.  R., 

•  ti                 it 

29 

1,728 

30. 

S95. 

.702 

49 


MISCELLANEOUS  MACHINERY  AND  TOOLS. 


DATB. 

PLACE. 

DESCRIPTION. 

Revolu. 

FtLb. 

H.P. 

June,  1871 

Amoskeag  Mills, 

j  1  Filling-  Winder,  on  No.  34 
\        Yarn,  100  Spindles, 

2,910 

793. 

1.442 

Jan.,  1872 

Whittenton  " 

1  Fil.  Wind.,  17  Yarn,  80  Spin., 

2,000 

484. 

.870 

tt         tt 

tt           tt 

1  Eeel  ;  Skeins  per  60  Spin., 

180 

76.5 

.140 

tt         tt 

tt           tt 

1  Folding  Ma.,  70  yds.  per  min. 

.... 

164. 

.300 

July,  1871 

Langdon       " 

1       "        "     75        " 

.... 

69. 

.126 

May,  1872 

Eockport, 

1      "        u     70        " 

.... 

216. 

.393 

July,  1871 

Langdon  Mills, 

1  Cloth  Shear,  4  Blades,       f 

2,000 

1171. 

2.130 

Fan  to  same, 

516 

526. 

.957 

Total, 

1697. 

3.087 

Jan.,  1872 

Whittenton, 

1  Cloth  Shear,  5  Blades  &  Fan, 

2,070 

2275. 

4.136 

May,      " 

Rockport,  Mass., 

j  1  Cloth  Shear,  3  Blades  and 
(  Fan,  1,200  Eev.  [hard  wood 

2,056 

1645. 

3.000 

Mar.,     " 

tt              tt 

1  Cir.  Saw,  18  in.  diam.,  3  in. 

1,300 

700. 

1.273 

Nov.,     " 

C  Paterson,  N.  J., 

1       "9  in.,  1  in.  pine  wood, 

4,000 

900. 

1.637 

tt        tt 

•J  Whitney's  Sew- 

j  1  Small  engine  Lathe,  on  3-8 

51. 

.092 

(    ing  Ma.  Man., 

"j    inch  Iron,     [cut,  1  in.  Iron, 

May,     " 

Eockport,  Mass., 

1  6  ft.  Windsor  Lathe,  heavy 

.... 

116. 

.212 

tt        tt 

tt              tt 

1  Upright  Drill,  3-4  in.  Drill, 

.... 

88. 

.160 

Nov.,     " 

Paterson,  N.  J., 

j  1  Upright  Press  Drill,  4  Sp., 
(  only  1  cutting,  1-4  in.  hole, 



168.75 

.307 

tt        tt 

tt             tt 

1  Crank-Planer,  2  in.  stroke, 

.... 

125. 

.227 

May,      « 

Eockport,  Mass., 

15ft.          "       4ft.       " 

.... 

135. 

.245 

Nov.,     " 

Paterson,  N.  J., 

j  1  Profiling  Machine,  1-4  in. 
"i  Cutter,  quick  speed,  [speed, 



152. 

.276 

tt        tt 

tt             tt 

1  Pro.  Ma.,  li  in.  Cutter,  slow 

.... 

147. 

.267 

tt        tt 

tt             tt 

1  Milling  Ma.,  small  work, 

.... 

121. 

.220 

u          tt 

j  Whitney's  Shop, 

(  1  Small  screw-cutting  En- 

122. 

.222 

(  Paterson,  N.  J., 

(      gine,  J  in.  Screws, 

.... 

tt          tt 

tt                tt 

j  3  Polishing-  Wheels,   12  in. 

1,000 

633. 

1.151 

(         Diam.,  li  in.  Face, 

/ 

Mav   1873 

Manch'r  P.  W.,  C 

1  Log-  Wash.  Ma.  in  Bleach'y 

jXLitjr  j     J.O  |  O 

1  Roll,  10ft.  long,  20  in.  Diam. 

1        It                       It                 1*7            " 

)  100 
f  120 

7650. 

13.818 

U                  U 

(  Underbill  Edge- 
•?  Tool  Co.,  Nash- 
(      ua,  N.  H., 

1  Grindstone,  6  ft.  Diam.,  ) 
12  in.  face,  grinding  Axes,  \ 

84 

1680. 

3.055 

June,     " 

j  Collins  Axe  Co., 
(  Collinsville,  Ct., 

1  Grindstone,  6.6  in.  Diam.,  ) 
13  in.  face,  grinding  Axes,  in  > 
Wood  Boxes,  ) 

175 

6260. 

11.383 

n       n 

tt              tt 

do.    do.    in  Iron       " 

175 

5263. 

9.57 

n       u 

tt              tt 

Stone  in  Eevolution  alone, 

175 

2807. 

5.103 

t  1  Stone,  3  ft.  10  in.  Diam., 

it       n 

u              ti 

<     11  in.  Face,  grinding  in 
(             Wood  Boxes. 

229 

4300. 

7.810 

U             tl 

tt              tt 

j  1  do.,  2  ft.  8  in.  Diam.,  12£  in. 

229 

3645. 

6.627 

\  Face,  grind,  in  Wood  Boxes, 

u           tt 

n             it 

j  1  Polishing  Wh'l,  1  ft.  Diam., 

1,320 

658. 

1.200 

\         3  in.  face,  on  Axes. 

50 


FLAX  MACHINERY. 


DATE. 

PLACE. 

DESCRIPTION. 

SIZE. 

April,  1871 

Stark  Mills,  Man- 

1 1st  Drawing-Frame,  "  Tow," 

4  Deliveries, 

u          it 

chester,  N.  H., 

1  2d                 "                   " 

6        " 

«          u 

11             11 

u 

1  Eoving  Frame, 
1  Fairbairn's  Spinning  Fra.  " 

48  Spindles, 
108        " 

u          tt 

(4 

1  Long  Line  Spreader,  "Flax," 

1  Delivery, 

u          it 

" 

1      "    1st  Drawing,           " 

2  Deliveries, 

it          tt 

*' 

1      "    2d        "                   u 

6        " 

it          tt 

U 

1      "    Koving  Frame,        " 

48  Spindles, 

it          tt 

" 

1  Fairbairn's  Wet  Spinning-Frame 

116        " 

tt          tt 

" 

116         " 

Nov.,  1872 

tt        tt 

Arkwright  Mills, 
Paterson,  N.  J., 

1  Long  Line  Spreader, 
1  2d  Drawing-Frame, 

1  Delivery, 
3  Deliveries, 

tt        n 

u 

1  Roving-Frame, 

40  Spindles, 

it        tt 

a 

1  Wet  Spinning,. 

96        " 

tt        tt 

it 

1  Twine-Polisher, 

Ordi'ry  Pressure, 

n        it 

u 

it 

Ex.  Heavy  " 

WOOL    MACHINERY. 
WOOL-CARDS. 


DATE. 

PLACE. 

DESOKIPTION. 

Width. 

Diam. 

Eevolu. 

Ft.  Lb. 

H.P. 

C  1  Davis  &  Fur- 

Jan.,  1871 

Derry  Mills, 

-<  ber  2d  Breaker, 

40 

48  in. 

96 

500 

.910 

(      6  Workers. 

Oct.,  1871 

Manchester  P.W. 

j  1  Double  Oylin. 
{  Card,  10  Work., 

40 

48  " 

130 

700 

1.273 

<t        « 

i< 

u 

40 

48  " 

82 

659 

1.179 

WOOL-JACKS. 


DATE. 

PLACE. 

DESCRIPTION. 

Eevolu. 

DRAFT. 

TWIST. 

Ft.  Lb. 

H.  P. 

Ft.  Lb. 

H.  P. 

June,  1871 

Derry  Mills, 

j  1  Davis  &  Fur- 
(  ber,  200  Spin., 

2,457 

431 

.784 

361 

.657 

51 


FLAX  MACHINERY. 


Draught. 

Gills  Speed. 

Bolls  Speed. 

Spindle  Speed. 

Ft.  Lb.  per 
Second. 

Horse-Power. 

8.      to  1 

180  per  min. 

340 

0.619 

7.      "  1 

180       " 

632 

1.149 

8.*    "    1 

100  Kevol'ns, 

590 

1,297 

2.358 

6.      "    1 

30       " 

2,665 

1  860 

3  382 

30.      "    1 
16       "    1 

54  per  min. 
108       " 

70       " 

560 

427 

1.018 
767 

14.      "    1 
12.      "    1 
7.89  "    1 

102       " 
130       " 

84       " 
108       " 
39       " 

*oi6 
2,925 

604 
1,132 
2  335 

1.097 
2.058 
4.246 

7.89  "    1 

40       (' 

3,176 

2,702 

4.913 

520 

.947 

790 

1.436 

1,077 

1.957 

2,700 

1,903 

3.460 

1,653 

3.005 

2,853 

5.186 

WOOL    MACHINERY.— (Continued.) 
WOOLEN-LOOMS. 


DATE. 

PLACE. 

DESCRIPTION. 

Width. 

Harness 

'Picks' 
per  min. 

Ft. 
Lhs. 

H.P. 

June  1871 

Derry  Mills 

1  Satinet  Loom. 

36  in. 

95 

1^,0, 

.221 

u 
Oct.,  1871 

t( 

(  Manchest.  Print 
1     Works. 

j  1  Broad  Cromp- 
\      ton  Loom, 

1     "           £   . 

90  " 
90  " 

:g 

10 

86 
86 

285 
348 

.519 
.633 

u 

u 

1  Thomas, 

108  " 

10 

65 

233 

.424 

FINISHING-MACHINERY.— (  Continued:) 


DATE. 

PLACE. 

DESCRIPTION. 

Revolu. 

Ft.  Lb. 

H.P. 

June,  1871 
U 

Derry  Mills, 
u 

1  Broad  Gig,  54  inches,  empty, 
"     set  light,  old  Teazles, 

160 
160 

279 
570 

.507 
.927 

u 

u 

"      set  heavy,  new  " 

160 

1,100 

2.000 

it 

u 

1  Kotary  Full  ing-Mill, 

126 

1,395 

2.536 

[ton  &  Co., 

(t 

U 

1  38  in.  Hydro-Ex.,  Rice,   Bar- 

580 

1,100 

2.000 

cc 

u 

1  80  in.  Hydro-Ex.,  Laconia  Pat., 

680 

999 

1.817 

52 


TESTS  OP  SHAFTING. 


DATE. 

PLACE. 

Length. 

Diameter. 

Weight. 

Weight  of 
Pulleys. 

Total 

Weight. 

April  1871 

Amoskeag  Mills, 

8  ft.  6  in. 

2t  inc. 

101  lb. 

577  lb. 

678  lb. 

u 

u 

34 

"  , 

404 

1,974 

2,378 

a 

u 

114 

u 

1,366 

1,859 

3,225 

" 

u 

228 

u 

2,732 

3,617 

6,349 

u 

u 

342 

ti 

4,098 

5,331 

9,429 

u 
ti 

«    1 

16 

178 

2t  inc.  ) 

at  "   f 

2,427 

2,988 

5,415 

u 

" 

10ft.  4  in. 

4t    "    ] 

11 

" 

80 

at  " 

u 

" 

32 

at  "    r 

3,910 

5,393 

9,303 

a 

« 

48 

at  "    1 

a 

I 

32 

at  "  J 

July,  1871 

"            C 

10 

at  "   ) 

u 

"             ^ 

48 

at  "   f 

1,289 

1,456 

2,745 

u 

"                       r 

32 

at  "  i 

u 

U 

Similar  line 

1,006 

2,295 

n 
u 

ill  .  f 

34 

32 

at  "  ) 
at  "   r 

1,484 

1,736 

3,220 

u 

( 

32 

at  "  ) 

u 

U                          f 

10  ft.  4  in. 
176 

at  "   i 

at  "  j 

2,336 

2,999 

5,335 

u 

u 

Similar  line 

2,336 

2,999 

5,335 

Jan.,  1872 

Whittenton  Mills, 

Ab't  200  ft. 

21  " 

2,700* 

Feb.,  1872 

Langdon        " 

24  ft.  10  in 

•at  " 

295 

350 

645 

Mar.,  1872 
April  1,  '72 

Haydensville, 
j  Salmon  Falls, 
1       KH., 

42 
9 
231 

at  " 

4      «     ) 

at  "   j 

428 
3,151 

2,354 

5,805 

April  2,  '72 

Same  shaft. 

3,151 

2,354 

5,805 

May,  1872 

Rockport,Mass. 

9  ft.  10  in 

3      "    1 

u 
u 

32 
32 

at  "   I 
at  "   [ 

1,987 

2,000* 

3,987 

96 

it  "  J 

May,  1872 

Masconom't  M'l 

10  ft.  8  in. 

3      "    1 

Newburyport, 

24 

ai  " 

. 

127  ft.  1  in. 

2i    "     j. 

3,554 

4,268 

7,882 

64 

2      " 

64  ft.  3  in. 

If    "    J 

Nov.,  1872 

Paterson,  N.  J., 

100 

It    " 

unkn'wn 

unkn'wn 

unkn'wn 

Nov.,  1873, 

Granite  Mills,  ) 
Fall  River,       j" 

Ab't  200  ft. 

2      " 

u 

a 

" 

*  Estimated. 


TESTS  OP  SHAFTING. 


53 


No.  of 
Bear'gs. 

Kev.  per 
Minute. 

Ft.  Lbs. 

Horse- 
Power. 

Coeff. 
Friction 

REMARKS. 

CONTINUOUS  OILING.        [Kerosene  Oils  mixed- 

2 

216 

49 

.089 

.0336 

Single  Counter.  Dreyfuss  Pat.  Oiler.    Sperm  and 

8 

216 

196 

.357 

.0413 

4  Count1  s  like  above.  Connected  with  Belts.   Same 

15 

216 

325 

.590 

.0500 

Single  line.  Oilers  aa  above.                [Oils  mixed- 

30 

216 

660 

1.181 

.0501 

2  Lines  like  above  connected.    Oils,  etc.,  same. 

47 

216 

1,022 

1.858 

.0552 

3    "            "         ll                              " 

25 

216 

378 

.687 

.0338 

Single  line,                                        "          " 

26 

210 

873 

1.587 

.0334 

Single  line,  Oils,  etc.,  same. 

ORDINARY  ODLING. 

12 

150 

275 

.499 

.0640 

Single  line.  Oiled  in  ordinary  way,  daily.   Tallow 

in  Boxes,  as  safeguard  in  case  of  Heating. 

12 

150 

217 

.394 

.0610 

tl                                       U                                       III                                       it 

13 

150 

291 

.537 

.059 

11                           It                          It                          11 

24 

211 

793 

1.442 

.0759 

Single  line.    Had  been  oiled  A.  M.,  test  at  11  A.  M. 

24 

211 

679 

1.234 

.0650 

"       "       Taken-  just  after  oiling. 

155 

314 

.571 

'  4* 

210 

143 

.260 

.114 

"       "       Sprung  in  centre  by  pull  of  Belt. 

5 

120 

147 

.267 

31 

211 

857 

1.558 

.0714 

"       "       Tallow  in  Boxes,  taken  at  noon  ;  had 
been  oiled  early  in  A.  H. 

31 

211 

619 

1.120 

.0516 

Tallow  removed  from  Boxes,  and  sponge  saturated 

in  oil  substituted.    Time  of  testing  as  before. 

30 

185 

376 

.685 

.0568 

Oiled  daily  in  usual  manner. 

37 

245 

1,028 

1.870 

.0585 

u           u 

11 

170 

184 

.385 

Dreyfuss  Oilers. 

200 

302 

.549 

TESTS   FROM   1874-79. 


56 


POWER  OP  COTTON 


DATE. 

PLACE. 

MACHINE. 

No.  of 
Beaters. 

Diam. 
Beaters. 

Eev.  per 
Minute. 

Jan.,  1874 

j  Clipper  Mills,  ) 
(  Baltimore,Md.  } 

(       Kitson  Lapper, 
•1    Whitehead  &  Ath-    ) 
(    erton,  Old  Pattern,    j 

3 
3 

16  in. 
18  in. 

1,380 
1,380 

Feb.,  1874 

Jackson  Co.,  ) 
Nashua,       J 

Kitson's  Compound, 

*    \ 

2.  12  in. 
2.  16  in. 

1,380 

«< 

(    Boott  Mills,   ) 
•j  .     Lowell,       f 

«                u                      \ 

New  Pattern,        V 
"  Broken  Beaters,"   ( 

4 

1.     9  in. 
1.  12  in. 
2.  16  in. 

700 
950 
1,380 

u 

j    Whittenton    ) 
I  Mills,  Taunt'n,  J 

Kitson's  Compound,  \_ 
Regular  Pattern,      j 

4 

2.  16  in. 
2.  12  in. 

1,390 

'  Same  Machine,   1st  ~| 

Mar.,  1874 

« 

pair     Beaters    re-  J 
-      moved,  and  White-   >- 
head  Whipper  put 

3    { 

1.  24  in. 
2.  16  in. 

1,000 
1,390 

in  place, 

I  Same  Machine,  Tooth-  ) 

1O  4    l-n 

u 

<« 

•j    ed  Beater  substitut-  >• 

3 

.  z4  in. 

1,390 

(    ed  by  Kitson,             ) 

2.  16  in. 

u 

« 

(  Same    Machine,    4    ) 
•j    Bladed  Beater  in    J 

3        \ 

1.  24  in. 

933 

(  place  of  Tooth'd  Btr.,  \ 

] 

2.  16  in. 

1,390 

April,  1874 

(    Stark  Mills,    ) 
(    Manchester,    J 

\  1.  Kitson  Compound,  ) 
(      Regular  Pattern,     J 

*    \ 

2.  12  in. 
2.  16  in. 

1,390 

" 

u 

« 

« 

u 

1,390 

May,  1874 

11 

Same  Machine, 

u 

u 

1,400 

u 

(( 

Similar, 

u 

u 

1,150 

Aug.,  1874 

Nashua  Mfg.  Co., 

i  Whitehead  &  Ather-  ) 
•<    ton    Compound,     1  > 
(    Whipper,  1  Beater,  ) 

*  \ 

1.  24  in. 
1.  16  in. 

1,130 
1,500 

Mar.,  1875 

China  Mills,    ) 
Suncook,      J 

1.  Kitson  Compound, 

4  1 

2.  12  in. 
2.  16  in. 

1,450 

« 

Webster  Mills,  ) 
Suncook,      f 

j          a                  a 

3 

16  in. 

1,300 

u 

July,  1875 

j    China  Mills,    j 
"j       Suncook,      J 
Appleton  Mills, 

1.  Whitin  Lapper, 
j  Whitehead  &  Ather-  ) 
(          ton  Opener,          j" 

3 

2    1 

12  in. 
1.  24  in. 
1.  16  in. 

1,700 
1,080 
1,380 

fl.    620 

Nov.,  1875 

Boott  Mills, 

(  Kitson's  Atmospheric  ) 
1             Opener,             f 

j  2  Disks 
(  2  Beaters 

16  in. 
16  in. 

J  1.    666 
1  1.1,200 

[1.1,480 

Aug.,  1876 

Prescott  Mill, 

Kitson's  New  Feed    ) 
Motion,             f 



.... 

240 

PICKERS  AND  LAPPERS. 


57 


No.of 
Fans. 

3 

Eev.  per 
Minute. 

Wt.  Lap 
per  Yd. 

Lbs.  per 
Day. 

Ft.  Ib. 
Power. 

Horse- 
Power. 

REMARKS. 

1,380 

16    oz. 

3,930 

4,380.53 

7.969 

Opening  from  Bale.  Without  cotton,  5.812  H.P. 

3 
3 

3 

1,380 
1,380 

1.  1,730 
2.  1,380 

12    oz. 
13    oz. 

14    oz. 

3,600 
3,840 

4,800 

5,883.33 
5,674.70 

4,525.64 

10.607 
10.318 

8.228 

"           "        "           "           "     7.969  H.P. 

3 

1,390 

15    oz. 
15    oz. 

3,300 
3,350 

8,142.86 
6,308.31 

14.805 
11.505 

Carded  &  Dyed  Cotton."           "    9.177  H.P. 

U                          tl                  « 

3 

1.  1,000 
2.  1,390 

19^  oz. 

4,420 

5,000 

9.091 

Opening  from  Bale.       «          "    7.102  H.P. 

8 

1.  1,000 
2.  1,390 

16$  oz. 

3,350 

6,588 

11.978 

Carded  &  Dyed  Cotton.4*          "    6.711  H.P. 

3 

933 
1,390 

15    oz. 

3,320 

7,521 

13.678 

"     8.082  H.P. 

3 

1,390 

17    oz. 

4,000 

6,766 

12.302 

Cotton  from  Bale,          «           "  10.752  H.P. 

3 
3 
3 

2 

1,390 
1,400 
1,150 

1.  1,700 
1.  1,500 

13    oz. 
17    oz. 
11    oz. 

3,060 
4,000 
2,220 

5,370 
5,000 

6,394 

7,208 
4,800 

4,349 

4,814 

11.623 
13.105 
8.725 

7.907 
8.754 

U                 It             41 

"       "              "           "  11.139  H.P. 
"        "              "           "     7,027  H.P. 

PreViCotStonOPened  \    "           "    5.793  H.P. 
Cotton  from'  Bale. 

3 

1,450 

18    oz. 

4,000 

6,300 

11.453 

u              t.           it 

2 

1,300 

8    oz. 

2,700 

3,361.61 

6.112 

"         «        "             »           *»    6.442  H.P. 

3 
2 

1,400 
1,380 

7    oz. 
12    oz 
14    oz. 

1,600 
3,000 
3,400 

2,844.44 
3,219.51 
3,463.42 

5.172 
5.864 
6.3 

As  running. 
Cotton  from  Bale.          "           "    4.08   H.P. 
Fed  heavier  on  Aprons. 

3 

1,500 
1,480 
1,440 

16    oz. 

4,000 
4,000 

4,200 
193.85 

7.636 
.352 

Cotton  from  Bale.         "           >!     6.886  H.P. 
Tested  separate  from  Picker. 

58 


COTTON  CARDS. 


DATE. 

PLACE. 

MAKES. 

Width. 

Eev.  per 
Minute. 

March,    1875 

China  Mills,  Suncook, 

Wm.  Mason  Breaker, 

36  in. 

127 

«             <( 

it                   <(                       U 

"          *       Finisher, 

36  in. 

127 

«             « 

Pembroke  Mills,  " 

"          «       Breaker, 

36  in. 

127 

a                   « 

«                u         u 

"          «       Finisher, 

36  in. 

127 

«(                   u 

Webster  Mills,     " 

"           '       Breaker, 

36  in. 

127 

«                   « 

a             tt           u 

"          '       Finisher, 

36  in. 

127 

April, 

Newton,  Mass., 

0.  Fetter            " 

36  in. 

128 

August,  1876 

Mass.  Mills,  Lowell, 

Lowell  Ma.  Shop  Finisher, 

.  36  in. 

125 

<C                      U 

((                 U                   (( 

"      «      Breaker, 

36  in. 

125 

11                      U 

((                 U                   U 

Foss  &  Pevey,  Single, 

36  in. 

125 

April,      1877 

Lockwood  Mills, 

Saco  W.  P.  Co.  Breaker, 

36  in. 

133 

«            « 

Waterville,  Maine, 

".         "      "    Finisher, 

36  in. 

133 

a                 (( 

«              u 

"      "    Single, 

36  in. 

133 

RAILWAYS  FOR  CARDS. 


DATE. 

PLACE. 

MAKEB. 

March,     1875 

China      Mills,  Suncook, 

Wm.  Mason  Breaker, 

U                       (( 

«            «            <( 

"          "      Finisher, 

U                       (1 

Webster    "            " 

((                   ((                      U 

((                 <( 

Pembroke"            " 

U                  ((                      (( 

ti              (( 

Newton,  Mass., 

U                   U                      {( 

August,    1876 
April,      1877 

Mass.  Mills,  Lowell, 

((                U                   U 

Lockwood  Mills,  Waterville, 

Lowell  Finisher, 
"     Foss  &  Pevey  Finisher, 
"     Breaker, 

<(                      U                       ({ 

"     Finisher, 

COTTON  DRAWING-FRAMES. 


DATE. 

PLACE. 

MAKEB. 

No.  Eolls. 

March,  1875 

China     Mills,  Suncook, 

Mason,   1st, 

4 

«           <t 

"                        4                          (( 

2d, 

4 

"           " 

Webster    '             " 

1st, 

4 

i(                   U 

«                   «                        (C 

2d, 

4 

(t             (( 

Pembroke  '             " 

"         1st, 

4 

((             (( 

<t         <             <( 

«         2d, 

4 

{(                     U 

Newton  Mills,  Newton,  Mass., 

Whitin,  1st, 

4 

((             (t 

«         <(           «          u 

"      2d, 

4 

COTTON  CARDS. 


59 


Lb.  per  Day. 

Ft.  Lbs.  each. 

H.  P.  each. 

Cards  per  Bail- 
way. 

H.  P.  Railway. 

No.  of  Cards  per 
H.  P.,  including 
Railway. 

45 

149.60 

.272 

40 

1.361 

3.27 

46 

149.60 

.272 

9 

.659 

2.90 

45 

145.65 

.265 

40 

1.360 

3.34 

46 

145.65 

.265 

9 

.424 

3.20 

45 

180 

.327 

.... 

.... 

45 

137.5 

.250 

9 

.521 

3.25 

53 

80 

.145 

14 

.846 

4.86 

65 

146.08 

.266 

8 

.473 

3.07 

65 

159.77 

.283 

.... 

.... 

65 

192.77 

.350 

*8 

'.554 

2.38 

48 

97 

.177 

72 

2.085 

4.85 

48 

75.60 

.137 

12 

.546 

5.48 

27 

61.92 

.112 

12 

.546 

6.35 

RAILWAYS  FOR  CARDS. 


No.  of  Cards. 

Diam.  F.  EolL 

Eev.  F.  Roll. 

Draft. 

Wt.  Sliver. 

Ft.  Lbs.  per  Sec. 

H.-Power. 

40 

12    in. 

12 

8  oz. 

748.91 

1.361 

9 

Hin. 

445 

4.2*1 

95  gr. 

362.5 

.659 

9 

Hin. 

370 

3.50 

89  gr. 

286.86 

.521 

9 

Hin. 

340 

3.50 

89  gr. 

233.33 

.424 

14 

Hin. 

570 

3.50 

120  gr. 

466.22 

.846 

8 

l|in. 

350 

.... 



505 

.554 

8 

Hin. 

350 

.... 



260 

.473 

72 

12    in. 

12 

.... 



1,145.83 

2.085 

12 

Hin. 

300 

4 

90  gr. 

300.3 

.546 

COTTON  DRAWING-FRAMES. 


Eev.  Rolls. 

Doublings. 

Draft. 

No.  of  Deliv- 
eries. 

Ft.  Lb.  per 
Delivery. 

H.  P.  per 

Delivery. 

Total  H.  P. 

340 

4 

4.24 

4 

126.13 

.229 

.917 

348 

2 

4.08 

8 

63.06 

.114 

.917 

280 

4 

4.12 

4 

106.25 

.194 

.776 

370 

2 

4.12 

8 

75 

.135 

1.091 

310 

4 

4.60 

3 

141.02 

.25 

.769 

380 

2 

4.50 

6 

86.24 

.167 

.941 

312 

3 

4 

8 

80.60 

.147 

1.173 

390 

3 

4 

6 

123.60 

.224 

1.345 

60 


ROVING  FRAMES. 


DATE. 

FLACK. 

MAKERS. 

Size  of 
Bobbin. 

No. 
Spin. 

Rev. 
Spin. 

Diam. 
of  Eoll. 

Aug.,  1874 

a               «( 

Amoskeag  Co., 
Manchester, 

Howard  &Bullough, 

a                     u 

10x5 
9x4.5 

56 

68 

620 
602 

H 

a                (( 

u 

«                     u 

7x3.5 

116 

930 

u 

Jan.,  1877 

Conant  Thread  Co., 

Higgins  &  Sons, 

5x2.5 

140 

1120 

« 

u'      « 

Pawtucket, 

Prov.  Machine  Co., 

u 

148 

1260 

II 

April,     " 

Lockwood  Mills, 

Saco  W.  P.  Co., 

11x5.5 

64 

700 

li 

a           u 

Waterville,  Maine, 

« 

10x4 

88 

855 

li 

((            (( 

u                   a 

a 

7x3.5 

160 

1175 

u 

Dec.,      " 

Whittenton  Mills, 

Prov.  Machine  Co., 

u 

128 

1100 

a 

u        a 

a                  a 

Win.  Mason, 

u 

900 

u 

DEAD  SPINDLE 


DATE. 

PLACE. 

MAKEE. 

Size  of 
Bobbin. 

No. 

Spin. 

Eev. 
Spin. 

Diam.  of 
F.  Koll. 

Sept.,  1873 

'Atlantic  Mills, 

Lowell  Shop  Speeder 

12     x  6 

34 

625 

li 

a          a 

Lawrence, 

a           a            a 

12    x  6 

34 

600 

li 

<(                 U 

a 

a           a            a 

10.5x4.5 

36 

750 

li 

u           « 

a 

"      Intermediate 

9.5x4.5 

58 

900 

1ft 

«           u 

- 

a 

a                    a 

9.5x4.5 

58 

900 

1ft 

u           « 

a 

a                    a 

9.5x4.5 

58 

900 

1ft 

a                <( 

« 

"      Fine  Speeder 

8.5x3.5 

72 

1200 

li 

a           u 

u 

a           a              a 

8.5x4.5 

50 

900 

H 

U                  41 

a 

"      Intermediate 

9.5x4.5 

58 

900 

1-1% 

Mar.,  1875 

j  China  Mills, 

0.  Pettee,  1st, 

9    x4.5 

30 

800 

ii 

u           u 

(  Suncook, 

"        2d, 

7    x3 

78 

1420 

li 

a           a 

j  Webster  Mills, 

"        1st, 

8     x4 

28 

820 

li 

a           a 

|  Suncook, 

2d, 

61  x  3 

78 

1500 

li 

a           a 

(  Pembroke  Mills, 

"        1st, 

8    x4 

24 

800 

li 

a           a 

• 

Suncook, 

"        2d, 

6    x3 

72 

1420 

li 

a           a 

a 

1st, 

9    x4 

40 

800 

li 

a           a 

Newton  Upper  Falls, 

"        1st, 

9    x4 

36 

864 

li 

a           a 

Newton,  Mass, 

«        1st, 

10     x5 

36 

593 

li 

ROVING  FRAMES. 


61 


Eev. 
Eoll. 

Draft. 

From 

To 

Ft.Lb. 
Frame. 

Ft.  Lb. 

Spindle. 

H.P. 

Frame. 

Spindles 
per  H.P. 

NOTES. 

193 

4.67 

77.  g. 

0.521* 

639.99 

11.43 

1.163 

48.1 

Average  4-  full. 

143 

4 

0.52  hk 

1.04 

422.93 

6.22 

.768 

88.4 

«            « 

120 

6 

1.04  " 

3 

636 

5.48 

1.156 

100 

u               « 

80 

8 

5        " 

20 

654.54 

3.96 

1.008 

140 

«              « 

82 

8 

5        " 

20 

393.33 

2.66 

.715 

207 

((                 (( 

168 

4 

.55  gr. 

0.60 

820 

12.81 

1.491 

43 

(              (( 

145 

5 

0.60  hk 

1.50 

820 

9.31 

1.491 

69 

(                  (( 

129 

6.80 

1.50  " 

4.70 

930.43 

5.81 

1.701 

94.5 

(                  (( 

175 

u 

2       " 

.... 

1290 

10.21 

2.345 

55 

*            "     New  Frame. 

147 

« 

2       « 

.... 

760 

5.94 

1.382 

93 

"     Old  Frame. 

ROVING  FRAMES. 


Eev. 
F. 
Eoll. 

Draft. 

From 

To 

Ft.  Lb. 
Frame. 

Ft.Lb. 
Spindle. 

H.P: 

Frame. 

Spindles 
perH.P. 

NOTES. 

198 

3.06 

89  g. 

0.301* 

641.66 

16 

.984 

34 

Bobbin  i  full. 

185 

4.54 

u 

0.49 

441.41 

13 

.800 

42.5 

«            u 

152 

4.30 

(( 

0.45 

472.44 

13.12 

.859 

42 

«              (t 

190 

6.04 

0.49  hk 

1.25 

704 

12.14 

1.280 

45.30 

"          "  as  running. 

190 

6.04 

u 

1.25 

670 

11.67 

1.219 

47.25 

"  freshly  oiled. 

190 

6.04 

u 

1.25 

700 

12.08 

1.273 

45.60 

"  similar  frame  as 

173 

3.68 

I       " 

1.81 

863 

12 

1.570 

46 

"  as  run'g.  [r'g. 

116 

7.75 

0.45  " 

1.81 

612.29 

10.24 

.931 

53.60 

"          "  as  running. 

200 

5.78 

0.30  " 

1 

576 

10 

1.048 

56 

«                  ((                      U 

166 

5.97 

50  g. 

1.25 

388.23 

12.94 

.706 

42.5 

U                  ((                       (( 

127 

7.03 

1.25  " 

3.71 

1200 

15.38 

2.182 

35.76 

((              «                 (( 

170 

5.97 

45  g. 

1.25 

465.12 

16.61 

.846 

32 

U                 U                      (( 

148 

7.03 

1.25 

3.71 

1480.62 

18.97 

2.692 

29 

((              ((                 (( 

166 

5.97 

45  gr. 

1.25 

512.5 

21.35 

.932 

26 

((                 ((                      U 

140 

8.03 

1.25  " 

4.12 

1333.33 

18.52 

2.484 

30 

«                 ((                      U 

150 

5.32 

45  gr. 

1.20 

712.50 

17.87 

1.297 

31 

((              ((                 (( 

157 

12.82 

88       " 

1.50 

529.41 

14.73 

.963 

37.4 

((           ((              (( 

153 

8.32 

100  gr. 

1.50 

342.31 

9.51 

.622 

67.8 

"         "      New  Pattern. 

62 


RING  SPINNING. 


DATE. 

PLACE. 

DESCBIPTION. 

Diam. 

King. 

No. 
Spin 

Weight 
Spindle. 

Kev. 
Spin. 

Rev. 
RoD. 

Mar.,  1874 

j  Whittenton  Mills,  ) 
1  Taunton,  Mass.,     f 

Wm.  Mason, 

If  in. 

160 

12  oz. 

6,000 

110 

ti         u 

tf 

u          it 

" 

160 

it 

6,000 

110 

June,     " 

Lawrence  Manuf.  Co., 

Lowell  M.  Shop, 

If 

224 

12* 

6,095 

82 

Jan.,  1875 

j  China  Mills,         ) 
}  Suncook,  N.  H.,  f 

Wm.  Mason, 

« 

128 

14 

6,000 

61 

ti        ii 

fl                      tt 

u         ti 

u 

128 

it 

4,500 

56 

Feb.,      " 
Mar.,     " 

Renfrew  Co.,  S.  Adams, 
China  Mill,  Suncook, 

Whitin, 
Wm.  Mason, 

tt 
it 

144 
128 

12 

14 

6,000 
6,160 

96 
66 

tt        ti 

u        tt          it 

u         it 

ft 

128 

it 

5,000 

64 

ti        u 

Webster  Mill,Suncook, 

tt 

Ii 

128 

ii 

5,000 

64 

it        tt 

u          it          tt 

it 

ti 

128 

ii 

5,160 

66 

tt        it 

ti          tt          tt 

tt 

it 

128 

ii 

6,160 

66 

ti        ti 

it          ii          u 

it 

ti 

128 

u 

5,160 

66 

tt        ti 

it          tt          ti 

u 

ti 

112 

u 

5,000 

64 

u        ii 

fl                   11                   It 

ft 

u 

112 

ii 

5,075 

65 

tt        « 

Pembroke  Mill,     « 

Saco  W.  P.  Shop 

tt 

112 

12 

5,080 

58 

u        u 

it            tt        tt 

u      a        tt 

ti 

112 

" 

6,080 

58 

it        ti 

u            tt        tt 

ii      it        u 

u 

112 

ti 

5,080 

68 

it        u 

Newton  Falls,  Mass., 

ti      it        ii 

If 

128 

u 

6,120 

68 

tt        it 

tt          ii        it 

ii      u 

u 

128 

u 

5,120 

67 

ti        ii 

u          tt        it 

it      u 

tt 

128 

u 

5,060 

66 

u        u 

u          it        ti 

u      u 

u 

128 

u 

5,060 

66 

u        u 

it          u        it 

u      ii 

it 

128 

« 

5,120 

64 

it        ii 

it          it        it 

u      u 

tt 

128 

ii 

5,120 

72 

April,     « 

Manchester  Mills, 

i       ii 

ii 

192 

11* 

5,757 

71 

tt        it 

ii               it 

i       u 

ii 

192 

ii 

5,757 

ti        it 

ii                u 

t       u 

u 

128 

ii 

5,700 

61.5 

tt        ti 

it               tt 

i       u 

u 

128 

it 

6,700 

61.5 

ii        tt 

tt               ti 

i       ii 

ii 

128 

u 

5,700 

61.5 

ii        tt 

it               tt 

i       u        u 

u 

128 

ii 

5,700 

61.5 

July,      « 

Pacific  Mills, 

Whitin, 

u 

160 

12 

5,030 

63 

it        u 

tt         ft 

it 

u 

160 

M 

5,030 

61.5 

ti        u 

ti         ti 

" 

" 

160 

u 

5,030 

61.5 

ti        tt 

u         u 

tt 

ii 

160 

it 

5,030 

61.5 

April,  1876 

York  Mills,  Saco, 

Saco  W.  P.  Shop 

ii 

128 

11| 

5,800 

82 

tt        ti 

i 

SacoW.P.Sh.  / 
Old  Throstle,  } 

.... 

128 

j  flier,  I 
i  3.40  f 

3,610 

60 

June,     « 

Everett  Mills,Lawrence 

Lowell  Sh.,  0.  T. 

128 

1    u      ; 

3,750 

57 

April,  1877 

Clinton,  Woonsocket, 

Whitin, 

ii 

128 

12 

5,670 

71 

u        ti 

ti               ii 

" 

ii 

128 

M 

5,670 

71 

Dec.,  1875 

Nov.,  1877 

Jackson  Co.,  Nashua, 
Atlantic  Mills, 

Lowell  Throstle, 
"     Shop  Ring 

u 

192 
176 

lier,  4  oz. 
18* 

3,260 
6,022 

93 

88 

Dec.,      " 

Whittenton  Mills, 

Wm.  Mason, 

HI 

128 

12 

4,800 

128 

Jan.,  1878 
June,     " 

Amoskeag  Mills, 
JLyman  Mills  No.  1) 
1         Holyoke,         f 

Amoskeag  Co., 
Whitin, 

H 
If 

128 
128 

11 
12 

3,910 
4,200 

89 
132 

ti        u 

tt 

u 

128 

" 

4,200 

132 

( 

Whitin,  alter'd) 

it 

| 

to  light  Spin-  [• 
die  No.  1.      ) 

Ife- 

128 

frl 

5,593 

116 

it        u 

u 

" 

u 

128 

" 

5,593 

16 

it        a 

it 

u 

M 

128 

" 

5,593 

16 

tt        ii 

ti              j 

No.  2,  different  ) 
form  of  spindle  j 

« 

128 

" 

6,593 

116 

ft        tt 

u 

u 

it 

128 

u 

5,593 

116 

it 

ii 

128 

II 

5,593 

116 

ORDINARY  SPINDLE. 


63 


Draft. 

Kov'g. 

Tarn. 

Ft.  Lb. 
Frame. 

Ft.  Lb. 
Spin. 

H.  P. 

Fr'me. 

Spindles 
perH.P. 

KEMABKS. 

* 

2 

14  warp. 

1,212.50 

7.58 

2.205 

72.5 

Average  half  full.    Heavy  Bobbin,  1  oz. 

1 

2 

14     " 

1,149.37 

7.18 

2.090 

76.6 

"     "      Light  Bobbin,  i  oz. 

8 

2.25 

18     " 

1,324.56 

5.93 

2.405 

93 

"          "     "      Hussey's  Banding. 

7.92 

3.54 

28      " 

878.12 

6.86 

1.596 

80.2 

11          (i     it 

7.92 

3.54 

28      " 

638.24 

4.99 

1.160 

110 

U                     (t          U 

8 

2 

15      " 

977.28 

6.75 

1.717 

81.5 

It             (1      tt 

7.72 

3.71 

28.50" 

857.14 

6.70 

1.543 

83 

"     "      Bands  rather  tight. 

7.72 

3.71 

28.50" 

763.16 

6.96 

1.387 

92.5 

"     «           "     easy. 

7.72 

3.71 

28.50" 

941.25 

7.35 

1.711 

75 

"          "     "           "     tight. 

7.72 

3.71 

28.50" 

1,137.37 

8.89 

2.196 

62.4 

"           "     "          "     very  tight. 

7.72 

3.71 

28.50" 

1,540.62 

12.03 

2.801 

46 

u          u     ii  New  B^SI  tt       tt  in<ieed. 

7.72 

3,71 

28.50" 

915.62 

7.15 

1.665 

77 

«           "     "     "       "    easy. 

7.72 

3.71 

28.50" 

875 

7.81 

.591 

70.5 

"          "     "  Bands  aver,  tight,  of  Mill. 

7.72 

3.71 

28.50" 

894.25 

7.98 

.625 

69 

U                    U         tl             tt             It               It                    It 

7.72 

3.71 

28.60" 

610.46 

5.45 

.110 

101 

«t       tt          u         tt           u 

7.72 

3.71 

28.50" 

691.86 

6.17 

.258 

90 

"     "  Similar  Fr'me,  B'ds  tight. 

7.72 

3.71 

28.50" 

622.60 

6.55 

.131 

99 

"          "     "       "          "         "  eased. 

6.78 

3.62 

28     " 

669 

5.23 

1.216 

105 

"          "     "  Bands  properly  adjusted. 

6.78 

3.62 

28       ' 

677.6 

6.30 

1.232 

104 

"           "     "  Sim.  F'me,  B'ds  prop.  ad. 

6.78 

3.62 

28       ' 

785.72 

6.12 

1.429 

90 

«*.          "     "     "       "     Bands  tight. 

6.78 

3.62 

28       ' 

675.33 

6.28 

1.228 

104 

"          ?     "  Same  "         "  adjusted. 

6.78 

3.62 

28       « 

674.25 

5.26 

1.226 

104 

Bobbin  i  full.    Bands  in  good  order. 

6.78 

3.62 

28       k 

703.9 

6.50 

1.280 

100 

"          "       Eolls  higher  speed. 

7.66 

4 

30       * 

1,049.24 

5.46 

1.908 

101 

it          ti 

757.7 

3.94 

ii    prnt)tv  Rolls  stopped  Spindle  only. 

7.68 

lldbl 

40      " 

735.07 

6.75 

1.336 

95.5 

"    J  full.    Taken  as  running. 

7.68 

11 

40      " 

695.92 

5.60 

1.303 

98.4 

"         "    Bands  adjusted. 

7.68 

11 

40      " 

750 

5.86 

1.364 

94.8 

"         "    Spindle  shortened  JJ  inch. 

7.68 

11 

40      " 

734.33 

5.74 

1.335 

96 

"         "    Spin,  short,  B'ds  adj.,  2d  trial. 

6.94 

4.40 

28.50" 

793.75 

4.96 

1.443 

111 

'•         "    Taken  as  running. 

6.94 

4.40 

28.50" 

843.75 

5.27 

1.534 

104 

FuU  Bobbin.      " 

6.94 

4.40 

28.50" 

862.50 

6.39 

1.568 

102 

"       "       Bobbin  fin.  longer. 

6.94 

4.40 

28.50" 

931.25 

5.82 

1.693 

94.5 

»       "            "       "        "    Dampmor. 

7 

3 

21      " 

976.19 

7.62 

1.775 

72 

Av'ge  i  full.  Bands  a  little  tight. 

7 

3 

21      " 

898.33 

7,01 

1.634 

78 

„       „         j  Bands  In  good  order. 
1  Tested  for  comparison. 

7.50 

3 

22.50" 

1,059.07 

8.27 

1.928 

66.30 

«                      "           "           " 

8.14 

3.68 

32      " 

700 

6.47 

1.272 

100.6 

"               Taken  as  running. 

8.14 

3.68 

32      " 

637.50 

4.98 

1.159 

110.4 

"             Draper's  "  Tension  Regulator." 

9 

1.56 

13.50w'ft 

1,076 

5.60 

1.957 

98.21 

"             Tested  for  comparison. 

7.60 

2 

15  warp.  1,160.38 

6.60 

2.110 

83.50 

M 

10 

5dbl 

9      " 

1,017.26 

7.94 

1.849 

70 

"             Bands  rather  tight 

7 

2 

14     " 

683.91 

5.34 

1.223 

103 

*'                 "     easy. 

13   weft. 

537.38 

4.20 

.977 

Ave'ge 

Empty  Bobbin  ) 
J.  Speed  variable. 

13      " 

528.03 

4.11 

.960 

132  + 

FuU          "       ) 

23      " 

576.92 

4.51 

1.049 

Empty      "      1       " 

Full  Bobbin  tested  first, 

23      " 

524.04 

4.18 

.958 

131.5 

f  then  empty,  then*  full, 

23      " 

581.72 

4.23 

1.053 

Full           "      J  the  last  probably  correct. 

23      " 

692.30 

5.41 

1.259 

Empty      "      "I 

23      " 

629.80 

4.92 

1.145 

112— 

Half  full    "       j-  Same  notes  as  above. 

23      " 

70l'.92 

5.48 

1.276 

Full          "      J 

64 


RING  SPINNING— (Continued.) 


DATE. 

PLACE. 

MAKEE. 

Diam. 
King. 

No. 
Spin. 

Weight 
Spindle. 

Eev. 
Sp. 

Eev.F. 
Boll. 

June,  1878 

(Lyman  Mills  No.  1,  ) 
}    '     Holyoke,         f 

j  No.l  Spindle,  ) 
(  Coarser  Y'n,  f 

If^in. 

128 

7f  oz. 

4,033 

135 

«        «< 

u 

u 

« 

128 

i< 

4,033 

135 

u       « 

« 

« 

u 

128 

« 

4,033 

135 

«       a 

« 

j  No.  1,  Higher  ) 
}       Speed,       f 

a 

128 

a 

6,282 

132 

u          u 

u 

« 

u 

128 

u 

6,282 

132 

i(         (< 

u 

u 

u 

128 

(( 

6,282 

132 

«         <t 

<( 

Whitin  Lt.  Sp., 

U 

128 

10 

5,383 

121 

((         (( 

u 

{< 

u 

128 

u 

5,383 

121 

((           « 

(( 

u 

t( 

128 

« 

5,383 

121 

«         u 

Oct.,   1878 

No.  2  Mill, 
Prescott  Mill, 

u 

j  Lowell  Shops,  ) 
I     Reg.Sp.,      f 

if 

if 

176 
176 

6 
12 

7,400 
5,600 

62 

86 

((                   U 

« 

M 

u 

176 

M 

5,600 

86 

«(            (( 

u 

II 

(( 

176 

(C 

5,600 

86 

U                   (( 

n 

« 

(( 

176 

H 

5,600 

86 

{Whitin  Spin-  1 

«    16,  " 

Pacific  Mills,  Lawrence, 

die,  Cut-off   [• 

« 

160 

7 

6,059 

73 

at  Butt,      ) 

i(     {(     <( 

<t 

u 

« 

160 

« 

6,059 

73 

U        ((        « 

it 

u 

(( 

160 

a 

6,059 

73 

«        U        (( 

<( 

(( 

{( 

160 

« 

5,073 

61 

U        ((        « 

« 

(( 

u 

160 

u 

5,073 

61 

U         ((        (( 

M 

(( 

u 

160 

" 

5,073 

61 

"    22,  " 

M 

(( 

« 

160 

u 

6,059 

73 

u      a      u 

11 

(( 

M 

160 

II 

6,059 

73 

(i      <(      (i 

{( 

(( 

II 

160 

M 

6,059 

73 

".  25,  " 

M 

(( 

(( 

160 

U 

6,059 

73 

U        ((        U 

(I 

(1 

(( 

160 

u 

6,059 

73 

it        «        (( 

it 

(( 

II 

160 

" 

6,059 

.  73 

"    16,  " 

M 

(  Regular  Whi-  ) 
•J  tin  Spindle,  [ 
(  Old  Bolster,  ) 

II 

160 

12 

5,063 

61 

«     i<    « 

U 

« 

II 

160 

II 

6,063 

61 

«     u     « 

!( 

u 

(( 

160 

a 

5,063 

61 

«      u      u 

M 

{Similar  Fr.,  .) 
Coned-up     [• 
Bolster,      ) 

(( 

160 

« 

6,063 

61 

il        U        U 

(( 

u 

U 

160 

II 

5,063 

61 

((        «        « 

(( 

u 

M 

160 

« 

5,063 

61 

"    22,  " 

.( 

Same  Frame, 

U 

160 

« 

6,059 

73 

U        ((        (( 

(( 

.u 

(( 

160 

M 

6,059 

73 

U        U        (( 

{( 

K 

(( 

160 

U 

6,059 

73 

"   23,  " 

(( 

u 

(( 

160 

II 

6,059 

73 

t(        U        U 

M 

u 

(( 

160 

u 

6,059 

73 

U         i(         (( 

« 

u 

(( 

160 

u 

6,059 

73 

65 


ORDINARY   SPINDLE.— (Continued.) 


Draft. 

Kov'g. 

Tarn. 

Ft.  Lb. 
Frame. 

Ft.Lb. 
Spin. 

H.P. 

Frame 

Spindle 
per  H.P. 

KEMA.EKS. 

13   weft 

435.19 

8.4 

.791 

EmDtv  Bobbin    )  o, 

Av'ge 

IMffuU      «        1  Speed  irregular  as 

13      " 

440.37 

3.44 

.8 

"163 

Full            "        f           before' 

13      " 

420.56 

3.28 

.765 

23      " 

656.86 

1.194 

Empty        "         1 

23      " 

666.67 

4.99 

1.212 

•110  + 

Half  full     "        I  Speed  more  even. 
Full            "        ) 

23      " 

676.47 

1.24 

12  warp 

733.33 

5.73 

1.333 

)     A      , 

n  "  .  * 

12       " 

850 

6.64 

1.545 

f  Av'ge 

Half  full     "        j.  Speed  irregular. 

12       " 

888.88 

6.94 

1.616 

f  85.4 

Full            «        j 

60       «« 

1,118.42 

6.35 

2.033 

86.6 

Half  full     " 

21       " 

950.82 

5.4 

1.727 

1  Av'ge 

Empty        "        )  Pearl    Bobbin,   6  in. 

V                D 

V       Traverse.      842.18 

21       " 

1,065.57 

6.05 

1.938 

I  96 

Full            "        }        Grains  Yarn. 

21       " 

950.82 

5.4 

1.727 

)  Av'ge 

. 

21       " 

1,049.80 

5.96 

1.909 

V  ^^       O 

J  96.8 

Empty         *    \  Common  Bobbin.  ojj£  in* 
Full             "    f    Trav.    645.T8  Gr.  Yarn. 

6.79 

4.40 

28.50  " 

1,021.28 

6.38 

1.857 

86 

Emntv        "         1 

Wt.  Bob.,  847.25  gr. 

6.79 

4.40 

28.50  " 

1,191.49 

7.447 

2.166 

73.9 

_  „                       V     "    Yarn,  52T.75  gr. 
Taken  as  found. 

6.79 

4.40 

28.50  " 

1,106.38 

6.91 

2.011 

80 

Average      "        J 

6.79 
6.79 
6.79 

4.40 
4.40 
4.40 

28.50  " 
28.50  " 
28.50  " 

718.18 
845.46 
781.81 

4.49 
5.28 
4.89 

1.37 
1.537 
1.453 

122 
104 
113 

E^Pty  '    "        j  Lower  speed,  as  ordi- 
Iverage      *        \           nari^  run. 

6.79 

4.40 

28.50  " 

,031.91 

6.45 

1.876 

85.3 

Empty  Bob.  )  Kings  centred  and  Bobbins 

6.79 
6.79 
6.79 
6.79 

4.40 
4.40 
4.40 
4.40 

28.50  " 
28.50  " 
28.50  " 
28.50  " 

,202.13 
,117.02 

978.72 
,148.94 

7.51 
6.98 
6.12 
7.18 

2.186 
2.031 

1.78 
2.089 

73.2 
78.8 
89.9 
76.6 

Full          "    V  selected.    Wt.  Bob.,  871.9 
Average    "    )  gr.    Wt.  Yarn,  541.4  gr. 
^  Kings  and  Bobs,  as  above. 
Empty     "    1  Wt.  reduc'dlO  p.ct.  Weath- 
Full          "    Ver  very  dry  and  clear.  Wt. 

6.79 

4.40 

28.50  " 

,063.83 

6.65 

1.984 

82.7 

Average    "      still  further  reduced  20  p.ct. 

J  without  ch.  in  power  req'd. 

6.79 

4.40 

28.50  " 

807.23 

5.045 

1.468 

109 

Empty   Bobbin.] 

[Taken  as  running. 

6.79 

4.40 

28.50  " 

879.52 

5.5 

1.6 

100 

Full             "       /"Usual  speed. 

6.79 

4.40 

28.50  " 

843.37 

5".27 

1.534 

104.5 

Average       "      j 

6.79 

4.40 

28.50" 

819.28 

5.12 

1.49 

107.4 

Empty        "      ] 

I  Taken  as  running. 

6.79 

4.40 

28.50  " 

891.57 

5.57 

1.621 

98.8 

Full             "       [  Usual  speed. 

6.79 

4.40 

28.50  < 

855.42 

5.345 

1.555 

103.1 

Average       "      J 

6.79 

4.40 

28.50  ' 

1,014.29 

6.34 

1.844 

87 

Empty         "       )  Speed  increased. 

6.79 

4.40 

28.50  ' 

1,157.14 

7.23 

2.014 

76 

Full             "       VWt.  Bobbin,  871.9  gr. 

6.79 

4.40 

28.50  ' 

1,085.71 

6.786 

1.909 

81.5 

Average      "       }     "    Yarn,     486.7  gr. 

6.79 
6.79 

4.40 
4.40 

28.50  ' 
28.50  ' 

1,071.43 
1,200 

6.7 
7.5 

1.948 

2.182 

82 
73.3 

Empty        "       )  Damp  morning.  Storm 
Full             "       V    of   24th   coming   on. 

6.79 

4.40 

28.50  ' 

1,135.71 

7.1 

2.065 

77.7 

Average      "       )    Bob.  &  Y'n  as  before. 

RING  SPINNING.— (Continued.} 


DATE. 

PLACE. 

MAKEE. 

Diam. 
Eing. 

No. 
Spin. 

Weight 
Spindle. 

Eev. 
Spindle. 

Eev.F. 
Eoll. 

June,  1874 

cc           cc 

(      Lawrence  Co.,      ) 
(      Lowell,  Mass.,      ) 

Lowell  M.  Shop, 

cc 

13  in. 

224 
224 

4    oz 
cc 

6,400 
6,340 

103 
102 

cc          cc 

cc 

" 

cc 

224 

" 

6,340 

102 

Sep.,      " 

cc 

u 

cc 

224 

51 

6,540 

98 

Nov.,     " 

j  Stark  Mills,  Man-   ) 
1     Chester,  N.  H.,      f 

Altered  Throstle, 

H 

128 

« 

5,130 

110 

cc          cc 

cc 

" 

" 

128 

M 

5,130 

110 

Jan.,  1875 

(    China  Mill,  Sun-    ) 
"(       cook,  N.  H.,       j" 

Altered  Mason, 

If 

128 

cc 

5,800 

70 

cc           cc 

" 

Ring  Frame, 

" 

128 

" 

6,000 

72 

Feb.,      " 

(  Renfrew  Mfg.  Co.,  ) 
1      South  Adams,      C 

Whitin,  altered, 

« 

144 

cc. 

5,380 

98 

cc          cc 

cc 

cc 

« 

144 

cc 

6,050 

110 

Aug.,     « 

Stark  Mills,  Manchester, 

Lowell  M.  Shop, 

2 

128 

51 

6,070 

117 

cc           cc 

" 

New  Frames, 

2i 

128 

cc 

5,976 

116 

Oct.,      " 

Hamilton  Co.,  Lowell, 

" 

If 

208 

4 

5,600 

90 

cc          cc 

cc 

(C 

cc 

208 

II 

5,600 

90 

Jan.,  1876 

Salmon  Falls,  N.  H., 

Altered  Frame, 

cc 

144 

" 

5,800 

74 

cc          cc 

cc 

Throstle, 

" 

144 

« 

6,050 

77 

April,     » 

York  Mills,  Saco, 

" 

cc 

128 

5i 

5,800 

82 

cc          cc 

(C 

" 

cc 

128 

" 

5,800 

st'p'd 

June,     " 

Everett  Mills,  Lawr'ce, 

cc 

" 

128 

5 

3,800 

58 

ii                       ii 

" 

** 

" 

128 

cc 

4,885 

72 

Aug.,     « 
April,  1877 

Boott  Mills, 

(       Clinton  Mills,       ) 
(       Woonsocket,      ) 

Lowell  Shop,   ' 
(  Whitin,  alt'd  ) 
-j  to  Mod.  Pat,  V 
(  Sawyer  Spin.  ) 

« 

224 
192 

H 

6,020 
7,500 

97 
96 

CC               C( 

" 

cc 

" 

192 

.... 

7,000 

st'p'd 

cc          cc 

(    Lockwood  Mills,    ) 
(    Waterville,  Me.,     j" 

(  Saco  W.  P.   ) 
I     Co.  Shop,     j" 

« 

176 

5i 

7,000 

90 

1C               CC 

" 

'* 

cc 

176 

cc 

7,000 

90 

cc          cc 

" 

(C 

cc 

176 

cc 

7,300 

105 

Nov.,     « 

Jackson  Co.,  Nashua, 

Lowell  M.  Shop, 

if 

192 

4f 

5,568 

116 

ii           ii 

" 

cc 

cc 

192 

(C 

5,568 

116 

(  Wm.  Mason,  ) 

Dec.,      " 

Whittenton,  Mills, 

-^  Old,  alt'd  to  [• 

1-J.jj. 

128 

cc 

5,135 

130 

(  Sawyer  Spin.  ) 

cc          cc 

" 

cc 

cc 

128 

" 

5,135 

130 

Jan.,  1878 

Amoskeag  No.  4, 

Whitin  M.  Co., 

If 

144 

4i 

6,230 

118 

(DrapVsFil'g) 

cc           cc 

(C 

•j  Fr.,withMod.  V 

" 

144 

M 

6,230 

118 

(  Sawyer  Spin.  \ 

cc           cc 

M 

cc 

cc 

144 

" 

5,925 

112 

cc          cc 

" 

" 

" 

144 

cc 

5,234 

104 

cc          cc 

cc 

cc 

cc 

144 

II 

4,960 

120 

cc           cc 

cc 

cc 

cc 

144 

cc 

3,658 

108 

Mar.,      " 

Nashua  Mfg.  Co., 

Lowell  M.  Shop, 

If 

192 

cc 

6,790 

106J 

ii           ii 

" 

Modified  Sawyer, 

cc 

192 

cc 

6,790 

106± 

ii           ii 

ii 

" 

cc 

192 

cc 

6,790 

106^- 

June,     " 

Lyman  Mills,  Holyoke, 

(  Whitin,  alt'd  ) 
}  to  Saw'r  Sp.,  C 

1-& 

128 

4f 

5,597 

117 

1C               CC 

" 

cc 

cc 

128 

" 

5,597 

117 

(C               CC 

cc 

" 

u 

128 

" 

5,597 

117 

CC               1C 

cc 

" 

u 

128 

" 

4,633 

135 

cc          cc 

" 

cc 

" 

128 

cc 

4,633 

135 

" 

cc 

cc 

128 

" 

4,633 

135 

SAWYER  SPINDLE. 


Draft. 

Kov'g. 

Yarn. 

Ft.  Lb. 

Frame. 

Ft.  Lb. 

Spin. 

H.  P. 

Frame 

Spindle 
per  H.P. 

REMABKS. 

8 

2.25 

18    warp 

1,002.67 

4.478 

1.823 

123 

T5r>h  nirVa  A  full    J  Hussey  Banding. 
Bob.  av  ge  t  lull,   -j  Bana8  tight. 

8 

2.25 

18        " 

968.75 

4.32 

1.761 

127 

"        "       "       Bands  adjusted. 

8 

2.25 

18        " 

1,159.42 

5.176 

2.18 

106 

"       "       Single  Banding. 

8 

2.25 

18        " 

1,113.63 

4.97 

2.03 

110.6 

44        44       44  j  Hussey  Banding. 
J  6.25  in.  Trav.,  1.8  oz.  Y'n. 

7.84 

1.62 

12.33  " 

643.23 

5.025 

1.179 

110 

it         «        ti          tt         tt      28    it 

7.84 

1.62 

12.33  " 

698.6 

5.48 

1.275 

100  + 

"        "       "  Single  Banding,  "     " 

7.92 

3.54 

28        " 

738.69 

6.77 

1.342 

95.3 

"        "       "     "          "     Bands  tight 

7.92 

3.54 

28        " 

762.5 

6.96 

1.386 

92.3 

it        tt       tt     it           tt           it       tt 

8 

2 

16        " 

718.39 

4.99 

1.306 

110 

"        "       "  As  running. 

8 

2 

16        " 

925.34 

6.42 

1.682 

85.7 

"        "       "  "       "       Tight  Belt. 

8 

1.54 

12.30  " 

732.1 

5.72 

1.296 

96 

tt        tt        u  tt       tt 

8 

1.54 

12.30  " 

757.5 

5.91 

1.377 

93 

tt        u       tt  tt       it 

9 

1.85 

16.65  " 

964.28 

4.64 

1.753 

118.6 

"        "       "  Ordinary  Banding. 

9 

1.85 

16.65  " 

865.7 

4.26 

1.61 

129 

"        "       "Hussey         " 

8.54 

2.60 

22        " 

775.76 

5.46 

1.415 

102 

"        "       "  As  running.    Bands  tight. 

8.54 

2.50 

22        " 

804.35 

5.58 

1.462 

98.5 

U               tt             tt    U                it                          It                 tt 

7 

3 

21        " 

567.16 

4.43 

1.031 

124 

"        "       "  "        "          Bands  easy. 

335.82 

2.63 

"    empty.    Spindle  only. 

7.50 

3 

22.5     " 

431.25 

3.37 

.784 

163 

"    av'ge  i  full.    As  running. 

7.60 

3 

22.5     " 

543.75 

4.24 

.988 

130 

tt        t<       tt         tt       tt 

8.80 

1.65 

14        " 

1,207.93 

5.39 

2.144 

102 

"        "       "        M       " 

8.14 

3.68 

32       " 

858.95 

4.47 

1.561 

123 

tt        tt       tt        tt       tt 

556.72 

2.9 

Empty  Bobbin.    Spindle  only. 

7 

4.35 

30       " 

980 

5.57 

1.792 

99 

Av'ge  |  full  Bobbin.    As  running. 

7 

4.35 

30       " 

1,010 

5.74 

1.836 

97 

"        "           "  Frame  just  leveled. 

6.89 

3.64 

25        " 

1,166.66 

6.63 

2.141 

83 

7 
7 

1.90 
1.90 

13.69  " 
13.69  " 

1,229.16 
1,456.25 

6.4 

7.58 

2.235 
2.648 

)  Av'ge 
J    78.7 

Empty  Bobbin.   )  "Willimantic"  Sawyer 
Full           "         J             Spindle. 

10 

2dbl. 

9          " 

953.49 

7.44 

1.733 

[  Av'ge 

I    72  2 

Empty      "         I  Eegular  Sawyer  Spin. 
Full           "         )  Bands  very  tight. 

10 

2    " 

9          " 

1,000 

7.81 

1.818 

) 

9.5 

2 

19  weft 

968.45 

6.72 

1.761 

82 

Bobbinf  full.   New  Frame.    Had  run  6 
weeks. 

9.5 

2 

19       " 

959.2 

6.66 

1.744 

82.6 

"      }    "      Similar  Frame. 

9.6 

2 

19       " 

849.5 

6.9 

1.545 

93.2 

"      "    "  1st  Fr.  repeated,  slower  sp'd. 

8 

2 

16       " 

989.58 

6.87 

1.8 

80 

"     "    "  Sim.  Fr.  4  weeks  in  opera'n. 

7 

2 

14      " 

908.16 

6.3 

1.651 

87.3 

tt      tt    tt         «       4     u 

7.35 
8.24 

1.60 
2.61 

11       " 
21.50  wp. 

561.22 
1,347.06 

3.9 
7.01 

1.02 
2.44 

140 

Empty  Bobbin. 

8.24 

2.61 

21.50  " 

1,617.65 

8.42 

2.941 

.... 

Full 

8.24 

2.61 

21.50  " 

1,482.35 

7.717 

2.695 

71.3 

Average    " 

23  weft 

633.03 

4.84 

1.151 

Empty      " 

23       " 

633.03 

4.84 

1.151 

113.6 

Half  full    " 

23       " 

642.3 

6.02 

1.168 

Full          " 

13       " 
13       " 
13       " 

467.89 
477.06 
467.59 

3.655 
3.726 
3.655 

.851 
.867 
.851 

[Av'ge 
I  140 

S^Pl7!!             1    Speed  irregular  all 
Half  full    «        j-     ^through  trials. 

68 


RING  SPINNING.— (Continued.) 


DATE. 

PLACE. 

MAKER. 

Diam, 
of  Ring. 

No. 
Spin. 

Weight 
Spindle. 

Rev. 
Spin. 

Eev.  F. 
Koll. 

June,  1878 

Lyman  Mills,  Holyoke, 

j  Whitin,  alt'd  ) 
(  to  Sawyer  Sp.  j 

l|in. 

128 

4foz. 

6,383 

121 

(C                   « 

u 

u 

128 

u 

5,383 

121 

«            (( 

u 

M 

128 

u 

5,383 

121 

Oct., 

Pacific  Mills, 

ti 

If 

160 

*t 

5,851 

70.5 

a 

(C 

« 

160 

u 

5,851 

70.5 

u 

M 

U 

160 

u 

5,851 

70.5 

« 

u 

{( 

160 

{( 

5,893 

71 

(t 

t( 

u 

160 

(( 

5,893 

71 

« 

U 

(i 

160 

«( 

5,893 

71 

a 

(( 

(( 

160 

M 

5,893 

71 

u 

(t 

(( 

160 

(( 

5,893 

71 

a 

(( 

(1 

160 

u 

5,893 

71 

PEARL 


June,  1874 

Lawrence  Manu.  Co., 

Lowell  Ma.  Shop 

If  in. 

224 

6i 

6,150 

99 

July,  1875 

Pacific  Mills,  Lawrence 

j  Davis  &  Fur-  [ 
{  ber,  No.  3  Sp.  } 

H 

160 

4^f 

5,800 

62 

«        « 

((               (i                      U 

u 

u 

160 

« 

5,800 

70 

Aug.,      « 

Stark  Mills, 

j  Davis  &  Fur-  ) 
1  ber,  No.  1  Sp.  C 

2 

144 

6f 

5,300 

106 

«(        tt 

«        a 

u 

u 

144 

« 

5,470 

108 

Oct.,       " 

Manchester  Mills, 

j   Saco  W.  P.   ) 
1  Co.,  No.  2  Sp.  f 

If 

192 

6i 

5,830 

71 

Dec.,      " 

Jackson  Co., 

Lowell  Shop, 

iA 

208 

6 

4,340 

107 

Jan.,  1876 

Salmon  Falls, 

Davis  &  Furber, 

if 

144 

H 

5,500 

63 

Pearl  Bobbin 

(i                (( 

«           u 

•  Saco  Spindle  • 

u 

144 

9 

5,800 

74 

Cut-off  Tip 

April,     - 

York  Co.,  Saco, 

SacoW.P.Co. 
Throstlealt'd 

u 

128 

H 

6,140 

K  hf\f\ 

80£ 

128 

5,700 

82 

((               U 

«      «        « 

(  Lowell  M.Sh.  ) 
(  Throstlealt'd  j" 

a 

128 

6i 

5,515 

82^ 

((            (I 

«        u          a 

« 

a 

128 

u 

5,870 

84 

Nov.,  1877 

((               U 

Atlantic  Mills, 

((                   (4 

(  Davis  &  Fur-  ) 
•^  ber,  Spind.  in  [• 
(  Lowell  Fr'me  ) 
Lowell  Ma.  Shop 

« 
u 

176 
176 

8f 
4i 

5,022 
6,059 

88 
73 

<(               (( 

(t                   (( 

u 

<( 

176 

u 

6,059 

73 

U                (( 

Jackson  Co.,  Nashua, 

u 

If 

192 

4f 

5,564 

115.5 

((          (i 

a             u           u 

(( 

U 

192 

u 

5,564 

115.5 

Sept.,  1878 

China  Mill, 

j  Whitin,  alt'd  ) 
}  toP'lSp.No.2  [ 

If 

128 

« 

7,400 

77 

u        « 

«                  C( 

u 

<( 

128 

<( 

7,400 

77 

«        <( 

((            (( 

u 

(( 

128 

« 

7,400 

77 

Oct.,      " 

j  Massachusetts  Mill,  ) 
1            Lowell,            f 

j  Lowell  M.Sh.) 
1  P'rlSp.No.l  f 

If 

160 

5 

5,080 

107 

U                (( 

« 

u 

(( 

160 

« 

5,080 

107 

U               (( 

« 

u 

u 

160 

« 

5,080 

107 

(I          (( 

(  Pacific  Mills,  Law-  ) 
\            rence,            J 

(  Davis  &Furb.  ) 
(P'rlSp.No.3  f 

H 

160 

«H 

6,006 

66 

iC               (( 

u 

« 

160 

6,006 

66 

«(          (( 

« 

<( 

160 

6,006 

66 

U               (( 

(( 

u 

160 

6,006 

66 

«(            <( 

u 

K 

160 

6,006 

66 

U               <i 

(( 

(( 

160 

6,006 

66 

69 


SAWYER   SPINDLE. — ( Continued, ) 


Draft. 

Kov'g. 

Tarn. 

Ft.  Lb. 
Frame. 

Ft.  Lb. 
Spin. 

H.P. 

Fr'me. 

8p.per 

EEMAEKS. 





12   warp 

12      " 
12      " 
28.50" 
28.50" 
28.50" 
28.50" 
28.50" 
28.50" 
28.50" 
28.50" 
28.50" 

800 

911.11 
951.11 

829.54 
852.27 
840.40 
832.91 
848.84 
840.88 
819.77 
883.72 
851.74 

6.25 

7.12 
7.43 
5.18 
5.326 
5.25 
5.206 
5.305 
5.256 
5.12 
5.52 
5.32 

1.355 

1.656 
1.729 
1.508 
1.550 
1.529 
1.514 
1.543 
1.529 
1.490 
1.607 
1.548 

)Av'ge 
f  80- 

Empty  Bobbin  ' 
Half  full     " 
Full           "     , 

Empty  Bobbin' 
Full          " 
Average    " 
Empty  Bobbin 
Full 
Average    " 
Empty  Bobbin" 
Full          " 
Average    "      , 

Speed  irregular  all 
through  trials. 

Pearl   Bobbin,   weight 
240.6  grains,  yarn  on 
Bobbin  458.4  grains. 
Hybrid  Bobbin,between 
Pearl  and  Sawyer,  w'ght 
'  Bobbin  213.8  gr.,  weight 
Yarn  on  Bob.  470.3  gr, 
Sawyer  Bobbin,  weight 
<•    295.8  grains,  Yarn  on 
Bobbin  465  grains. 

6.79 
6.79 
6.79 
6.79 
6.79 
6.79 
6.79 
6.79 
6.79 

4.40 
4.40 
4.40 
4.40 
4.40 
4.40 
4.40 
4.40 
4.40 

'ioi.V 

104.5 

103.5 

SPINDLE. 


8 

2.25 

18      " 

1,411.11 

6.299 

2.565 

87.5 

Average  J  full.    Hussey  banding,  tight. 

8.14 

4.40 

38      " 

629.95 

3.94 

1.146 

140 

"          "      Ordinary  banding. 

6.94 

4.40 

28      " 

648.33 

4.05 

1.161 

136 

U                      41                            44                        44 

8 

1.55 

12.30" 

1,152.50 

7.97 

2.095 

69 

11           "     1  Extra      large     Bobbin. 

8 

1.55 

12.30" 

1,162.5 

8.07 

2.113 

68 

v      2,000      yards     yarn. 
"          "     )      New.    Higher  speed. 

7.66 

4 

30      " 

980 

5.10 

1.782 

108 

"     .     " 

9 

1.50 

13.50w'ft 

1,108 

5.33 

2.014 

103.24 

44 

7.07 

4.29 

29   warp 

955 

6.63 

1.736 

83 

"    Bands  wry  tight. 

8.54 

2.60 

22      " 

865.67 

6.01 

1.574 

91* 

"           "         "      tight. 

7 

3 

21      " 

716.98 

5.61 

1.313 

98 

"           "        "     in  good  order. 

7 

3 

21      " 

611.11 

4.77 

1.111 

115 

44                        44                  44                           44                  44 

7 

3 

21      " 

594.70 

4.65 

1.082 

118 

44              .«                         44                44 

7 

3 

21      " 

644.96 

5.04 

1.173 

109 

U                ,4 

7.60 

2 

15      " 

824.07 

4.685 

1.600 

117 

(  Pearl  Spindle,  like  origi- 
Bobbin  i  full.  •<     nal   Model  in  Patent 
1     Office. 

7.60 

3.68 

28      " 

868.85 

4.937 

"    empty  Chambered  tip  P'rl  Sp.  No.  2 

7.60 

3.68 

28      " 

942.60 

5.356 

7 
7 

1.90 
1.90 

13.69w'ft 
13.69  " 

1,364.58 
1,625 

7.10 
8.46 

2.481 
2.954 

)  Av'ge 
J  70.7 

44        44       )  Pearl  Spin.  No.  1.    Frame 
V    New.    Bands  and  Belts 
"    "Hi      J     tight. 

7.72 

3.21 

28.50wp. 

956.21 

7.47 

1.739 

41        stvnr\4-rr           "^ 

7.72- 

3.21 

28.50  " 

1,138.46 

8.89 

2.070 

empty,     i 
1  Kolls  too  slow  for  speed 
full,                      of  Spindle. 

7.72 

3.21 

28.50  " 

1,047.3 

8.18 

1.904 

67  + 

"    average,  J 

13   warp 

812.5 

5.08 

1.477 

Empty  Bobbin.  1 

13      " 

944.44 

5.90 

1.717 

Full           "        f 

xuu 

13      " 

878.47 

5.49 

1.597 

100  + 

Aswraee    " 

8.14 

4.40 

38      " 

736.21 

4.60 

1.339 

-%>    s              J 
Empty  Bobbin,  ]  Eegular  Pearl  Bobbin, 

8.14 

4.40 

38      " 

762.07 

4.76 

1.385 

Full           "        I    241  grams.     Yarn  on 

8.14 

4.40 

38      " 

749.14 

4.68 

1.362 

117.75 

Average    "       J     Bobbin  421  gr. 

8.14 
8.14 

4.40 
4.40 

38      " 
38      " 

736.21 
753.45 

4.60 
4.70 

1.339 
1.370 

Empty      "       1  Lower  Bush  of  Bobbin 
•p^j           44        !     reamed  out. 

8.14 

4.40 

38      " 

744.83 

4.65 

1.355 

118.25 

/"Bobbin,  240*6  grains. 
Average    "       J  yarn  on  Bob.  421.1  grs. 

RING  SPINNING.— (Continued.) 


DATE. 

PLACE. 

MAKER. 

Diam. 
King. 

No. 
Spin. 

Wt. 

Spin. 

Kev. 

Spindle. 

Eev.F. 
Eoll. 

Draft. 

July,  1875 

U                «( 

Augusta,  Me., 
Pacific  Mills, 

Fales  &  Jenks, 

U                            U 

If  in. 
1| 

128 
160 

7foz. 
3f 

5,200 
6,200 

63 

58 

6.98 
4.6 

Dec.,  1877 

Whittenton  Mills, 

j  Whitin,  alt'd  ) 
(  to  Babbeth,  j 

lit 

160 
128 

4 

6,200 
5,135 

58 
130 

4.6 

10 

BIRKENHEAD 


Aug.,  1875 

Stark  Mills, 

C.  Lamphear, 

2 

132  |6i 

6,460 

108 

8 

Dec.,  1877 

Whittenton  Mills, 

Whitin,  altered, 

n§ 

128 

4 

4,800 

128    10 

EXCELSIOR 

April,  1875 

j  Stark  Mills,    ) 
1  Man'r,  N.  H.,  C 

Bridesburg  Co., 

11 

204 

6 

4,730 

104 

8 

«        « 

(i 

M 

I.A. 

204 

6 

4,520 

110 

8.24 

Aug.,     " 
Oct.,      " 

« 
<( 

(  Bridesburg    ) 
•jCo.,Cuphold-  I 
(    er  on  Spin.   ) 
Excelsior  Spin., 

2 

204 
204 

8i 
6 

4,785 
4,446 

100 
110 

8 
8.3 

u        « 

(( 

" 

1-j. 

204 

6 

4,660 

104 

7.84 

Nov.,     " 

(( 

"  repeat'd 

2 

204 

6 

4,660 

105 

7.84 

«        <t 

(( 

CupholderSp.rep. 

2 

204 

8J 

4,930 

102 

8 

LOWELL  MACHINE  SHOP 

Aug.,  1876  |  Boott  Mills, 

Lowell  Shop, 

If 

224  |5i 

6,480 

103 

8.80 

PERRY 

Aug.,  1876 

Stark  Mills,         |  Amoskeag  Shop, 

2 

128  |2ffl'r|  6,588 

110  |  8 

MASON'S  NEW  SINGLE 

Dec.,  1877 

(    Whittenton  ) 
•I    Mills,  Taun-  [• 
(   ton,               ) 

fWm.  Mason, 
New  Sgl.  Rail 
Sp.  set  in  Jaws, 

}• 

128 

2f 

5,135 

130 

10 

(t        «                  « 

"                  2        128 

2|         5,135     130    10 

AMOSKEAG  CO.'S 

Jan.,  1878 

(  Namaske  M.,  ) 
(  Manchester,  j" 

(  Amosk.  Co.,  ) 

1   Short  Str't   [• 
(  Clutch  Spin.  ) 

H 

120 

6 

3,955 

100 

5.5 

"        « 

" 

it 

2i 

120 

6 

3,955 

100 

5.5 

2i 

120 

6 

4,520 

115 

6.4 

71 


RABBETH  SPINDLE. 


Koving. 

Yarn. 

Ft.  Lb. 
Frame. 

Ft.  Lb. 
Spin. 

H.P. 

Frame 

Spindle 
per  H.  P. 

BEMABKS. 

4.4 

29.50wp. 

916.66 

7.16 

1.666 

77 

Bobbin  half  fulL    Old  Pattern  Spindle. 

11.6 

45         " 

632.14 

3.95 

1.149 

I  Av'ge 

11.5 

45 

703.59 

4.4 

1.279 

j-132 

«      Si.     '  \  Average,  4.1T  Ib.  per  Spin. 

1.8  dbl. 

9           " 

953.49 

7.45 

1.726 

73.8 

"      half  full.    Bands  tight. 

SPINDLE. 


1.54 

12.33    " 

1,082.03 

8.19 

1.963 

67 

"     Extra  large,  2,000  yds.  of  T'n 

1.8  dbl. 

9          " 

1,038.37 

8.11 

1.888 

67.8 

"            "                                 [when  full. 

SPINDLE. 

1.52 

12.30    " 

1,087.31 

6.33 

1.977 

103 

"            "     As  running. 

1.62 

13.5   wft. 

1,136.36 

5.56 

2.065 

100- 

"      "       " 

1.54 

12.3    wp. 

1,506.16 

7.38 

2.748 

74.5 

"            "      New  Frame.    As  running. 

[Large  Bobbin. 

1.6 

13.5  wft. 

931.25 

4.56 

1.693 

120 

"            "      As  running. 

1.6 

12.3   wp. 

1,261.72 

6.19 

2.292 

89 

"            "     Bands  very  tight.  As  run'g. 

1.6 

12.3      " 

890.63 

4.36 

1.619 

126 

"            "     Bands  eased. 

1.52 

12.3      " 

1,332.03 

6.54 

2.422 

84 

"            "     Same  Frame  tested  in  Aug. 

COMBINATION  SPINDLE. 

1.65      |14       wp.  1  1,349.2  1  6.02     2.4531       91f  |        «            «  Comb'n  Pearl  and  Sawyer  Spin. 

SPINDLE. 

1.54     |12.3  wp.!l,012.04|  7.91     1.84         70 

«  New  Frame,  large  Bobbin. 

RAIL  SPINDLE. 

1.8  dbl. 

9       wp. 

966.29 

7.55 

1.757 

[  Av'ge 

Empty  Bobbin.    Bands  tight. 

1.8  " 

9         " 

1,213.36 

9.48 

2.206 

C    64.6 

Full 

SHORT  SPINDLE. 

1 
1 

5.5   wp. 

5.5      " 

691.86 
819.87 

5.77 
6.83 

1.258 
1.49 

)  Av'ge 
f   87.3 

Bobbin  empty.    }     Stock  all  Waste  for 
"     full.        )          Coarse  Duck. 

1.25 

7 

1,069-77 

8.75 

1.945 

63 

"      half  full.   Cotton  Stock  for  Duck  Wp, 

72 


MULE  SPINNING. 


DATE. 

PLACE. 

DESCRIPTION. 

No. 
Spin. 

Eev. 

Spin. 

ii 

Time 
Stretch. 

Mar.,  1874 

Eagle  Mill,  Taunton, 

j  W.  Rouse,  by  Dean  ) 
I  Cotton  Machine  Co.,  f 

692 

4,876 

60  in. 

17  sec. 

u           u 

u                     u 

" 

592 

4,896 

60 

17 

"     1875 

((                U 

China  Mill,  Suncook, 
Webster  Mill,  Suncook, 
Pembroke  Mill,  Suncook, 

Wm.  Mason's, 

u 

512 
612 
512 

3,889 
3,540 
3,780 

60 
60 
60 

21 
20 

«            (( 

Newton  M.,  New'n,  Mass. 

" 

384 

3,780 

60 

21 

((               U 

U                                       it 

" 

384 

3,780 

60 

21 

April,  1877 

(      Lockwood  Mills,      ) 
(      Waterville,  Me.,      f 

j  SacoW.P.Co.,  "Parr  ) 
(  Curtis,"  Long  Spin.,  f 

640 

4,360 

64 

18* 

COTTON  TWISTERS. 


DATE. 

PLACE. 

DESCRIPTION. 

Diam. 
King. 

No. 
Sp. 

Eev. 

Spin. 

Ft.  Lb. 
per  Sp. 

H.  P. 

Feb.  1875 

Renfrew  Mfg.  Co., 

Collins, 

2  in. 

132 

3,452 

7.57 

1.818 

u 

South  Adams,  Mass., 

'* 

2-J 

100 

3,700 

10.47 

1.902 

u 

U                                     (( 

j  Same,  altered  to  ) 
I    Sawyer  Spindle,    j" 

u 

100 

3,700 

8.82 

1.603 

Jan.  1877 

(  Conant  Thread  )  ] 
•j  Co.,Pawtucket,  [• 

j    Fales  &  Jenks,    ) 
I      No.  80  Yarn,       f 

H 

150 

5,066 

8.8 

2.4 

Rabbeth  Sp.,No.80  Y'n, 

u 

150 

5,066 

8.47 

2.309 

1st  Twist,  No.  100    ' 

(1 

150 

5,066 

8.8 

2.4 

"       "        "     120    ' 

u 

160 

5,066 

8.67 

2.364 

2d       "        "      80    < 

14 

150 

4,560 

10.77 

2.936 

"      "        "     100    * 

150 

4,560 

9.8 

2.673 

M 

"      "        "     120    ' 

u 

150 

4,660 

9.73 

2.654 

" 

j     Pawtucket,     ) 
\  R.  I.,No.  2  Mill,  j 

1st      "        "       80    " 

H 

160 

5,428 

8.58 

2.341 

a 

u 

"       "        "       80    " 

%u 

150 

6,428    7.83 

2.136 

" 

M 

"       "        "       32    " 

'  <( 

150 

5,428    9.5 

2.591 

u 

u 

2d      "        "      32    " 

if 

150 

4,88011.29 

3.079 

" 

u 

<(               U                  ((               QQ         « 

u 

150 

4,657 

8.69 

2.37 

• 

u 

"       "        "       80    " 

150 

4,657 

8.89 

2.424 

FLAX  MACHINERY. 


DATE. 

PLACE. 

DESCBIPTION. 

Delivery 

Kolls. 

Ft.  Lbs. 

Horse- 
Power. 

Apr.,  1874 

Stark  Mills, 

1  Tow  Card,  6  Workers, 

165  Rev. 

1,807.40 

3.286 

MULE  SPINNING. 


STABT. 

DEAFT. 

TWIST  &  BACK. 

0 

I 

1 

i 

Yarn. 

Average 
Ft.  Lb. 

Lb.per 
Spin. 

|0N 

4» 

Spindles 
per  H.  P. 

Sec. 

Ft.  Lb. 

See. 

Ft.  Lb. 

Sec. 

Ft.  Lb. 

8 

3.6 

28.50 

3 

2,252 

9 

1,586 

5 

633 

1,423 

2.59 

2.4 

229* 

8 

3.6 

28.50 

3 

1,905 

9 

1,429 

5 

574 

1,260 

2.29 

2.13 

258f 

9.16 

4.08 

37 

3 

1,716.66 

12 

1,383.31 

*t 

384.33 

1,044.17 

1.898 

2.04 

270 

9,16 

4.08 

37 

2 

1,448 

12 

1,055 

7 

323 

848.52 

1.548 

1.64 

332 

9.4 

3.91 

37 

2 

1,610 

11 

1,310 

7 

510 

1,060 

1.927 

2.07 

266 

91fi 

4 

36 

15 

866.6 

6 

341.6 

716.6 

1.303 

1.85 

294  (old) 

9.16 

4 

36 

2 

1,333.3 

18 

1,000 

6 

416.6 

865 

1.573 

2.25 

244  (new) 

8.5 

4.5 

36 

5 

2,635.13 

8* 

1,959.46 

5 

878.35 

1,850 

3.364 

2.89 

190 

COTTON  SPOOLERS. 


DATE. 

PLACE. 

MAKER. 

No. 
Spin. 

Rev. 
Spindle. 

Ft.  Lb. 
per  Sp. 

Horse- 
Power. 

No. 
Yarn. 

Mar.,  1875 

China  Mills, 

Saco  W.  P.  Shop, 

80 

775 

1.48 

.23 

29 

u 

Webster  Mills, 

a 

80 

750 

1.81 

.264 

29 

it 

Pembroke  Mills. 

u 

80 

600 

1.68 

.244 

29 

WARPERS. 


DATE. 

PLACE. 

MAKER. 

No. 
Yarn. 

No. 
Thr'ds. 

Speed. 

H.P. 

Mar.,  1875 

China  Mills, 

Saco  W.  P.  Shop,    ) 
'  "  Iron  Tip"  Spools,  f 

28 

438 

40  yds.  per  min. 

.185 

u 

c( 

Saco  W.  P.  Shop,  I 
"  Skewers,"        f 

28 

438 

40     " 

.142 

u 

Webster  Mills, 

<( 

28 

292 

48     " 

.149 

Mar.,  1875 

China  Mills, 

Howard  &  Bullough, 

28 

1,752|  25  yds.  per  min. 

1.242 

" 

Webster  Mills, 

" 

28 

1,752 

32     " 

1.594 

Aug.,  1876 

Boott  Mills, 

j      Lowell  Shop,       ) 
(        "  Hot  Air,"        f 

14 

1,300 

27    " 

1.63 

*  Wet  day. 


t  Fair  day. 


COTTON  LOOMS. 


DATE. 

PLACE. 

MAKEB. 

Width. 

No. 
Warp. 

May,  1874 

.Stark  Mills, 

Amoskeag,  Bag     Loom, 

24  in. 

10  dbl. 

n 

u 

"          Crash       " 

24 

n 

u 

Thomas,       Diaper     " 

24 

Nov.,  1874 

Manchester  Mills, 

Bridesburg  Co.,Clip'r  Um,New 

30 

70 

« 
Jan.,  1875 

Stark  Mills, 
Arlington  Mill, 

Amoskeag  Co., 
S.  T.  Thomas, 

37 
30 

12.30 
70 

u 

Methuen,  Alpacas,  &c., 

Hodson,  English, 

30 

70 

u 

(i 

Bridesburg,  Clipper, 

30 

60 

M 

« 

Same,  tested  singly, 

30 

60 

Mar..  1875 

Webster  Mill,  Suncook,  N.  H., 

Mason's, 

30 

28 

u 

« 

it 

36 

28 

(( 

Newton  Falls,  Newton,  Mass., 

<( 

30 

28 

u 

« 

Empire  Loom, 

30 

28 

April,  1875 

Manchester  Mills, 

Clipper      " 

30 

70 

u 

u 

Bridesburg  Co.,  Alpacas, 

30 

70 

« 

« 

« 

30 

70 

April,  1877 

Lockwood  M.,  Waterville,  Me., 

Lewiston  M.  Sh.,  New  Looms, 

40 

25 

u 

u 

u 

30 

30 

WOOLEN    MACHINERY. 


CARDS. 


DATE. 

PLACE. 

MAKER  &  DESCRIPTION 

g 

1 

Dlam 

Kev. 

h 
a* 

Ft.  Lbs. 

H.  P. 

each. 

Aug.,  1876 

Saxonville,  Mass., 

Davis  &  Furber, 
1st  Breaker, 

48  in 

48  in 

108 

225 

484.30 

.88 

u 

u 

Davis  &  Furber, 
2d  Breaker, 

48 

48 

108 

225 

426.47 

.775 

H 

u 

Davis  &  Furber, 
2d  Finisher, 

48 

48 

108 

225 

423.91 

.771 

(( 

(( 

IW'st'dCard&Comt 

40 

44 

115 

300 

1,162.28  2.113 

(( 

II 

u 

34 

36 

125 

300 

952.28 

1.732 

Jan.,  1877 

Passaic,  N.  J., 

IWool  Card  with 
Oiler  Breaker, 

60 

48 

84 

300 

667.27 

1.231 

u 

Rittenhouse  Co., 

1  Finisher  with 
4  Rubbers, 

60 

40 

87 

300 

667.27 

1.231 

PICKERS. 


Aug.,  1876 

Saxonville  Mills, 

1  Wool  Picker, 

36ini36in 

360 

2000(3,161.11 

5.747 

u 

« 

I        «           u 

36 

36 

480 

25003,640 

6.618 

(( 

•  i< 

IRag        « 

24 

36 

560 

1200k,028.57 

7.324 

Jan.,  1877 

Rittenhouse  Co., 

1     " 

24 

36 

770 

1500!4,861.54 

8.839 

u 

Passaic,  N.  J., 

1  Waste  Lumper, 

48 

16 

810 

743.24 

1.351 

<t 

u 

1  Parkhurst  Burr  M. 

36 

353 

2,341.18 

4.258 

75 


COTTON  LOOMS. 


No.  Weft. 

Picks 

!§ 

Ft.  Lbs. 

*'g 

No. 

Total 

Iw' 

per  in. 

s« 

Loom. 

wj 

test'd 

H.P. 

IP, 

NOTES. 

8  double 

126 

214.28 

.39 

6 

2.338 

2.66 

Counter  shaft  for  16  Looms,  .881  H.P. 

136 

89.74 

.163 

6 

.979 

6.13 

"           "     8      "        .22  H.P. 

84 

82.91 

.151 

4 

.603 

6.62 

"           ."     6      "        .145  H.P. 

No.  36  w'st'd 

43x80 

188 

235.4 

.428 

1 

2.33 

Taken  in  quantity  would  be  probably 

13.66 

48x48 

158 

180.5 

.328 

7 

2.297 

3.05 

[8.5  Looms  per  H.P. 
Counter  shaft  for  8  Looms,  .58   H.P. 

32 

43x80 

142 

80 

.145 

8 

1.164 

7 

"           "   8        "       .282  H.P. 

142 

107.5 

.195 

2 

.391 

6  + 

32 

43x80 

172 

110.9 

.202 

8 

1.614 

5 

"           "   8        "       .25   H.P. 

32 

43x80 

172 

148 

.27 

1 

3.38 

Single  Loom,  tests  doubtful.  (?) 

36 
36 

64x64 
64x64 

154 
154 

60 
74.54 

.109 
.135 

10 
10 

1.091 
1.355 

9  + 
7.4 

j  200  ft.  Shafting,  average,  2*  Diam. 
(  208  Rev.  per  min.            1.487  H.P. 

36 

64x64 

140 

75.2 

.136 

13 

1.758 

7.4 

Counter  shaft.                       .888  H.P. 

36 

64x64 

175 

85.06 

.165 

4 

.619 

6.45 

.088  H.P. 

36 

43x80 

140 

143 

.26 

7 

1.818 

3.84 

8  Short  Counters,  280  Rev.   .545  H.P. 

36 

43x80 

154 

170.83 

.31 

6 

1.863 

3.22 

8     "             "         250    "      .568  H.P. 

36 

43x80 

180 

223.21 

.406 

7 

2.861 

2.46 

8     "             "         292    "      .618  H.P. 

29.5 

68x72 

148 

121.49 

.219 

4 

.876 

4.57 

2     "             "         240    "      .096H.P. 

32 

64x64 

160 

103.66 

.188 

3 

.565 

5.32 

2     "             "         240    "      .096H.P. 

WOOLEN    MACHINERY.— (Continued.) 
SPINNING. 


DATE. 

PLACE. 

DESCRIPTION. 

No. 
8p. 

Ft.  Lb. 
Stretch. 

Ft.  Lb. 

Twist. 

Ft.  Lb. 
Back. 

Ft.  Lb. 

Av'ge. 

H.P. 

AVge. 

Aug.,  1876 

Saxonville  Mills, 

1  Woolen  Mule, 

150 

704.54 

568.18 

318.18 

536.91 

.976 

Jan.,  1877 

Kittenhouse  Co., 

1       «          " 

200 

612.33 

546.68 

380 

534.66 

.972 

ii 

u 

1        <c             it 

384 

972 

892 

612 

854.38 

1.553 

LOOMS. 


DATE. 

PLACE. 

DESCRIPTION. 

li 
£3 

4 

|| 
P. 

Ft.  Lb. 

per  Sec. 

H.P. 

Looms 
per  H.P. 

Aug.,  1876 

Saxonville,  Mass., 

Blanket  Loom, 

90  in 

4 

68 

101.86 

.185 

5.4 

Jan.,  1877 

(  Rittenh'seCo.,  } 
\  Passaic,  N.  J.,  f 

« 

90 

4 

68 

202.08 

.387 

2.58 

FINISHING  MACHINERY. 


DATE. 

PLACE. 

DESCRIPTION. 

Diam 

Rev. 

FtLb. 

H.P. 

Jan.,  1877 

Rittenhouse  Co., 

1  Hydro  Extractor, 

60  in 

375 

2,340 

4.255 

u 

1  Rotary  Fulling  Mill,  Double, 

16 

96 

1,676.47 

3.081 

« 

1  Rinser  to  above,                   116 

94 

1,504 

2.844 

» 

1  Broad  Gig,  108  in., 

48 

148 

833.33 

1.515 

WORSTED  MACHINERY. 


DATE. 

PLACE. 

DESCBIPTION. 

Diam 
Eolls. 

Eev.  Eolls. 

Oct.,  1871 

Manchester  Mills, 

Eng.  Spin.  Frame,  "  Flier," 

4  in. 

24 

u 

« 

alt'd  to  "  Cap  Spin.," 

2-3V 

44 

Dec.,  1871 

u 

Platt  Bros.  "  Flier," 

22 

Jan.,  1873 

« 

u                u 

4 

20 

u 

« 

alt'd  to  "Cap  Spin.," 

4 

42 

Nov.,  1874 

« 

(t       •        « 

4 

48 

Jan.,  1875 

» 

j    Arlington  Mills,     ) 
1    Methuen,  Mass.,     f 

1  English  Flier  Frame, 

4 

23.5 

u 

a 

|                U                      (( 

4 

23.5 

a 

u 

1         "            "  alt'd  to  Cap, 

4 

41 

M 

" 

1  2-Can  Gill  Box,  1st  Proc., 

102  bars  per  min. 

(( 

II 

1  2-Can       "         2d 

.... 

156     "         " 

(( 

« 

1  2-Spin.     "         3d 

146 

U 

u 

1  4-Spin.  1st  Kov.,4th 

.... 

88 

<( 

« 

1  6-Spin.  2d    "    5th 

.... 

92 

« 

« 

1  6-Spin.  3d    "     6th 

.... 

48 

(( 

u 

1  Dandy  Roving,  7th   " 

26.5 

u 

« 

1  1st  Preparing  Gill, 

.... 

62  bars  per  min. 

u 

14 

1  2d        "            " 

.... 

82     "         * 

u 

« 

1  3d        "            " 

.... 

80    "         ' 

u 

it 

1  4th       " 

90     "           ' 

« 

ii 

1  5th       "            " 

.... 

130     "         * 

(( 

u 

1  Lister  Comber, 

36  sweeps  ' 

u 

u 

1  Noble       " 

r    . 

293  rev.  sh.  ' 

Aug.,  1876 

Saxonville  Mills, 

1  Single  Bobbin,  1st  Rov'g, 

.... 

.... 

•  u 

« 

1  Double     "        2d       " 

.... 

.... 

(( 

u 

1  Dandy  or           3d       " 

.... 

.... 

u 

M 

1  Flier  Spinning  Frame, 

4 

40 

u 

« 

1  Twister, 

.... 

.... 

(  A.  T.Stewart  &  Co.,  ) 

Mar.,  1878 

•{     Worsted  Mills,     [ 
(    Glenham,  N.  Y.,    ) 

1  Wool  Washer, 

14 

7 

it 

u 

1  Yarn  Squeezer, 

14 

5 

M 

« 

1st  Preparing  Gill, 

.... 

.... 

II 

(( 

Screw  Gill  Balling  Head, 

.... 

.... 

« 

(( 

Noble  Comber, 

.... 

.... 

u 

{( 

1st  Screw  Gill  Drawing, 

.... 

. 

u 

u 

Screw  Gill  Slubber, 

.... 

.... 

u 

(( 

"        1st  Roving, 

.... 

(( 

(( 

Dandy  Roving, 

.  .  .  . 

.... 

II 

It 

1  1st  Bal'g  Box,  Sliv.  fr'm  Cd. 

.... 

.... 

II 

(( 

1  Throstle  Spinning  Frame, 

4 

48 

II 

u 

I                  U                        U                        (( 

4 

16 

(( 

« 

1  Twister, 

.... 

.... 

(( 

(( 

1  Redoubler, 

.... 

" 

u 

1  Reel, 

.... 

..... 

u 

II 

1  Print  Yarn  Winder, 

.... 

.... 

(( 

II 

1  Warp  Beamer, 

.... 

shaft,  337 

(( 

II 

1  Linen  Skein  Winder, 

.... 

.... 

M 

(( 

1  Warp  Dresser, 

.... 

u 

CI 

1  Small  Skein  Spooler, 

.... 

.... 

u 

{( 

1  Quill  Winder, 

.... 

(( 

(( 

1  27-ft.  Print  Drum,  3  ft.  wide 

.... 

.... 

{( 

U 

118.ft.9-in.  "         3  "     " 

.... 

77 


WORSTED  MACHINERY. 


No.  Sp. 

Eev.  Spindles. 

Draft. 

Koving. 

Tarn. 

Ft.  Lb. 

Machine. 

Ft.Lb. 
per  Spin. 

H.P. 

Machine 

Spindle 
per  H.P. 

120 
120 
132 
144 
144 
144 

144 

128 
144 

"2" 

4 
6 
6 

30 

"l" 
2 
12 

128 
108 

2,474 
5,025 
2,500 
2,470 
6,025 
5,820 

2,356 

2,356 
4,575 

'  '  62 
148 
200 
240 
655 

150 
200 
250 
3,110 
2,650 

100  bars  per  min. 

8.8 
8 
8.8 
8.8 
8.8 
8.8 

8.9 

8.9 
8.9 

3.3  gr. 
2.05 
3.3 
3.3 
3.3 
3.3 

3.1 

3 
3 

No.  34 
52 
34 
34 
34 
34 

32 

30 
30 

810 

968 
744.5 
1,170 
1,618 

2,276 

962 

886.5 
1,440 
625 
185 
170 
560 
510 
210 
517.4 
487.5 
404 
321 
466 
345 
813      - 
748 
201.18 
241.66 
307.5 
1,264.29 
1,600 

1,066.82 

345.33 
668.62 
226.45 
866.66 
289.56 
694.12 
694.12 
734.44 
85 
1,407.14 
1,164.29 
1,028.37 
148.4 
107 
373.33 
165 
336 
438.2 
168.18 
353.31 
114 
121.11 

6.75 
8.07 
6.64 
8.12 
11.23 
15.1 

.     6.68 

6.92 
10 

17.27 

2V.66 
9.88 
14.81 

30'.6  ' 

V.77 

8.08 
8.3 

1.473 
1.759 
1.364 
2.127 
2.941 
4.135 

1.741 

1.612 
2.618 
1.126 
.336 
.309 
1.018 
.942 
.382 
.94 
.886 
.735 
.583 
.848 
.627 
1.478 
1.361 
.366 
.439 
.559 
2.3 
2.91 

1.939 

.628 
1.033 
.41 
1.573 
.526 
1.262 
1.262 
1.335 
.154 
2.668 
2.117 
1.87 
.27 
.194 
.679 
.3 
.611 
.797 
.306 
.642 
.207 
.22 

81.5 
68 
97.5 
67 
49 
36.4 

82.3 

80 
55 

81.8* 

21.4 
55.6 
37 

9.9 



Rakes, 

14  sw'ps 

per  min. 

205     " 
240  rev.  sh. 
250       " 
265        " 
265        " 
833 
250  rev.  sh.  " 
2,289 
2,289 
1,526 

25 

urns      150 

urns      198 
urns  1,234 

4 
8 
24 
24 





.... 

144 
144 
124 
42 

41sk 
20dr 

*25dr 
"30dr 





No.     5 

12 



.... 

WORSTED  MACHINERY.-<Con/»«A) 


DATE. 

PLACE. 

DESCBIPTION. 

Picks 
per  Min. 

Ft.  Lb. 

H.  P. 

(  A.  T.Stewart  &  Co.,  ) 

Mar.,  1878 

1     Worsted  Mills,     V 

1  18-ft.9-in.  Pr.  Dr.,  6  ft.  wide, 

.  . 

122.55 

.223 

/    Glenham,  N.  Y.,    ) 

« 

u 

1  £  Tapestry  Brussels  L'ra, 

60 

390.74 

.71 

K 

it 

If"'          u          " 

80 

301.85 

.549 

« 

|| 

1  |  Dandy 

80 

464.29 

.844 

u 

u 

1  £  5  Frame  Jacquard    " 

60 

573.69 

1.043 

<( 

u 

1  Set  7  Dry  Cans,  24  in.  Diam., 

. 

46.33 

.084 

« 

u 

1  Carpet  Shear, 

.  . 

706.66 

1.284 

u 

(( 

1  Winding  &Meas'gMach., 

•• 

200 

.364 

MISCELLANEOUS   MACHINERY. 


DATE. 

PLACE. 

DESCRIPTION. 

Eev. 

Ft.  Lb. 

H.  P. 

May,  1874 

Stark  Mills, 

1  Fan  in  No.  3  Pick'r,  3  ft.  Di., 

827 

1,396.55 

2.54 

Mar.,  1875 

Crosby,  Morse  &    ) 
Co.,  Boston,       f 

1  Diamond  Grinding  Ma-  / 
chine,  12  in.  Diam.,        ) 

2100 

364.03 

.662 

July,  1875 

P.  C.  Cheney  &  Co.,  j 
'    Goffstown,  N.  H.,  j 

1  Pulp  Grinder,  4  ft.  Di.,  j 
4  in.  Face,  running  alone,  j 

425 

666.66 

1.212 

it 

u 

Same  with  1  Sliding  Box 
up,  100  Ibs.  pressure, 

425 

1,633.33 

2.97 

« 

It 

Same  with  2  Boxes  up,    ) 
opposite  sides  of  stone, 

425 

4,466.66 

8.121 

u 

If 

Same  with  3  Boxes  up, 
opposite  sides  of  stone, 

425 

6,873.24 

12.5 

Same  with  4  Boxes  up, 

u 

u 

opposite  sides  of  stone, 

380 

7,859.15 

14.29 

Belt  slipped  on  this  trial, 

Oct.,  1875 

Manchester  Mills,   ) 
Manchester,  N.  H.,  j" 

1  Cloth  Shear,  Print       ) 
Cloth,  4  Cutters,          j" 

2500 

1,733.33 

3.151 

u 

it 

1  01.  sh.,  36  in.  01.,  4  Cutters, 

2500 

2,566.66 

4.666 

May,  1876 

(    Hopedale,  Mass.,    ) 
(  Geo.  Draper  &  Sons  f 

j     1  Soda  Pump  in  Shop,     ) 
|              4  in.  x  8  in.,              J 

18 

94.8 

.172 

« 

u 

1  Ring  Polish'g  Lathe,  empty, 

.... 

244.83 

.445 

u 

II 

Same  in  Full  Work, 

451.73 

.821 

II 

« 

2  Mill'g  Mach.,  2  Rings  each, 

.... 

555.15 

1.009 

(1 

If 

1  Small  Engine  Lathe, 

.... 

44.12 

.08 

(( 

(( 

"Duster"  in  Foun.  (Rattlebox), 

416.66 

.755- 

it 

(( 

"        "     "      Smaller, 

.... 

313 

.569 

Dec.,  1876 

j  Douglass  Braid  M.,  ) 
(   Providence,  R.  I.,  j" 

1  Bench,     32  Braiders, 

.... 

216.16 

.393 

« 

u 

Same,          22         " 

.... 

177.88 

.323 

u 

« 

Difference,  10        " 

.... 

38.27 

.07 

u 

u 

1  Bench,     64         " 

.... 

338.62 

.616 

(1 

u 

j  1  Skein  Spooler,  100  sk.,  ) 
(   including  Counter  Shaft,  J 

147.83 

.269 

MISCELLANEOUS  MACHINERY.— ( Continued.) 


DATE. 

PLACE. 

DESCRIPTION. 

Eev. 

FtLb. 

H.P. 

Dec.,  1876 

Douglass  Braid  Mill.,  Prov., 

1  Tagging  Machine, 

39.13 

.071 

a 

1  Reel  Bench,  10  Reels, 

.... 

25.14 

.046 

1  Braid  Finishing  Mach., 

.... 

245.83 

.447 

1  Straightening          " 

.... 

61.29 

.111 

1  Balling  Head, 

12.5 

.023 

Adams  &  Shaw,  Prov.,Silverw'e, 

1  Sp'd  Lathe,  turn'g  Cups, 

400 

130 

.236 

1     "         "       Wood, 

1300 

80.43 

.146 

1  Chuck  "      Dies, 

150 

53.84 

.098 

M 

1  Polish'g  Buffer,  6  in.  Di., 

2950 

360 

.654 

it 

1       "       Spin.,    1     " 

2800 

280 

.509 

a 

1  Emery  Wheel,12     " 

1200 

187.5 

.341 

Robinson's  Sh.,  Jewelry,  Prov., 

1  pr.  Flat'ng  R'ls  for  Wire 

113.33 

.206 

M 

l"break'gd'nR'lsforPl. 

.  .  .  . 

977 

1.773 

SUMMARY  OF  POWER  OF  MILLS. 

MILL  A. — Heavy  Sheetings.     Average  No.  of  Yarn  spun,  12.75. 


DESCRIPTION. 

Total 
Spin. 

Speed. 

H.P.  ea. 

H.P. 

1  Stick  Whipper, 
1  Double  Creighton  Willow, 
2  Bacon  Willows, 
3  Kitson,        2  Beaters,  1st  Pickers, 
4       "             2       "        2d        " 
3Whitins,      3       "                    " 
3  Amoskeag,  2       "                     " 
96  36-in.  Breaker  Cards, 
2  Lap  Heads  to  same, 
112  Finisher  Cards, 
16  Railway  Heads  to  same, 
8  Frames,  1st  Drawing,  8  Deliv's  each, 
8       "        2d         "         8 
16  Lowell  Speeders,  30  Spindles  each, 
28       "            "         52 
163       "    Throstle  Spin.  Fr.,  128  Spin,  each, 
5  Sawyer  Spin.  Ring      "     128             " 
2  Old  St.  Lowell  "        "     144            " 
2  Platt  Bros'  Mules,            624            " 
4  3^-in.  Ring  Twisters,          80             " 
5  Spoolers,                             50            " 
11         "                                   40            " 
6  Winders  for  Filling,         100             " 
6       "           "         "                50             " 
2  Manchester  Warpers, 
10  English 
2  Slashers, 
677  36-in.  Looms, 
1  Banding  Machine, 

Total  Machinery  = 
Very  Heavy  Shafting,  estimated  at  16#  = 
H.P.  per  1,000  Sp.=30.41=33  Sp.  per  H.P. 
Total  = 

1 
12 
4 
15 
20 
13.5 
13.5 
13.824 
2.5 
16.128 
10.992 
7.04 
7.04 
13.52 
30.436 
277.1 
6.5 
3 
6 
5.868 
1.25 
2.2 
9 
4.5 
.342 
1.25 
3 
108.32 
.5 



Beat'rs,  1,500  Rev. 
"         1,500     " 
2,000    ." 
1,500     " 
Cylin'r,      126     " 

5 
5 
4.5 
4.5 
.144 
1.25 
.144 
.687 
.11 
.11 
.845 
1.087 
1.7 

1.3 
1.5 
3 
1.467 
.25 
.2 
1.5 
.75 
.171 
.125 
1.5 
.16 

.... 

"            126     " 

480 
1,456 
20,564 
640 
288 
1,248 
320 
250 
4,400 
600 
300 

per  Delivery, 

M 

Spindle,    720  Rev. 
904     " 
4,100     " 
5,700     " 
4,500     " 

2,812     " 
600     " 
600     " 
2,900     " 
2,900     " 

.... 

125  Picks 

609.31 
91.396 

700.706 

80 

SUMMARY  OP  POWER  OP  MILLS.— ( Continued.) 

MILL   A. — (Continued.) 

f  Picking  and  Carding,  29.62 
Spinning,  48.02 


Per  cent,  of  Power  of  Machinery 

••  $ 

javing,     v 

4.58 
17.78 

MILL  B.—  Denims,  Ticks,  etc. 

I 

Avera^ 

1 
ye  No.  of  Yarn,  I 

00 
1. 

DESCRIPTION. 

Total  Sp. 

Speed. 

H.P.  ea. 

H.P. 

2  Kitson  Comp'nd  Opener  H'ds,  2  Beat'rs 

Beat'rs,  1,100  Rev. 

3 

6 

5       «            tc            u           tt      3       u 

1  100   " 

5  5 

275 

5  Amoskeag  1st  Pickers             2       " 

1  100    " 

4.86 

243 

10          "         2d         "                  2       " 

"         1,026    " 

3.048 

30.48 

264  Breaker  Cards, 

Cylin'rs,    110    " 

.144 

38.016 

24  Railway  Heads 

F  Roll      400    " 

.687 

16488 

8  Frames,  4  Roll  Drawing,  8  Deliv's  each 

"           240    " 

del-  072 

9  168 

8       "        4    "     2d  "         8            " 

"           240   " 

"  .074 

9.456 

8  Lowell  Speeders,  6  in.  x  12  in.,  30  Sp.  ea., 
16       "            4C        5  in.  x  10  in.,  40      " 
30      "            "        4in.x    8  in.,  64      " 
198  Throstle  Spinning  Fr.,            128      " 
6  Parr  &  Curtis  Mules,              672      " 

240 
640 
1,920 
25,344 
4032 

Spin.,        501    " 
"           601    " 
"           906    " 
"         3,700    " 

.838 
.949 
1.218 
1.5 
3 

6.704 
15.184 
36.54 

297 
18 

12  FiUing  Winders,                      100     " 
13  Spoolers,                                  80     " 
8  Reels 

1,200 
1,040 

2,910    " 
600    " 

1.442 
.342 
.143 

17.304 
4.446 
1  144 

16  Warpers, 

.171 

2.736 

3  Slashers, 

1.581 

4.743 

2  Dressers, 

1.141 

2.282 

2  Size  Kettles, 

.153 

.306 

622  34-in.  Looms, 
6  36-in.      " 
60  38-in       " 



118  Picks  permin. 
118       "         " 
118       "        " 

.193 
.193 
.197 

120.046 
1.158 
11.82 

217  40-in.     " 

118       "        " 

.2 

43.4 

Total  Machinery  — 

744.221 

Shafting,  New,  at  10  %,  — 

74.442 

Total  — 

818.643 

H.  P.  per  1,000  Spindles  =  27.85  =  35.9  Spindles  per  H.  P. 


Per  cent,  of  Power  of  Machinery, 


Picking  and  Carding,  29.54 
Spinning,  42.33 

Dressing,  4.42 

Weaving,  23.71 

100 


81 


SUMMARY  OF  POWER  OF  HULLS*—  (Continued.) 
MILL  C.  —  Fancy  Pantaloonery,  Shirting  Stripes,  etc.     Average  No.  of  Yarn,  16.5. 


DESCBIPTION. 

Total 
Spin. 

Speed. 

H.P.  ea. 

H.P. 

1  Creighton  Willow, 

8 

4  Kitson  2-Beater  Openers, 



Beat'rs,  1,500  Rev. 

4.571 

18.284 

44  Breaker  Cards, 

.... 

Cylin'r,     120     " 

.145 

6.38 

2      "        Lap  Heads,  22  Cards  each, 

.... 

10  yds.  per  min. 

1.016 

2.032 

1      "          "    Doubler, 

.... 

10     "         " 

.... 

.345 

66  Finisher  Cards, 

.... 

Cylin'r,     120  Rev. 

.145 

9.57 

6         "       Railways, 

.... 

F.  Roll,     320     " 

.38 

2.28 

6  Heads,  4  Roll  1st  Drawing,  12  Deliv's, 

.... 

"           155     " 

del.121 

1.454 

6     "        4     "    2d        *'         12       " 

.... 

"           200 

".165 

1.S6 

3  Slubbers,      64  Spin,  each,  10  in.  x  5  in., 

192 

Spin.,        634 

1.682 

5.046 

6  Intermed'te,72                       9  in.  x  4  in., 

360 

"           676 

1.48 

7.4 

9  Fine  F.  Fr.,  136                       7  in.  x  3  in., 

1,224 

"           861 

.377 

12.393 

12  Ring  Fr.,    160                No.    9  Yarn, 

1,920 

"        4,053 

.862 

22.226 

11         "          160                 "    16     " 

1,760 

5,067 

.927 

21.197 

10        "          160                  "    22     u 

1,600 

5,067 

.917 

19.17 

3         "          140                  "    22     " 

420 

5,067 

.686 

5.068 

8  Mas'n  Mu.,576          "      "    17    " 

4,608 

3,400 

.562 

12.496 

6  Reels,  60  in., 

.... 

160 

.143 

.858 

6  Skein  Spoolers  60  in., 

.34 

2.04 

3  Bobbin  Spoolers  60  in. 

.25 

.75 

4  Filling  Winders,'  80  in.,' 

.... 

2,000 

.878 

3.312 

7  W^arpers 

.119 

.833 

4  Dressers, 

8  yds.  per  min. 

1.5 

6 

100  36-in.  Plain  Looms, 

120  Picks 

.158 

15.8 

36  40-in.          " 

120  Picks 

.166 

6 

100  36-in.  Crompton, 



118 

.234 

23.45 

Total  Machinery  _ 

214.244 

Add  Shafting,  10$,= 

21.424 

Total  = 

235.608 

H.  P.  per  1,000  Spindles  =  22.85  =  43.77  Spindles  per  H.  P. 

f  Picking  and  Carding,  35.03 
Spinning,  37.41 

Per  cent,  of  Power  of  Machinery,    J 


100 


82 


SUMMARY  OP  POWER  OP  MILLS.— ( Continued.-) 
NEW  MILL   D. — Fine  Sheetings.      Average  Number  of   Yarn,   28. 


DESCBIPTION. 

Total 
Spin. 

Speed. 

H.P.  ea. 

H.P. 

1  Van  Winkle  Opener, 

2 

4  Platt's  36-in.  2-Beater  Lappers, 



Beat'rs,  1,100  Rev. 

4.52 

18.08 

64  Saco  36-in.  Breaker  Cards, 

.... 

Cylin'r,     125     " 

.093 

5.952 

1     "        "          "         Lap  Head, 

.... 

22  ft.  per  min. 

.... 

1.02 

64     "    Finisher  Cards, 

.... 

Oylin'r,     125  Rev. 

.093 

5.952 

8     "           "        Railways, 

.... 

F.  Roll,     230      ' 

.233 

1.864 

8  Heads,  5-Roll  Drawing,  32  Deliv's, 

.... 

"            196      ' 

del.  083 

2.648 

2  Slubbers,            56  Sp.  ea.,  12  in.  x  6  in., 

108 

Spin.,        530      ' 

1.259 

2.518 

4  Intermediates,    88       "        10  in.  x  5  in., 

352 

"            630      c 

1.091 

4.364 

8  Fine  F.  Fra.,  152       "          7  in.  x  3  in., 

1,216 

"         1,060      « 

1.256 

10.048 

53  R'g  Spin.  Fra.,  144       " 

7,632 

4,972      « 

1.326 

70.808 

8  Mules,               560       " 

4,480 

3,812      ' 

1.736 

13.888 

4      "                    592       " 

2,368 

3,812      ' 

1.835 

7.34 

5  Spoolers,           100      " 

500 

700     " 

.327 

1.635 

5  Warpers, 

.125 

.625 

1  Slasher, 

1.5 

180  36-in.  Looms, 



125  Picks 

.108 

19.44 

136  40-in.      " 



125     " 

.116 

15.776 

Total  Machinery  — 

185.458 

Shafting  by  tests  = 

21.5 

Total  = 

206.958 

H.  P.  per  1,000  Spindles  =  14.25  =  70  Spindles  per  H.  P. 


Per  cent,  of  Power  of  Machinery,    < 


f  Picking  and  Carding,  29.35 
Spinning,  49.64 

«*  ,»•<» 


100 


MILL  E. — Fine  Sheetings.    Average  Number  of  Yarn,  32. 


DESCRIPTION. 

Total 
Spin. 

Speed. 

H.P.  ea. 

H.P. 

1  Opener  and  Mixer, 
2  2-Beater  Whitin  Pickers, 
2  3-Beater       "            " 
48  36-in.  Cards, 
2  Railways  to  same, 
1  Doubler      " 

.... 

Beatr's,     700  Rev. 
"         2,000     " 
"        2,000     " 
Cylin'r,     130     " 
llf  yds.  per  min. 

3" 
4 

.288 
.247 

2 

6 
8 
13.824 
.494 
.25 

48  36-in.  Finisher  Cards, 
4  Railways  to  same, 
1  Frame,  1st  Drawing,  5-Roll,  6  Deliv's, 
1      "       2d        "            "        8     " 

.... 

Cylin'r,     132  Rev. 
F.  Roll,     394     " 
"           381     " 
361     « 

.207 
.507 
.19 
.207 

9.888 
2.028 
1.138 
1.655 

83 


SUMMARY  OF  POWER  OP  MILLS — (Continued.} 

MILL  E. — (Continued.) 


DESCRIPTION. 

Total 
Spin. 

Speed. 

H.P.  ea. 

H.  P. 

1  Frame,  3d  Drawing,  5-Roll,  20  Deliv's, 

F.  Roll,     380  Rev. 

.097 

1.907 

6  Slubbers  (Higgins),  Bob.  9  in.  x  4.2  in., 

352 

Spin.,        530     " 

.581 

2.944 

5  Fine  Fr.,         "          "       7  in.  x  3.2  in., 

600 

"            750     " 

.982 

4.91 

6         "       (Hill)           "      7  in.  x  3.2  in., 

680 

750     " 

.824 

4.946 

52  Ring  Frames, 

7,328 

"        5,800     " 

1.74 

90.479 

16  Marvel  &  Davol  Mules, 

9,024 

"        4,350     " 

2.051 

32.814 

4  Spoolers, 
4  Warpers 

360 

"        2,000     " 

.327 
125 

1.31 
5 

1  Slasher 

1  061 

343  40-in.  Looms, 



129  Picks  per  min. 

.111 

37 

Total  Machinery  — 

223  178 

Shafting,  10$,  — 

22.318 

Total  H  P  — 

245  496 

H.  P.  per  1,000  Spindles  =  15.01  =  66.6  Spindles  per  H.  P. 

f  Picking  and  Carding,  26.88 
Spinning,  65.25 

J  Dressing,  1.29 

Weaving,  '  16.58 


Per  cent,  of  Power  of  Machinery, 


]  Weaving,  '  16.58 

100 


NEW  MILL  F. — Fine  Shirtings  and  Cambrics.     Average  Number  of  Yarn,  33. 


DESCRIPTION. 

Total 
Spin. 

Speed. 

H.P.  ea. 

H.P. 

1  Kitson  Opener, 

6 

4      "      2-Beater  Lappers, 
60  Breaker  Cards, 
1       "         Lap  Head, 



Beat'rs,  1,500  Kev. 
Cylin'r,     120     " 

4.5 
.125 

18 
7.5 
1 

60  Finisher  Cards, 
6       "         Railways, 

120     " 

.125 
.5 

7.5 

3 

2  Frames,  4-Roll  Drawing,  12  Deliv's, 
2       «            «          «          12       « 

4  Slubbers,            60  Sp.  ea.,  10  in.  x  5    in., 
6  Intermediates,  80       "         9  in.  x  4|  in., 
11  Fine  F.  Fr.,      144       "         7  in.  x  3|  in., 
64  Ring  Sp.  Fr.,   128       " 
14  F.F.  Pat.  Mu.,  704      " 
4  Spoolers,          100      " 
6  Warpers, 

*240 
480 
1,584 
8,192 
9,856 
400 

F.  Roll,     221 
"            221 
Spin.,        615 
773 
"           934 
5,908 
5,000 
600 

d.1.096 
"  .096 
.789 
1.238 
1.05 
1.258 
2.084 
.25 
.125 

1.16 
1.16 
3.156 

7.428 
11.55 
80.612 
29.176 
1 
.75 

1  Slasher, 

1.5 

200  40-in.  Looms,  Heavy  Cloth, 
200  40-in.       "       Light      " 

.... 

120  Picks 
120     " 

.2 
.135 

40 
27 

Total  Machinerv  — 

247.492 

Shafting  etc  ,10$  — 

24.749 

Total  Power  — 

272.241 

84 

SUMMARY  OP  POWER  OP  MILLS.— (Continued.) 

MILL  F.— (Continued.) 
H.  P.  per  1,000  Spindles  =  15.08  =  66.31  Spindles  per  H.  P. 

f  Picking  and  Carding,  27.25 
Spinning,  44.32 

Percent,  of  Power  of  Machinery,    Slaving',  27.07 

100 


MILL  G. — Old,  partially  renewed,  on  Corset  Jeans.    Average  No.  of  Yarn,  33. 


DESCBIPTION. 

Total 
Spin. 

Speed. 

H.P.  ea. 

H.P. 

1  Single  Creighton  Willow, 

Beat'rs,     820  Rev. 

5.402 

2  Platt's  2-Beater,  48-in.,  1st  Pickers, 

.... 

"        1,016     " 

4.848 

9.696 

2       «          «            «        2d        " 

.... 

"        1,066     " 

4.566 

9.132 

68  Old  24-iu.  Breaker  Cards, 

.... 

Cylin'r,     127     " 

.185 

12.92 

1  Lap  Head  to  same,  36  in., 

.... 

il  yds.  per  min. 

.... 

2.539 

44  36-in.  Finisher  Cards, 

.... 

Cylin'r,     127     " 

.268 

11.792 

4  Railways  to  same, 

.... 

F.  Roll,     360     " 

.512 

2.048 

4  Heads,  5-Roll  Drawing,  12  Deliv's, 

.... 

"           258     " 

del.144 

1.732 

4     "            "            "         16       " 

.... 

"            296     " 

".136 

1  2.182 

2  Slubbers,         60  Sp.  ea.,  12  in.  x  6     in., 

120 

Spin.,        543     " 

1.448 

2.896 

6  Intermediat's,  80       "         9  in.  x  4.2  in., 

480 

"            630     " 

.977 

5.862 

12  Fine  F.  Fr.,    136       "         6  in.  x  3     in., 

1,632 

"         1,000     " 

.983 

11.796 

36  R'g  Sp.  Fr.,    192       " 

7,056 

"        6,000     " 

2.143 

77.148 

12  Mason  Mules,  512      " 

6,144 

"        3,690     " 

2.135 

25.62 

8     "          "      480      " 

3,840 

"         3,690     " 

2.045 

16.36 

6  Spoolers,          80      " 

480 

"            600     " 

.228 

1.368 

4  Warpers 

.177 

.71 

1  Slasher 

1.5 

100  36-in.  Looms, 



130  Picks 

.104 

10.4 

223  40-in.       " 

.... 

130      " 

.135 

30.077 

28  48-in.       " 

122      " 

.138 

3.864 

Total  Machinery  — 

245.044 

Sliciftin^  etc    frotn  tests   **~ 

27.41 

Total  H.  P.  = 

272.454 

H.  P.  per  1,000  Spindles  =  16  =  62.5  Spindles  per  H.  P. 

C  Picking  and  Carding,  31.83 
Spinning,  48.61 

Percent,  of  Power  of  Machinery,    4  Weaving  18J6 


I 


100 


85 


SUMMARY   OF  POWER  OF   MILLS.— ( Continued.} 
MILL  H. — New,  on  Print  Cloth,  all  Mule  Spinning.     Average  No.  of  Yarn,  31. 


DESCRIPTION. 

Total 
Spin. 

Speed. 

H.P.  ea. 

H.  P. 

1  Double  Creighton  Willow, 

12 

4  Platt  Bros.'  1st  Pickers, 

.... 

Beat'rs,  1,130  Rev. 

5.806 

23.544 

4        "            2d        "     witheveners, 

.... 

"        1,130     " 

6.256 

25.024 

176  36-in.  Cards, 

.... 

Cylin'r,     136     " 

.167 

29.44 

12  Railways  to  same, 

.... 

F.  Roll,    412     " 

.689 

8.273 

4  Frames,  4-Roll,  1st  Draw'g,  32  Deliv's, 

.... 

"           238     " 

del.115 

3.696 

4       "          "         2d        "         48       " 

.... 

"           238     " 

"  .108 

6.184 

4  Slubbers,                             66  Sp.  ea., 

224 

Spin.,        630    " 

1.667 

6.268 

2         "                                    48       " 

96 

"           630     " 

1.318 

2.636 

14  Intermediates,                     66      " 

924 

"           694     " 

1.418 

19.852 

20  Fine  F.  Frames,                160      " 

3,200 

"        1,070    " 

2.57 

61.4 

38  Warp  Mules,  Platt  Bros.,  552      " 

20,976 

"        6,300     " 

3.594 

136.572 

34  Weft      "              u           600      " 

20,008 

"        4,200     " 

2.732 

92.888 

14  Spoolers,                             80      " 
12  Warpers, 

1,120 

"      .     630     " 

.186 
.113 

2.6 
1.36 

3  Slashers, 

1 

3 

1,008  Looms, 



154  Picks 

.103 

103.649 

Total  Machinery  =: 

527.286 

Shafting,  etc.,  10$,  = 

52.728 

Total  H.  P.  = 

580.014 

H.  P.  per  1,000  Spindles  =  13.88  =  72  Spindles  per  H.  P. 

(Picking  and  Carding,  35.52 
Spinning,  ^    43.52 

100 


86 


SUMMARY  OF  POWER  OP  MILLS.— (Continued.} 
MILL  I. — New,  on  Print  Cloths,  all  Mule  Spinning.    Average  No.  of  Yarn,  32. 


DESCRIPTION. 

Total 
Spin. 

Speed. 

H.P.  ea. 

H.  P. 

2  Kitson's  Compound  Openers, 

.... 

Beat'rs,  1,500  Rev. 

11 

22 

3       "        2-Beater  Pickers, 

.... 

"        1,500     " 

5.536 

16.608 

144  36-in.  Cards, 

.... 

Cylin'r,     120     " 

.227 

32.688 

12  Railway  Heads, 

.666 

8 

24  Deliveries,  1st  Drawing, 

.... 

F.  Roll,     220     " 

del.131 

3.136 

48         "           2d         " 

.... 

"           210     " 

"  .078 

3.72 

8  Slubbers,          48  Sp.  ea.,  12  in.  x  6    in., 

384 

Spin.,        550     " 

1.4 

11.2 

12  Intermediates,  68       "       10  in.  x  5    in., 

816 

"           650     " 

1.707 

20.484 

20  Fine  F.  Fra.,  144       "        7  in.  x  3.2  in., 

2,880 

"         1,060     " 

1.808 

36.16 

32  Parr  &  Curtis  Warp  Mules,  564  Sp.  ea., 

18,048 

"        5,110     " 

3.025 

96.8 

28           "              Weft       "       600       " 

16,800 

"        4,110     " 

2.287 

64.036 

8  Spoolers,                               130       " 

1,040 

"           640     " 

.192 

1.536 

8  Warpers 

.366 

2.928 

2  Slashers, 

.702 

1.404 

800  Looms, 

.... 

154  Picks 

.115 

92.24 

Total  Machinery  = 

408.94 

Shafting,  etc.,  10$,  = 

40.894 

Total  H.  P.  = 

449.834 

H.  P.  per  1,000  Spindles  =  13.03  =  76.74  Spindles  per  H.  P. 


Per  cent,  of  Power  of  Machinery, 


Picking  and  Carding,  36.68 

Spinning, 

Dressing, 

Weaving, 


39.33 
1.43 
22.56 

100 


Indicator  Cards  of  Engine,  470.57  H.  P. 
Less  5$  for  Engines,  23.52     " 


NetH.  P.  of  Mill  = 


447.05 


SUMMARY  OP  POWER  OF   MILLS.— ( Continued.} 
MILL    K. — New,   on  Fine   Cambrics.      Average  Number  of   Yarn,   49. 


DESCEIPTION. 

Total 
Spin. 

Speed. 

HP.,  ea. 

H.  P. 

1  Kitson  2-Beater  Opener, 

Beat'rs,  1,350  Rev. 

. 

6 

4      "        "           Lappers, 

.... 

"        1,350     " 

3.776 

15.104 

52  36-in.  Breaker  Cards, 

.... 

Cylin'r,     128     " 

.085 

4.42 

1  Breaker  Lap  Head. 

.... 

9  yds.  per  min. 

.... 

1.437 

52  36-in.  Finisher  Cards, 

Cylin'r,     128  Rev. 

.129 

6.708 

4    "      Kailways  to  same, 

.... 

F.  Roll,     290     " 

.53 

2.12 

12  Deliveries,  1st  Drawing,  5-Roll, 

.... 

"           226     " 

del.ll 

1.324 

16        "          2d          "            " 



"           226     " 

.105 

1.684 

3  Slubbers,          48  Sp.  ea.,  12  in.  x  6    in., 

144 

Spin.,        590     " 

1.343 

4.029 

5  Intermediates,  80      "       10  in.  x  5    in., 

400 

"           736     " 

1.3 

6.5 

5  Fine  F.  Fra.,  136       "         7  in.  x  3.5  in., 

680 

"           968     " 

1.496 

7.48 

4     "       "           136       "         7  in.  x  3.5  in., 

544 

"           979     " 

1.302 

5.208 

14  Jack  Frames,  144       "         5  in.  x  2    in., 

2,016 

"        1,117     " 

1.096 

15.344 

61  R'gSpin.Fr.,  160       " 

9,760 

"       '5,800     " 

1.084 

68.292 

8  Parr  &  Curtis  Mules,  696  Sp.  ea., 

5,568 

"        5,600    " 

3.476 

27.808 

8         "                    "       552       " 

4,416 

"        5,600     " 

3.222 

25.776 

4  Spoolers,                     100      " 

400 

660     " 

.167 

.668 

4  Warpers, 

.118 

.472 

1  Slasher, 

1.555 

288  Looms  (New), 



150  Picks 

.137 

39.456 

Total  Machinery  = 

241.385 

Shafting:  etc.   10^  — 

24.138 

KJ11C4J  tUi.1*.^     VW«J      J.\J/Cy    

Total  H.  P.  = 

265.523 

H.  P.  per  1,000  Spindles  =  13.28  =  75.58  Spindles  per  H.  P. 


Per  cent,  of  Power  of  Machinery, 


Picking  and  Carding,  32.04 

Spinning,  50.5 

Dressing,  1.12 

Weaving,  .  16.34 

100 


SHAFTING. 


THE  writer  is  indebted  to  the  courtesy  of  James  B.  Francis,  Esq., 
of  Lowell,  for  permission  to  copy  the  formula  and  tables  prepared  by 
him  for  the  strength  and  velocity  of  shafting,  after  long  and  careful 
tests  made  for  the  Merrimac  Manufacturing  Co.,  and  originally  pub- 
lished by  him  in  "  The  Journal  of  the  Franklin  Institute  "  for  1867,  viz. : 

For  1st  shafts,  or  prime  movers,  subject  to  the  strain  of  gears  or 
main  pulleys  : 

Wrought  Iron.     Biam.  =  A/100  x  H-  P-  to  be  transmitted 

No.  of  Eev.  per  min. 
(The  breaking  strain  being  taken  at  66,000  Ibs.  per  sq.  in.) 

Cast  Iron.  Diam.  =  ,8/1 67  x  H.  P.  to  be  transmitted 

No.  of  Rev.  per  min. 
(Breaking  strain  taken  at  30,000  Ibs.  per  sq.  in.) 


Steel.  Diam 


•=/' 


62.5  x  H.  P.  to  be  transmitted 


No.  of  Rev.  per  min. 
(Breaking  strain  taken  at  80,000  Ibs.  per  sq.  in.) 

Being  equal  to  15^  times  the  breaking  power. 

For  2d  movers,  or  long  lines,  transmitting  power  : 


50  x  H.  P. 


Wrought  Iron.    Diam.  =  jj/, 

'    No.  Rev.  per  min. 

Cast  "  "      =  i»7       83xH.  P. 

No.  Rev.  per  min. 


Steel. 


=  V 

r 


81.25  xH.  P. 


No.  Rev.  per  min. 

Being  equal  to  7f  times  the  breaking  power. 

For  3d  movers,  or  light  counters,  driving  machines  well  supported 
by  bearings  at  short  distances  apart  : 


Wrought  Iron.    Diam.  =  M 


33  x  H.  P. 


No.  Rev.  per  min. 
Cast  «  «      =V     65.5  xH.  P. 

21  x  H.  P. 


No.  Rev.  per  min. 
Steel. 


No.  Rev.  per  min. 
Or  5-J-  times  the  breaking  power. 


89 


From  the  above  formulae  the  relative  diameters  necessary  for  the 
same  strength  may  be  obtained  as  follows  : 

Wrought  Iron 1 

Cast  "     1.184 

Steel 0.855 

And  the  necessary  size  for  shafts  of  the  latter  materials  may  be  calcu- 
lated from  the  following  tables  for  wrought  iron,  which  the  writer  has 
computed  from  Mr.  Francis's  data  to  an  extent  covering  all  necessary 
demands. 

These  tables  apply  to  the  torsional  strains,  but  it  is  often  neces- 
sary to  use  shafts  larger  than  are  required  to  transmit  the  power,  in 
order  to  avoid  the  transverse  strain  and  consequent  friction  due  to 
flexure,  in  regard  to  which  I  quote  Mr.  Francis  as  follows  : 

Table  of  the  greatest  admissible  Distances  between  the  Bearings  of  continuous  Shafts,  subject 
to  no  Transverse  Strains  except  from  their  own  Weight. 


1 

DIAMETER  OF  SHAFT,  IN  INCHES. 

DISTANCE  BETWEEN  BEABINGS,  IN  FEET. 

If  of  Wrought  Iron. 

If  of  Steel. 

1                                      .    .                          .     . 

12.27 
15.46 
17.7 
19.48 
20.99 
22.3 
23.48 
24.55 
25.53 
26.44 
27.3 
28.1 

12.61 
15.89 
18.19 
20.02 
21.57 
22.92 
24.13 
25.23 
26.24 
27.18 
28.05 
28.88 

2   

3 

4     ...            ..                            . 

5         

6 

7..                      ....           . 

8  

9  

10  .                   

11   

12                           .            .  .                    .... 

"  In  practice  long  shafts  are  scarcely  ever  entirely  free  from  trans- 
verse strains  ;  however,  in  the  parts  of  long  lines  which  have  no  pul- 
leys or  gears,  with  the  couplings  near  the  bearings,  the  interval 
between  the  bearings  may  approach  the  distances  given  in  the  preced- 
ing table.  Near  the  extremities  of  a  line  the  distances  between  the 
bearings  should  be  less  than  are  given  in  the  table.  The  last  space 
should  not  exceed  sixty  per  cent,  of  the  distance  there  given,  the 
deflection  in  that  space  being  much  greater  than  in  other  parts  of  the 
line.  In  shafts  moving  with  high  velocities  it  will  usually  be  neces- 
sary to  shorten  the  distances  between  the  bearings  as  given  in  the 
table,  in  order  to  obtain  sufficient  bearing  surface  to  prevent  heating. 


90 

"  In  factories  and  workshops  power  is  usually  taken  off  from  the 
lines  of  shafting  at  many  points  by  pulleys  and  belts,  by  means  of 
which  the  machinery  is  operated.  When  the  machines  to  be  driven 
are  below  the  shaft,  there  is  a  transverse  strain  on  the  shaft  due  to  the 
weight  of  the  pulley  and  tension  of  the  belt,  which  is  in  addition  to  the 
transverse  strain  due  to  the  weight  of  the  shaft  itself.  Sometimes  the 
power  is  taken  off  horizontally  on  one  side,  in  which  case  the  tension  of 
the  belt  produces  a  horizontal  transverse  strain,  and  the  weight  of  the  pul- 
ley acts  with  the  weight  of  the  shaft  to  produce  a  vertical  transverse 
strain.  Frequently  the  machinery  to  be  driven  is  placed  above  the  floor, 
to  which  the  shaft  is  hung  in  the  story  below  ;  in  this  case  the  transverse 
strain  produced  by  the  tension  of  the  belt  is  in  the  opposite  direction 
to  that  produced  by  the  weight  of  the  pulley  and  shaft.  Sometimes 
power  is  taken  off  in  all  these  directions  from  the  part  of  a  shaft 
between  two  adjacent  bearings.  To  transmit  the  same  power  the 
necessary  tension  of  a  belt  diminishes  in  proportion  to  its  velocity  ; 
consequently,  with  pulleys  of  the  same  diameter,  the  transverse  strain 
will  diminish  in  the  same  ratio  as  the  velocity  of  the  shaft  increases. 
In  cotton  and  woolen  factories  with  wooden  floors  the  bearings  are 
usually  hung  on  the  beams,  which  are  usually  about  eight  feet  apart ; 
and  a  minimum  size  of  shafting  is  adopted  for  the  different  classes  of 
machinery,  which  has  been  determined  by  experience  as  the  least  that 
will  withstand  the  transverse  strain.  This  minimum  is  adopted  inde- 
pendently of  the  size  required  to  withstand  the  torsional  strain  due  to 
the  power  transmitted  ;  if  this  requires  a  larger  diameter  than  the 
minimum,  the  larger  diameter  is  of  course  adopted.  In  some  of  the 
large  cotton  factories  in  this  neighborhood,  in  which  the  bearings  are 
about  8  feet  apart,  a  minimum  diameter  of  If  inch  was  formerly 
adopted  for  the  lines  of  shafting  driving  looms.  In  some  mills  this  is 
still  retained ;  in  others  2-J  inches  and  2^-  inches  have  been  substi- 
tuted. In  the  same  mills  the  minimum  size  of  shafts  driving  spinning 
machinery  is  from  2-J  to  2{-J-  inches.  In  very  long  lines  of  small  shaft- 
ing fly-wheels  are  put  on  at  intervals,  to  diminish  the  vibratory  action 
due  to  the  irregularities  in  the  torsional  strain." 

The  proper  velocity  for  shafting  has  been  of  late  the  subject  of 
much  discussion  and  experiment,  and  has  been  greatly  increased  from 
former  standards  in  the  most  approved  modern  mills,  and  a  velocity  of 
from  200  to  250  revolutions  per  minute  is  now  usually  adopted  for 
carding  and  weaving  rooms,  as  giving  a  fair  proportionate  size  of  pul- 
leys, where  the  speed  of  the  pulleys  on  the  cards  and  looms  varies  from 
130  to  160  revolutions  per  minute,  while  300  to  350  revolutions  per  min- 
ute seems  not  too  much  for  spinning  rooms,  where  the  speed  of  the 
cylinder  on  the  frames  varies  from  600  to  900  revolutions,  and  will 


91 

allow  the  use  of  20-inch  to  30-inch  pulleys  on  the  shaft,  belting  on  to 
a  10-inch  pulley  on  the  frame,  instead  of  the  6-inch  or  7-inch  pulleys 
formerly  used,  thus  giving  a  much  better  holding  surface  to  the  belt, 
and  from  its  high  velocity  allowing  it  to  be  much  lighter  while  trans- 
mitting the  same  power,  and  with  less  strain  and  friction  on  the  jour- 
nals. At  these  velocities  a  line  of  2-inch  shaft  in  the  weaving  room, 
at  200  revolutions,  will  transmit  32  horse-power,  or  drive  256  looms  at 
8  looms  per  horse-power,  and  one  of  2J-  inches,  at  300  revolutions,  in 
the  spinning  room,  will  transmit  68  horse-power,  or  drive  6,800  spin- 
dles at  100  spindles  per  horse-power. 

These  sizes  are,  however,  capable  of  transmitting  all  the  power 
required  for  the  whole  line,  and  are  usually  diminished  as  the  power  is 
taken  off  at  intervals  ;  but  in  such  cases  care  is  taken  either  to  place 
the  transmitting  pulleys  as  close  as  possible  to  the  bearings  or  to  add 
supplementary  bearings  to  support  the  shaft  close  to  the  pulleys,  where 
it  is  necessary  to  place  the  latter  in  or  near  the  middle  of  a  "  bay,"  or 
space  between  beams.  In  some  of  the  latest  mills  the  sizes  given  by 
the  table  for  3d  movers  are  adopted  for  line  shafting  or  2d  movers, 
and  additional  hangers  for  bearings  are  provided  ;  and  in  one  new 
mill  which  the  writer  has  recently  visited  the  main  tie  beams  of  the 
mill  are  10  feet  apart,  but  the  bays  or  spaces  -are  divided  by  supple- 
mentary beams  for  the  support  of  bearings,  so  that  the  shafting  is 
everywhere  supported  at  intervals  of  5  feet.  This  gives  it  a  sufficient 
resistance  to  flexure  to  permit  of  the  use  of  the  third  table  of  sizes, 
in  which  the  factor  of  safety  or  strength  in  excess  of  the  breaking 
strain  is  5-J-,  which  is  ample  for  most  purposes  so  far  as  strength  is 
concerned,  although  machines  having  a  reciprocating  motion,  like 
looms  and  mules,  will  sometimes  require  a  greater  diameter,  to  insure 
rigidity  of  shaft  and  steadiness  of  motion. 

The  use  of  "cold-rolled  shafting"  will  also  enable  the  further 
application  of  the  third  table  to  sizes  for  2d  movers  or  line  shafting, 
as  the  experiments  made  by  Professor  Thurston,  of  the  Stevens  Insti- 
tute of  Technology,  on  cold-rolled  iron  from  the  works  of  Messrs.  Jones 
&  Loughlin,  of  Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  show  its  great  advantage  in  stiffness 
and  elasticity,  as  might  be  expected  from  the  perfect  and  uniform  con- 
densation of  the  fibres  of  the  iron.  We  have  not  space  here  to  copy 
the  details  of  the  experiments,  but  give  the  conclusions  drawn  by  Pro- 
fessor Thurston,  stating  also  that  our  own  observation  of  mills  where 
this  shafting  has  been  introduced  leads  us  to  believe  in  its  great  superi- 
ority to  turned  shafting  from  hot-rolled  iron.  The  writer  would  not, 
however,  advise  the  use  of  any  line  shafting  less  than  1£  inch  diame- 
ter, except  possibly  the  last  length  in  the  line. 

1.  The  process  of  cold  rolling  produces  a  very  marked  change  in 
the  physical  properties  of  the  iron  thus  treated  : 


92 

(a.)  It  increases  the  tenacity  from  25  to  40  per  cent.,  and  the 
resistance  to  transverse  stress  from  50  to  80  per  cent. 

(b.)  It  elevates  the  elastic  limits  under  both  tensile  and  transverse 
stresses  from  80  to  125  per  cent. 

(c.)  The  modulus  of  elastic  resilience  is  elevated  from  300  to  400 
per  cent.  The  elastic  resilience  to  transverse  stress  is  augmented  from 
150  to  425  per  cent. 

2.  Cold  rolling  also  improves  the  metal  in  other  respects  : 

(a.)  It  gives  the  iron  a  smooth,  bright  surface,  absolutely  free  from 
the  scale  of  black  oxide  unavoidably  left  when  hot  rolled. 

(b.)  It  is  made  exactly  to  gauge,  and  for  many  purposes  requires 
no  further  preparation. 

(c.)  In  working  the  metal  the  wear  and  tear  of  the  tools  are  less 
than  with  hot-rolled  iron,  thus  saving  labor  and  expense  in  fitting. 

(d.)  The  cold-rolled  iron  resists  stresses  much  more  uniformly  than 
does  the  untreated  metal.  Irregularities  of  resistance  exhibited  by  the 
latter  do  not  appear  in  the  former  ;  this  is  more  particularly  true  for 
transverse  stress,  as  is  shown  by  the  smoothness  of  the  strain-diagrams 
produced  by  the  cold-rolled  bars. 

(e.)  This  treatment  of  iron  produces  a  very  important  improvement 
in  uniformity  of  structure,  the  cold-rolled  iron  excelling  common  iron 
in  its  uniformity  of  density  from  surface  to  center,  as  well  as  in  its 
uniformity  of  strength  from  outside  to  the  middle  of  the  bar. 

The  proportion  of  length  of  the  bearing  of  a  shaft  to  its  diameter 
is  a  question  which  has  caused  much  discussion,  and  the  writer  has 
been  asked  to  give  his  opinion  ;  and,  although  he  does  it  with  all 
modesty,  he  will  say  that  he  is  inclined  to  favor  a  length  of  three 
times  the  diameter,  as  being  the  best  point  for  practical  use  when  the 
shafts  can  be  kept  well  in  line  and  well  lubricated.  This  proportion 
with  proper  couplings  will  afford  sufficient  bearings,  and  by  the  use 
of  swivel  bearings  avoid  any  unnecessary  twist  or  strain  at  the  end  of 
the  boxes.  Lubrication  also  deserves  some  notice,  and  here  the  au- 
thor's opinions  are  positive,  and  confirmed  by  his  tests,  in  favor  of 
continuous  lubrication  with  oil,  which  oil  should  be  mixed  to  suit  the 
weight  in  the  bearing,  in  various  proportions  of  mineral  and  animal 
oils.  One  half  of  each  is  a  very  good  proportion  for  medium  shaft- 
ing, say  petroleum  and  sperm  or  lard,  while  for  light  bearings  the 
petroleum  may  be  three  fourths,  and  for  heavy  ones  the  animal  oil 
may  be  neatsfoot. 

Grease  or  tallow  is  an  abomination  ;  and  where  old  boxes  fitted  for 
it  are  in  use,  with  holes  through  the  cover  of  bearing  for  the  tal- 
low to  run  down  when  it  gets  hot  enough  to  melt,  these  holes  may  be 
filled  with  sponge  and  kept  saturated  with  oil. 


93 


Table  of  Horse-Power  which  can  be  safely  carried  by  1st  Movers  at  different  Velocities, 
Factor  of  Safety  being  =  15.5. 


Diameter  in  !  i 
Inches. 

.Revolutions  per  Minute. 

.3 
o>  o> 
gjj 
ft 

Eevolutions  per  Minute. 

50 

100 

150 

200 

250 

300 

50 

100 

150 

200 

Horse-Power. 

Horse-Power. 

1 

.5 

1 

1.5 

2 

2.5 

3 

6 

108 

216 

324 

432 

1.25 

.975 

1.95 

2.92 

3.9 

4.87 

5.85 

6.25 

122.07 

244.14 

366.21 

488 

1.5 

1.68 

3.37 

5.04 

6.74 

8.4 

10.11 

6.5 

137.31 

274.62 

411.93 

549 

1.75 

2.68 

5.36 

8.04 

10.72 

13.4 

16.08 

6.75 

153.72 

307.55 

461.16 

615 

2 

4 

8 

12 

16 

20 

24 

7 

171.5 

343 

514.5 

686 

2.25 

5.69 

11.39 

17.07 

22.78 

28.45 

34.17 

7.25 

190.54 

381.08 

571.62 

762 

2.5 

7.81 

15.62 

23.43 

31.24 

39.05 

46.86 

7.5 

210.93 

421.87 

632.79 

843 

2.75 

10.4 

20.8 

31.2 

41.6 

52 

62.4 

7.75 

232.74 

465.48 

698.22 

931 

3 

13.5 

27 

40.5 

54 

67.5 

81 

8 

256 

512 

768 

1,024 

3.25 

17.16 

34.33 

51.5 

68.66 

85.8 

103 

8.25 

280.76  561.52 

842 

1,123 

3.5 

21.43 

42.87 

64.29 

85.74 

107.15 

128.61 

8.5 

307.06 

614.12 

921 

1,228 

3.75 

26.36 

52.73 

79.08 

105.46 

131.8 

158.19 

8.75 

334.96 

669.92 

,005 

1,340 

4 

32 

64 

96 

128 

160 

192 

9 

364.5 

729 

,093.5 

1,458 

4.25 

38.38 

76.77 

115.15 

153.54 

191.9 

230.31 

9.25 

395.72 

791.45 

,187 

1,583 

4.5 

45.56 

91.12 

136.68 

182.24 

227.8 

273.36 

9.5 

428.68 

857.37 

,286 

1,715 

4.75 

53.58 

107.17 

160.75 

214.34 

267.9 

321.54 

9.75 

463.43 

926.86 

,390 

1,854 

5 

62.5 

125 

187.5  250 

312.5 

375 

10 

500 

1,000 

1,500 

2,000 

5.25 

72.35 

144.7  [217.05  ,289.4 

361.75 

434.1 

11 

665.5 

1,331 

1,995 

2,662 

5.5 

83.18 

166.37  249.54 

322.75 

415.9 

499.11 

12 

864 

1,728 

2,592 

3,456 

5.75 

95.05 

190.11 

285.15 

380.22 

475.25 

570.33 

13 

1,05'3.5 

2,107 

3,160.5 

4,214 

Table  of  Horse- Power  for  Shafting  for  Long  Lines  of  Transmission,  or  2d  Movers, 
Factor  of  Safety  being  =  7.75. 


a 

^Revolutions  per  Minute. 

ls 

Eevolutions  per  Minute. 

9M 

100 

150 

200 

250 

300 

3s 

!« 
1.9 

100 

150 

200 

250 

300 

Q 

Horse-Power. 

5 

Horse-Power. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

Sf 

77.88 

116.83 

155.76 

194.7 

233.64 

H 

2.88 

4.32 

5.76 

7.2 

8.64 

H 

85.74 

128.61 

171.48 

214.35 

257.22 

I* 

3.9 

5.85 

7.8 

9.75 

11.7 

8f 

95.25 

142.86 

190.5 

238.1 

285.75 

if 

5.2 

7.8 

10.4 

13 

15.6 

sf 

105.46 

158.19 

210.92 

263.65 

316.38 

H 

6.74 

10.11 

13.48 

16.85 

20.22 

3* 

116.37 

174.54 

232.74 

290.9 

349 

if 

8.58 

12.87 

17.16 

21.45 

25.74 

4 

128 

192 

256 

320 

384 

if 

10.72 

16.08 

21.44 

26.8 

32.16 

4 

140.38 

210.57 

280.76 

351 

421.14 

i* 

13.18 

19.77 

26.36 

32.95 

39.54 

4± 

153.54 

230.31 

307 

383.85 

460.62 

2 

16 

24 

32 

40 

48  * 

4f 

167.48 

251.22 

335 

418.7 

502.48 

2i 

19.19 

28.77 

38.38 

47.95 

57.57 

4* 

182.24 

273.36 

364.48 

455.6 

546.72 

2i 

22,78 

34.17 

45.56 

56.95 

68.34 

4f 

197.86 

296.79 

395.72 

494.65 

593.58 

2f 

26.79 

40.17 

53.58 

66.95 

80.37 

4f 

214.34 

321.54 

428.68 

535.85 

643 

21 

31.24 

46.86 

62.48 

78.1 

93.72 

4£ 

231.71 

347.55 

463.42 

579.25 

695.73 

2f 

36.18 

54.27 

72.36 

90.45 

108.54 

5 

250 

375 

500 

625 

750 

2f 

41.6 

62.4 

83.2 

104 

124.8 

5i 

289.4 

434.1 

578.8 

723.5 

868.2 

H 

47.52 

71.28 

95 

118.8 

141.56 

51 

332.75 

499 

665.5 

831.87 

998.25 

3 

54 

81 

108 

135 

162 

5f 

380.22 

570.33 

760.44 

950.55 

1,140.66 

8* 

61.02 

91.53 

122 

152.55 

183 

6 

432 

648 

864 

1,080 

1,296 

»i 

68.66 

103 

137.32 

171.65 

206 

Table  of  Horse-Power  for  Shafting  for  Counter  Shafts,  well  supported,  or  3d  Movers. 
Factor  of  Safety  =  6.17. 


Diameter 
in  Inches. 

Eevolutions  per  Minute. 

100 

160 

200 

250 

300 

350 

400 

Horse-Power. 

1 

3 

4.5 

6 

7.5 

9 

10.5 

12 

l-i1* 

3.59 

6.37 

7.18 

9.95 

10.77 

12.53 

14.36 

H 

4.27 

6.54 

8.54 

10.9 

12.81 

15.26 

17.08 

ift 

6.02 

7.53 

10.04 

12.55 

15.06 

17.57 

20.08 

li 

6.85 

8.77 

11.7 

14.62 

17.55 

20.47 

23.4 

1-,% 

6.78 

10.17 

13.56 

16.95 

20.24 

23.73 

27.12 

If 

7.79 

11.67 

15.58 

19.45 

23.37 

27.23 

31.16 

4 

8.91 

13.35 

17.82 

22.25 

26.73 

31.15 

35.64 

H 

10.11 

15.16 

20.22 

25.27 

30.33 

35.38 

40.44 

l-& 

11.44 

17.16 

22.88 

28.6 

34.32 

40 

45.76 

lf 

12.87 

19.29 

25.74 

32.15 

38.61 

45 

51.48 

iU 

14.41 

21.6 

28.82 

36 

43.23 

60.4 

57.64 

if 

16.08 

24.12 

32.16 

40.2 

48.24 

66.28 

64.32 

IH 

17.86 

26.79 

35.72 

44.65 

53.58 

62.51 

71.44 

H 

19.77 

29.64 

39.54 

49.4 

59.31 

69.16 

79.08 

m 

21.81 

32.7 

43.62 

54.5 

65.43 

76.3 

87.24 

2 

24 

36 

48 

60 

72 

84 

96 

a* 

26.32 

39.48 

52.64 

65.8 

79 

92.12 

105.28 

4 

28.78 

43.17 

67.56 

71.95 

86.34 

100.73 

115.12 

2ft 

31.4 

47.1 

62.8 

78.5 

94.2 

109.9 

125.6 

4 

34.17 

51.25 

68.34 

85.42 

102.51 

119.6 

136.68 

2A 

37.09 

55.63 

74.18 

92.72 

111.27 

129.81 

148.36 

H 

40.18 

60.27 

80.36 

100.45 

120.54 

140.63 

160.72 

& 

43.44 

65.16 

86.88 

108.6 

130.32 

152.04 

173.76 

2* 

46.87 

70.8 

93.74 

117.17 

140.61 

164.04 

187.48 

2ft 

50.46 

75.69 

100.92 

126.15 

151.38 

176.61 

201.84 

a* 

54.27 

81.4 

108.54 

135.67 

162.81 

189.54 

217,08 

2^ 

58.23 

87.35 

116.46 

145.57 

174.69 

203.8 

232.92 

2f 

62.4 

93.6 

124.8 

156 

187.2 

218.4 

249.6 

2|| 

66.74 

100.11 

133.48 

166.85 

200.22 

233.59 

266.96 

H 

71.28 

106.92 

141.56 

176.95 

213.84 

249.49 

285.12 

2*f 

76.04 

114.96 

152.08 

190.1 

228.12 

266.14 

304.16 

3 

81 

120.5 

162 

202.5 

243 

283.5 

324 

The  above  tables  are  carried  out  to  an  extent  beyond  all  probable 
need,  but  may  possibly  be  useful  in  extreme  cases  ;  and  it  should  be 
remembered  that  the  first  length  of  shaft  in  a  line,  which  carries  the 
receiving  pulley,  and  has  to  bear  the  vertical  or  lateral  strain  of  the 
main  belt,  being  also  usually  of  considerable  length,  should  generally 
be  of  the  size  given  in  the  first  table. 


BELTING. 


ANT  general  rule  for  the  speed  of  belts  to  convey  a  given  number  of 
horse-powers  will  of  course  be  somewhat  varied  by  situation  and  cir- 
cumstances, but  the  writer  believes  that  the  following  data  and  deduc- 
tions will  be  found  reliable  for  well  tanned  leather  belts  under  ordinary 
conditions  : 

MoRLNr  gives  .551  Ib.  per  .00155  sq.  in.  section  as  a  safe  working 
strain,  which  is  equal  to  551  Ibs.  per  1.55  sq.  in.,-or  355  Ibs.  per  sq.  in., 
and  assumes  the  thickness  of  an  ordinary  single  belt  to  be  .16  in., 
which  gives  the  safe  strain  on  each  inch  of  width  to  be  equal  to  56.8  Ibs. 

HASWELL,  in  his  "  Engineer's  Pocket-Book,"  gives  the  safe  strain 
in  like  manner  at  350  Ibs.  per  sq.  in.,  or  equal  to  56  Ibs.  per  inch  width 
of  ordinary  belt. 

RANKINE  gives  285  Ibs.  per  sq.  in.,  or  45.6  per  inch  width,  and 
copies  from  Towne's  tables,  in  "The  Journal  of  the  Franklin  Insti- 
tute," the  following  : 

Breaking  strain  per  inch  width  in  solid  leather 675  lbs< 

"  "        "      "     at  rivet  holes  of  splice 362   " 

"  "        "      "    at  lacing  holes ..210" 

Safe  working  tension 45   " 

Mr.  James  S.  Atwood,  of  Wauregan,  Conn.,  has  prepared  a  table 
for  his  own  use,  based  on  330  Ibs.  per  sq.  in.  as  a  safe  working  tension. 

The  very  valuable  collection  of  data  and  observations  published  by 
Mr.  J.  H.  Cooper,  of  Philadelphia,  gives  a  very  wide  range  of  opin- 
ions from  various  authorities,  extending  from  40  to  100  Ibs.  per  inch 
in  width  of  ordinary  belting,  as  consistent  with  safety. 

Mr.  Cooper  has  also  published  in  "  The  Journal  of  the  Franklin 
Institute  "  for  November,  1878,  a  paper  containing  a  translation  from 
the  French  of  M.  Laborde,  originally  published  prior  to  1833,  and 


96 

based  on  a  working  tension  of  only  20  Ibs.  per  inch  in  width,  but  from 
which  Mr.  Cooper  deduces  the  following  simple  rule  for  strength,  viz.  : 
"  It  is  the  stress  in  pounds  which  each  inch  of  belt  width  will  safely 
and  continuously  bear  at  any  velocity" 

The  tests  made  with  Riehle's  breaking  machine  at  the  Centennial 
Exhibition  showed  a  breaking  strain  per  sq.  in.  ranging  from  3,000  to 
5,000  Ibs.,  or  from  500  to  833  Ibs.  per  1  in.  in  width  and  £  in.  in  thick- 
ness, which  I  assume  to  be  about  the  average  of  single  belting. 

The  writer's  own  experience  has  shown  him  that  a  rule  given  him 
many  years  since  by  an  experienced  mechanic,  of  "  600  ft.  velocity  per 
1  inch  of  belt  width  per  horse-power?  was  perfectly  reliable  ;  and  the 
reasons  for  it  may  be  deduced  from  the  above  data  as  follows  : 

Assuming  as  a  basis  a  fair  average  from  the  various  tests,  of  a  safe 
working  strain  of  330  Ibs.  per  sq.  in.,  or  55  Ibs.  for  \  in.  in  thickness, 
about  one  quarter  of  the  strength  shown  by  Mr.  Towne's  tests  at  the 
lacing  holes,  we  may  obtain  a  very  simple  formula  for  velocity  : 
33,000  Ibs.  lifted  1  ft.  per  minute  being  the  accepted  unit  of  a  horse- 
power, 1  sq.  in.  of  belt  must  then  move  100  ft.  per  minute  to  transmit 
the  same,  330  X  100  being  =  33,000  ;  and  -J-  sq.  in.  or  1  in.  width  of 
ordinary  belting  must  move  600  ft.  per  minute,  equal  to  50  sq.  ft.  of 
belt  per  minute,  which  I  therefore  adopt  as  my  rule  for  single  belts. 
Double  belting  will  vary  from  J-  to  \  or  •§•  in.  in  thickness,  and  of 
course  require  proportionately  less  velocity  per  horse-power  ;  and  the 
following  rules  may  be  deduced  for  all  dimensions,  viz.  : 

"  Multiply  the  denominator  of  the  fraction  expressing  the  thick- 
ness of  the  belt  in  inches  by  100,  and  divide  by  the  numerator,  for  the 
necessary  velocity  in  feet  per  minute  for  each  inch  in  width  ;  "  viz., 
to  transmit  1  horse-power  : 

\  in.  =  6  x  100  =  600       ft.  per  minute. 

f  in.  =  S-^^  =  266.66"         « 
3 


in.  =  4  x  100  =  400 


" 


The  velocity  and  width  being  given,  to  get  the  horse-power  : 
"  Divide  the  actual  velocity  by  the  velocity  per  horse-power  as  above, 
and  multiply  by  the  width  ;  "  viz.,  for  a  12-in.  belt,  single,  2,400  ft. 
per  minute  : 


=  4x  12=48  H.P. 

600 


The  velocity  and  horse-power  being  given,  to  get  the  inches  in 
width  :    "  Divide  the  velocity  by  the  velocity  per  inch  obtained  as 


97 

above,  and  divide  the  horse-power  by  the  product ; "  viz.,  for  a  belt 
3,000  ft.  per  minute  to  transmit  50  horse-power  : 

3,000  50  H.  P. 

—  =  5.  =  10  in. 

600  5 

These  rules  will,  however,  be  varied  by  circumstances.  Belts, 
when  stopping  and  starting,  or  shifting  from  one  pulley  to  another,  as 
in  the  case  of  looms  and  mules  are  frequent,  should,  on  account  of  the 
wear  and  tear,  be  made  wider  than  the  power  only  requires.  Also  any 
great  difference  in  the  size  of  pulleys,  materially  decreasing  the  angle 
of  friction  on  the  smaller  pulley,  will  require  an  increase  of  width,  to 
give  the  necessary  holding  surface. 

Belts  should  be  used  with  the  grain  or  hair  side  next  the  pulley  ; 
they  will  hold  better  and  wear  longer. 

So  far  as  the  capacity  of  the  belt  itself  to  transmit  power  is  con- 
cerned, independent  of  the  frictional  surface  of  the  pulleys,  the  follow- 
ing table  may  prove  convenient  for  reference  for  single  belts  of  the 
average  thickness  of  -J-  in.,  and  from  it  may  be  readily  deduced  the 
available  power  to  be  derived  from  double  belts  according  to  their 
thickness.  There  are,  however,  other  points  to  be  considered  than  the 
one  of  the  actual  strength  of  the  belt,  the  most  important  one  of  which 
is  its  friction  or  "  hold  "  upon  the  pulley. 

It  is  generally  conceded  that  the  friction  of  a  belt  passing  half 
around  a  pulley  is  equal  to  one  half  the  strain  on  the  belt ;  or  that  an 
inch  belt  at  600  ft.  per  minute,  with  a  strain  of  55  Ibs.,  would  give  a 
pressure  of  27.5  Ibs.,  and  require  a  pulley  which  would  give  1,200 
lineal  feet  per  minute  of  surface  contact,  to  obtain  the  1  H.  P.  to 
which  the  belt  would  be  equal.  Morin,  in  his  "Mechanics,"  gives 
as  the  result  of  actual  trials  with  a  loaded  belt  over  a  wooden  drum  an 
average  friction  of  50  per  cent.,  which  would  be  increased  by  using  a 
pulley  covered  with  leather  ;  and  a  polished  iron  pulley,  with  a  smooth, 
flexible  belt,  may,  I  think,  be  depended  on  in  actual  use  for  50  per  cent. 
The  most  scientific  writers  commit  gross  errors  in  treating  of  this 
question.  Professor  Rankine  says  that  the  rough  or  flesh  side  of  the 
belt  should  be  next  to  the  pulley  to  get  friction  ;  whereas  the  friction 
of  a  belt  is  due  to  close  contact  and  the  consequent  atmospheric  pres- 
sure from  outside,  so  that  the  best  result  is  obtained  by  a  smooth  sur- 
face of  leather,  which,  being  moderately  elastic,  admits  of  the  com- 
plete expulsion  of  the  air  between  the  surfaces  and  the  consequent  full 
effect  of  the  external  pressure. 

Considering  this  established  in  practice,  that  the  available  friction 
is  50  per  cent,  of  the  strain,  I  find  in  use  the  following  rules  (which 


98 

agree  very  closely  with  my  previous  conclusions)  for  getting  at  the 
proper  width  of  a  belt  where  the  speed  and  amount  of  contact  surface 
are  determined  by  the  necessities  of  the  case. 

The  Page  Belting  Co.,  of  Concord,  N.  H.,  gives  the  following  for- 
mula : 

No.  H.  P.  x  36,000 


Inches  width  = 


Velocity  in  ft.  x  -J  contact  length  in  inches 


In  Cooper's  admirable  collection  of  "  Belting  Facts  and  Figures," 
I  find  the  following :  "  Professor  Thurston  gives  : 

No.  H.  P.  x  7,000 
Width  in  inches  — 


Velocity  in  ft.  x  contact  length  in  ft. 
Mr.  F.  W.  Bacon,  C.  E.,  says  : 

No.  H.  P.  x  6,000 


Width  in  inches  = 


Velocity  in  ft.  x  contact  length  in  ft.' 


which  is  only  a  different  way  of  expressing  the  rule  given  by  the  Page 
Belting  Co.     Messrs.  Hoyt  Bros.,  of  New  York,  say  : 


_         H.  P.  x  5,334 


Velocity  x  contact  in  ft. 

Yan  Riper,  of  Paterson,  gives  the  same  rule ;  and  some  one,  whose 
name  is  not  given,  says  : 

H.  P.  x  26,000 


Velocity  x  contact  in  ft.  x  6 

My  own  deductions  would  give,  in  the  verms  of  the  Page  formula  : 

No.  H.  P.  x  33,000 

Width  in  inches  =  —  -  ; 

Velocity  in  ft.  x  £  contact  in  inches 

or,  reduced  to  feet,  as  by  Mr.  Bacon,  for  a  single  belt : 

W=         H.  P.  x  5,500 

Velocity  x  contact  in  ft. 

or  for  a  double  belt : 

w=         H-  P.  x  3,660 

Velocity  x  contact  in  ft. 

In  this  rule  for  double  belts  I  have  assumed  J  in.  in  thickness  and 
82-J  Ibs.  strain  ;  but,  if  the  belt  be,  as  many  are,  f  in.  thick,  it  would 
of  course  bear  from  110  to  120  Ibs.,  and  267  ft.  per  minute  would  give 


99 

1  H.  P.  per  inch  ;  and  the  formula  for  contact  with  one  half  the  sur- 
face, or  180°,  would  be 

H.  P.  x  2,444 
w  = 


Velocity  x  contact  length  in  ft. 

These  formulae  are  based  on  my  previous  data  of  a  velocity  of  50 
sq.  ft.  per  minute,  or  a  strain  of  55  Ibs.  per  inch  on  a  single  belt,  and 
on  the  belt  being  in  contact  with  one  half  the  circumference  of  the 
pulley.  Now,  the  friction  varies  with  the  arc  of  the  circle  with  which 
the  belt  is  in  contact,  and  is  only  half  as  great  on  one  quarter  of  a  pul- 
ley as  on  one  half  of  one  ;  so  that  double  the  surface  in  square  inches 
will  be  required  to  transmit  the  same  power  in  the  former  case  that 
would  be  needed  in  the  latter,  and  the  numerator  of  the  formula  for 
single  belts  would  be  H.  P.  X  11,000.  This  will  be  easily  understood 
by  those  who  know  the  enormous  hold  given  by  passing  the  rope  from 
a  pulley-block  once  around  a  post  where  the  whole  surface  is  in  con- 
tact. If  one  third  of  the  circumference  is  in  contact,  the  coefficient 
in  the  numerator  would  be  8,250. 

Carrying  out  these  rules,  it  will  be  easily  seen  that,  where  high 
speed  is  to  be  obtained  by  the  use  of  small  pulleys,  a  much  greater 
width  of  belt  is  necessary  to  get  the  frictional  surface  than  is  called 
for  by  the  strength  of  the  leather  ;  and  it  will  be  found  that  for  cir- 
cular saws,  cotton  pickers,  spinning  frames,  etc.,  a  wider  belt  is  needed 
than  is  due  to  the  actual  power  transmitted.  Take,  for  instance,  a 
spinning  frame,  with  a  7-in.  pulley,  900  revolutions  per  minute,  or 
1,650  ft.  belt  velocity,  and  requiring  1^  H.  P.  One  inch  of  belt  at 
that  speed  would  transmit  2J  H.  P.,  but  the  contact  surface  of  the 
pulley  would  not  be  over  10  in.  in  length,  and  by  the  above  rules  calls 
for  a  3-in.  belt,  which  is  the  standard  size  for  that  purpose. 

A  good  practical  example  of  a  main  belt  in  actual  use,  under  the 
writer's  frequent  observation,  is  that  of  a  24-in.  double  belt,  at  a  ve- 
locity of  3,200  ft.  per  minute,  transmitting  160  H.  P.  to  a  pulley  4  ft. 
10  in.  in  diameter. 

Taking  the  first  formula  for  double  belts  as  above,  the  width 
should  be 

W=      ISO  H-r-*  3,660     =24.Uin. 
3,200  x  7.58  (i  circle) 

This  belt  has  now  run  seven  years  without  repair. 

According  to  the  rules  for  the  strength  only,  it  would  transmit 
192  H.  P.,  but  the  smaller  pulley  should  then  be  5  ft.  9.6  in.  diameter, 
instead  of  4  ft.  10  in. 


100 


Table  of  Power  which  may  be  transmitted  by  Single  Belts  of  different  Widths  and  Velocities, 
averaging  one  sixth  of  an  inch  in  thickness. 


li 

2« 
[* 

Velocity  in  Feet  per  Minute. 

600 

800 

1,000  1  1,200 

1,500 

2,000 

2,500 

3,000 

3,500 

4,000 

5,000 

Horse-  Power. 

1 

1 

1.33 

1.66 

2 

2.5 

3.33 

4.16 

5 

5.83 

6.66 

8.33 

2 

2 

2.66 

3.33 

4 

5 

6.66 

8.33 

10 

11.66 

13.33 

16.66 

3 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7.5 

10 

12.5 

15 

17.5 

20 

25 

4 

4 

5.33 

6.66 

8 

10 

13.33 

16.66 

20 

23.33 

26.66 

33.33 

5 

5 

6.66 

8.33 

10 

12.5 

16.66 

20.83 

25 

29.16 

33.33 

41.66 

6 

6 

8 

10 

12 

15 

20 

25 

30 

35 

40 

50 

8 

8 

10.66 

13.33 

16 

20 

26.66 

33.33 

40 

46.66 

53.33 

66.66 

10 

10 

13.33 

16.66 

20 

25 

33.33 

41.66 

50 

58.33 

66.66 

83.33 

12 

12 

16 

20 

24 

30 

40 

50 

•  60 

70 

80 

100 

14 

14 

18.66 

23.33 

28 

35 

46.66 

58.33 

70 

81.66 

93.33 

116.66 

16 

16 

21.33 

26.66 

32 

40 

53.33 

66.66 

80 

93.33 

106.66 

133.33 

18 

18 

24 

30 

36 

45 

60 

75 

90 

105 

120 

150 

20 

20 

26.66 

33.33 

40 

50 

66.66 

83.33 

100 

116.66 

133.33 

166.66 

22 

22 

29.33 

36.66 

44 

55 

73.33 

91.66 

110 

128.33 

146.66 

183.33 

24 

24 

32 

40 

48 

60 

80 

100 

120 

140 

160 

200 

26 

26 

34.66 

43.33 

52 

65 

86.66 

108.33 

130 

151.66 

173.33 

216.66 

28 

28 

37.33 

46.66 

56 

70 

93.33 

116.66 

140 

163.33 

186.66 

233.33 

30 

30 

40 

50 

60 

75 

100 

125 

150 

175 

200 

250 

32 

32 

42.66 

53.33 

64 

80 

106.66 

133.33 

160 

186.66 

213.33 

266.66 

34 

34 

45.33 

56.66 

68 

85 

113.33 

141.66 

170 

198.33 

216.66 

283.33 

36 

36 

48 

60 

72 

90 

120 

150 

180 

210 

240 

300 

WATEB-WHEELS. 


THE  following  tables  of  the  Turbine  Wheel  tests  at  the  Centennial 
Exhibition  in  Philadelphia  in  1876  will  be  explained  by  the  annexed 
extract  from  the  Official  Report  made  by  me  to  Captain  John  S. 
Albert,  Chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Machinery.  The  calculations  as  pub- 
lished in  the  report  were  revised  by  another  person  after  leaving  my 
hands,  and  published  over  my  name  without  my  knowledge.  Some 
errors  were  corrected,  and  many  more  introduced,  and  I  have  there- 
fore recalculated  the  whole,  with  the  aid  of  Vega's  logarithmic  tables  ; 
so  that  the  results  as  now  shown  may  be  regarded  as  substantially 
correct. 

In  several  instances  they  have  been  confirmed  by  tests  since  made 
by  other  persons,  to  whom  the  wheels  had  been  taken  by  disap- 
pointed exhibitors  for  new  trials. 


TESTS   OF  TURBINE  WATER-WHEELS. 

"The  water  was  furnished  by  a  pair  of  powerful  centrifugal 
pumps,  exhibited  by  Messrs.  W.  L.  Andrews  &  Co.,  of  New  York, 
and  driven  by  oscillating  engines,  which  raised  from  1,800  to  1,900 
cubic  feet  of  water  per  minute  to  a  tank  placed  at  the  end  of  the  Hy- 
draulic Annex,  the  overflow  of  which  was  33  feet  above  the  level  of 
the  water  in  the  large  tank  in  the  center  of  the  building,  from  which 
it  was  pumped. 

"  This  water  usually  formed  the  '  cataract,'  which  was  stopped  par- 
tially or  wholly  while  testing  the  Turbines. 

"  From  this  tank  a  wrought-iron  tube  or  '  penstock/  4  feet  in  diam- 
eter, descended  to  the  '  flume,'  or  case  in  which  the  wheels  were  set, 
and  which  was  8  feet  in  diameter  by  6  feet  in  height,  supported  by  a 
brick  wall  resting  on  a  granite  bedstone.  From  the  wheels  the  water 


n-  102 

was  conducted  by  an  ample  passage  to  a  rack  or  strainer  30  feet  from 
the  wheel,  and  stretching  across  a  brick  tail-race  14  feet  wide  by  8 
deep,  at  the  lower  end  of  which,  15  feet  below  the  rack,  was  the  meas- 
uring weir,  9  feet  long,  formed  of  a  heavy  cast-iron  plate  planed  to  a 
true  edge  one  eighth  of  an  inch  thick,  and  beveled  from  that  on  the 
lower  side  at  an  angle  of  45°.  The  upright  ends  of  the  weir  were 
made  of  Georgia  pine,  cut  and  beveled  to  the  same  dimensions,  and 
were  carefully  adjusted  by  Mr.  Samuel  S.  Webber,  and  verified  by 
myself. 

"  The  hook  gauge,  loaned  for  the  experiments  by  Mr.  T.  H.  Ris- 
don,  was  placed  in  a  tight  wooden  box  6  feet  up  stream  from  the 
weir,  and  the  water  was  admitted  to  this  box,  for  the  purpose  of 
measurement  of  height,  by  a  few  f -inch  holes  bored  in  the  bottom  of 
the  box,  3  feet  below  the  surface  of  the  water  ;  and  an  examination  of 
the  very  thorough  test  of  the  Tait  wheel  shows  the  sensitiveness  with 
which  the  weir  measurement  responded  to  the  changes  of  load  and 
variation  in  the  number  of  revolutions  of  the  wheel. 

"  The  apparatus  for  measuring  the  power  consisted  of  a  friction 
pulley  fitted  to  the  wheel  shaft,  37.44  inches  diameter  and  18  inches 
face,  which  was  clasped  by  a  Prony  brake,  consisting  of  a  pair  of  cast- 
iron  shoes  lined  with  wood,  from  one  of  which  projected  an  oak  arm 
6  by  4  inches,  through  which  a  knife-edged  eye-bolt  was  fastened  at  a 
distance  from  the  center  of  the  shaft  of  10.5  feet,  or  the  radius  of  a 
66-feet  circle.  These  portions  of  the  apparatus,  with  the  scale-pan 
and  hydraulic  regulator,  16  inches  diameter,  were  also  kindly  loaned 
by  Mr.  Risdon. 

"  To  facilitate  the  handling  of  the  weights,  this  lever  was  con- 
nected by  an  iron  rod  with  the  short  arm  of  a  bell-crank  or  scale-beam 
2  feet  in  height,  while  the  longer  arms,  which  were  attached  to  the 
scale-pan  and  regulator,  were  4  feet  each,  thus  giving  a  leverage  of 
132  to  1  for  each  pound  placed  in  the  scale.  All  the  pivots  or  bear- 
ings of  this  scale-beam  were  of  steel,  knife-edged,  and  bearing  in 
hardened  iron  sockets. 

"  The  weights  used  were  United  States  standard,  and  were  kindly 
loaned  by  Messrs.  Fairbanks  &  Co.  The  pulley,  weighing  1,000 
pounds,  rested  on  the  shaft  and  step  of  the  wheel,  corresponding  in 
some  measure  to  the  usual  *  crown-gear ' ;  but  the  brake,  which 
weighed  1,600  pounds,  was  suspended  by  a  swivel  from  a  beam  di- 
rectly over  the  center  of  the  wheels,  so  as  to  allow  perfect  freedom 
of  motion  in  any  direction.  An  examination  of  the  records  will  also 
show  the  sensitiveness  and  accuracy  of  this  part  of  the  apparatus, 
every  distance  and  dimension  of  which  I  carefully  measured  and  ad- 
justed personally  before  commencing  the  tests. 


103 

"  The  head  of  water  acting  on  the  wheels  was  ascertained  by  a 
gauge-rod,  having  a  hook  at  the  lower  end,  which  was  carefully  kept 
at  the  level  of  the  tail-water  in  a  box  sunk  in  the  floor  and  connected 
with  the  tail-race  by  a  perforated  pipe  ;  while  a  pipe  led  from  the  case 
to  the  level  of  the  head- water,  where  a  glass  tube  enabled  the  observer 
to  read  at  once  the  acting  head  by  the  graduations  on  the  upper  end 
of  the  gauge-rod. 

"  Experiments  not  strictly  belonging  to  the  wheel  tests  were  made, 
showing  that  the  same  wheel,  with  the  same  load,  at  different  times 
repeated  the  number  of  revolutions  very  accurately,  and  proved  the 
correctness  of  the  apparatus.  The  revolutions  of  the  wheel  were  as- 
certained by  a  worm-gear  clock,  which  was  thrown  in  and  out  of  con- 
nection with  the  shaft  of  the  wheel,  at  signals  given  by  a  bell,  which 
was  struck  at  intervals  of  one  or  two  minutes,  according  to  the  length 
of  test  desired. 

"  The  friction  pulley  was  accurately  balanced  before  commencing 
the  tests,  and,  when  the  wheels  themselves  were  truly  set,  ran  with 
perfect  steadiness  and  regularity. 

"  In  conducting  these  tests  I  have  been  assisted  by  the  following 
gentlemen,  our  watches  being  all  set  to  the  same  time  before  com- 
mencing the  tests,  and  simultaneous  observations  being  taken  during 
their  entire  duration.  These  observations  being  noted  down  as  taken, 
a  comparison  of  the  different  note-books  gave  a  record  of  all  the 
points  in  the  test  at  every  half -minute  of  its  duration." 

"Mr.  Percy  Sanguinetti  read  the  hook  gauge,  giving  the  height  of 
water  on  the  weir ;  Mr.  Philip  R.  Voorhees  read  the  gauge  giving 
the  head  of  water  acting  on  the  wheel ;  Mr.  Samuel  S.  Webber  man- 
aged the  counting  clock  and  read  the  revolutions  of  the  wheel,  and 
also  saw  that  the  lubrication  was  perfect  ;  while  Mr.  John  Cotter, 
Superintendent  of  the  Hydraulic  Annex,  kept  the  records  of  the 
weight  and  revolutions,  and  assisted  me  generally  in  various  ways. 
I  personally  kept  an  eye  on  all  points,  and  gave  the  bell-signals  by 
which  the  observations  were  taken'." 

"  Each  exhibitor  was  allowed  free  access  and  liberty  of  observa- 
tions during  the  tests  of  his  own  wheel  ;  and,  whatever  may  be-  the 
accuracy  of  the  net  results  obtained,  the  comparative  ones  may  be 
depended  on,  as  the  tests  were  all  made  under  similar  circumstances, 
and  the  different  points  watched  and  the  notes  taken  throughout  by 
the  same  observers,  none  of  them  having  any  interest  whatever  in  the 
result,  or  any  opportunity  at  the  time  of  knowing  what  the  observa- 
tions were  at  other  stations  than  their  own." 

"  It  is  worthy  of  notice  that  the  best  results  have  been  attained  by 
wheels  taken  just  as  they  came  from  the  shop,  without  any  especial 


104 


finish  or  preparation,  and  the  thoroughly  exhaustive  test  of  the  Tait 
wheel  is  worth  studying,  as  showing  the  accurate  working  of  the 
apparatus." 

"  The  Geyelin  wheel,  entered  by  R.  D.  Wood  &  Co.,  was  so  tightly 
fitted  in  the  shop  that  I  do  not  think  we  got  a  fair  record  of  its  power  ; 
and  the  Cope  wheel  used  so  much  water  that  we  could  not  carry  the 
test  out  in  full,  but  the  percentage  was  gaining  regularly  up  to  the 
last  trial,  when  we  exhausted  the  supply  of  water,  having  reached 
over  1,860  cubic  feet,  or  14,000  gallons  per  minute. 

"  The  Hunt  wheel  also  taxed  the  supply  of  water  to  the  utmost, 
and  the  third  wheel  from  the  York  Company  was  only  tested  to  prove 
or  disprove  what  was  believed  to  be  an  unsound  principle,  viz.,  that 
of  shallow  buckets  and  central  discharge  ;  and  the  result  is  confirmed 
by  those  obtained  from  some  of  the  other  wheels. 

"  The  leakage  of  the  flume  was  large  during  the  first  six  trials,  but 
by  calking  and  tamping  with  lead  was  very  much  reduced  at  the  test 
of  the  Tyler  wheel,  after  which  test  the  allowance  was  uniform  of 
14.352  cubic  feet  per  minute  waste  to  each  wheel.  In  the  first  six 
tests  it  was  taken  as  noted  in  the  tables,  and  the  amount  is  in  all  cases 
deducted  from  the  water  consumed  per  minute." 

The  temperature  of  the  water  until  November  1  was  75°  Fahr., 
giving  a  weight  of  62.234  pounds  per  cubic  foot.  After  that  date  it 
was  taken  at  70°,  or  62.3  pounds  per  cubic  foot. 


TESTS  OP  WATER-WHEELS-INTERNATIONAL  EXHIBITION,  1876. 

September  18.     Barker  &  Harris,  Turbine.     20  Inches  Diameter. 


No.  of  Test. 

* 

Time  of  Stop. 

WeightLiffd. 

Eevolutions 
per  Min. 

Head  on 
Wheels. 

l| 

Cubic  Feet 
Discharged 
per  Min. 

& 

>•  _! 
^  "a) 
O   Q 

IP 

Jj'o 

•    §5 

11 

|P 

1* 

Percentage 
of  Effect. 

Waste  on 
Weir. 

EEMABKS. 

P.M. 

P.M. 

Lbs. 

1 

5.05 

5.07 

23 

354 

31.25 

.62 

812.43 

32.57 

47.88 

.6802 

.096 

Full  Gate. 

2 

5.08 

5.10 

26 

348.5 

31.22 

.623 

818.66 

36.244 

48.2 

.7519 

.096 

u 

3 

5.13 

5.15 

27 

341.5 

31.18 

.63 

833.28 

36.882 

49 

.7527 

.096 

« 

4 

5.18 

5.19 

28 

330.5 

31.18 

.626 

824.88 

37.02 

48.5 

.7631 

.096 

u 

5 

5.21 

5.23 

22 

380.5 

31.27 

.6 

771.22 

33.484 

45.48 

.7362 

.096 

|  Gate. 

6 

5.27 

5.29 

22 

287.5 

31.4 

.514 

601.72 

25.3 

35.63 

.71 

.096 

t    " 

7 

5.30 

5.32 

20 

299 

31.45 

.495 

566 

23.92 

33.57 

.7125 

.096 

f    " 

8 

5.40 

5.42 

16 

271.5 

31.62 

.405 

405.97 

17.376 

24.21 

.7177 

.096 

1          U 

9 

5.47 

5.49 

13 

327.5 

31.66 

.405 

405.97 

17.03 

24.24 

.7026 

.096 

i    " 

Waste,  .096  =  53.34  cu.  ft.  per  minute,  deducted  from  cu.  ft.  per  minute  gross,  to 
give  amount  in  table. 


1.07 
1.10 
1.13 
1.18 
1.21 
1.26 
1.31 
1.38 
1.41 
1.44 


105 


September  21.     Risdon   Wheel.     30  Inches  Diameter. 


1.09 
1.12 
1.15 
1.20 
1.23 
1.28 
1.33 
1.40 
1.43 
1.46 


t3 

5 

Jo 

§*> 

P 

Jjla 

1* 

ll 

if 

a 

H-i 

|3 

li  S 

'§'* 

0   S^ 

•  ^ 

PH  ca 

Gstt 

&<v 

EEMARKS. 

1 

5 

in 

3* 

££ 

£* 

s-Sft 

P 

5* 

I* 

<§  P 

Lbs. 
78 

266 

30.36 

.973 

1,653.85 

82.99 

94.69 

.8768 

.072 

Full  Gate. 

80 

258.5 

30.36 

.9795 

1,669.31 

82.73 

95.57 

.8655 

.072 

" 

82 

252.5 

30.37 

.9804 

1,671.27 

82.82 

95.72 

.8652 

.072 

M 

68 

257 

30.59 

.8738 

1,403.67 

69.9 

80.96 

.8622 

.072 

£  Gate. 

70 

247 

30.59 

.876 

1,410.94 

69.16 

81.36 

.85 

.072 

7        « 

60 

238 

30.83 

.795 

1,210.38 

57.12 

70.41 

.8112 

.072 

t       " 

58 

248 

30.84 

.7876 

1,198.92 

57.53 

69.81 

.8241 

.072 

i  ;; 

38 

269 

31.05 

.677 

951.81 

40.88 

55.74 

.7316 

.072 

40 

263.5 

31.04 

.68 

958.44 

42.16 

56.11 

.7513 

.072  i    " 

41 

258 

31 

.681 

960.54 

42.31 

56.15 

.7535 

.072 

i       a 

Waste  on  weir,  .072  =  34.66  cu.  ft.  per  minute,  deducted  from  gross  amount,  to 
give  amount  in  table. 


September  23.     Knowlton  &  Dolan.     24  Inches  Diameter. 


.j 

& 

•d 

• 

h 

S3 

H 
o 

1« 

Time  of  Sto 

Weight  Lift 

Ke  volution 
per  Min. 

0    « 

ll 

*&  "§ 

1^ 

HH 

Cubic  Fee 
Discharge* 
per  Min. 

Horse-Pow 
of  Wheel. 

Horse-Pow 
of  Water. 

Percentage 
of  Effect. 

Waste  on 
Weir. 

EEMARKS. 

P.M. 

P.M. 

Lbs. 

1 

12.26 

12.28 

50 

333.5 

30.82 

.908 

1,482.3 

66.7 

86.13 

.7743 

.082 

Full  Gate. 

2 

12.29 

12.31 

52 

324 

30.79 

.9195 

1,510.89 

67.39 

87.73 

.7681 

.082 

» 

3 

12.38 

12.40 

54 

311 

30.75 

.923 

1,519.7 

67.17 

88.13 

.7622 

.082 

u 

4 

12.41 

12.43 

56 

302 

30.76 

.924 

1,523.2 

67.64 

88.3 

.7661 

.082 

'' 

5 

12.44 

12.46 

58 

293.5 

30.74 

.928 

1,532.2 

68.09 

88.75 

.7672 

.082 

" 

6 

12.48 

12.50 

60 

282.5 

30.73 

.931 

1,533.9 

67.8 

88.88 

.7628 

.082 

a 

7 

12.52 

12.54 

48 

299.5 

30.85 

.853 

1,347.9 

57.5 

78.4 

.7334 

.082 

|  Gate. 

8 

12.55 

12.57 

50 

292.5 

30.86 

.856 

1,354.86 

58.5 

79.02 

.723 

.082 

<9 

12.58 

1 

52 

283.5 

30.88 

.859 

1,362.12 

58.97 

79.5 

.7243 

.082 

7       u 

10 

1.05 

1.07 

38 

233 

31.18 

.684 

959.6 

35.42 

35.41 

.6273 

.082 

|  to  f  Gate. 

11 

1.08 

1.10 

36 

243.5 

31.18 

.684 

959.6 

35.06 

35.06 

.6213 

.082 

itof    " 

12 

1.11 

1.13 

34 

256.5 

31.19 

.683 

957.42 

34.88 

34.88 

.6194 

.082 

itof    " 

13 

1.14 

1.16 

32 

270.5 

31.21 

.678 

946.58 

34.62 

34.62 

.6214 

.082 

itof    " 

i 

Waste  on  weir,  .082  ==42.15  cu.  ft.  per  minute,  deducted  from  gross  amount,  to  give 
result  in  table. 


106 


September  25.     A.  N.  Wolff.     24  Inches  Diameter. 


1i 

I 

1 

g  . 

*•§  - 

!-• 

L 

g^ 

g 

£ 

O     • 

CC 

.2.9 

oS 

.. 

EJJ  kC.S 

o  sj 

o  £ 

rt   o 

O 

M 

£' 

|| 

I 

EH 

1 

£% 

•§! 

m 

IP 

f 

|| 
I* 

I 

j| 

BEMAEKS. 

P.M. 

P.M. 

Lbs. 

1 

12.21 

12.23 

64 

266 

30.58 

.977 

1,664.15 

68.1 

95.97 

.7096 

.072 

Full  Gate. 

2 

12.24 

12.26 

60 

274 

30.59 

.975 

1,659.03 

67.95 

95.73 

.7097 

.072 

3 

12.27 

12.29 

60 

287.5 

30.58 

.9715 

1,650.07 

69 

95.16 

.7251 

.072 

4 

12.30 

12.32 

58 

297 

30.6 

.968 

1,641.06 

68.9 

94.79 

.7269 

.072 

5 

12.33 

12.35 

56 

305 

30.6 

.96 

1,620.65 

68.32 

93.53 

.7305 

.072 

6 

12.42 

12.44 

55 

303.5 

30.58 

.963 

1,628.3 

66.77 

93.9 

.7085 

.072 

7 

12.45 

12.47 

57 

297.5 

30.56 

.961 

1,623.2 

67.83 

93.63 

.7244 

.072 

8 

12.49 

12.51 

50 

276.5 

30.79 

.842 

1,328.65 

55.3 

76.97 

.7184 

.072 

f  Gate. 

9 

12.52 

12.54 

44 

297.5 

30.83 

.83 

1,300 

52.36 

75.58 

.6927 

.072 

i    " 

10 

1 

1.02 

30 

287.5 

31.08 

.66 

916.37 

34.5 

63.65 

.643 

.072 

i    " 

11 

1.09 

1.11 

24 

272.5 

31.4 

.572 

733.72 

26.16 

43.45 

.6026 

.072 

i     « 

12 

1.19 

1.21 

22 

282.5 

31.45 

.56 

709.53 

24.86 

42.08 

.5907 

.072 

1         U 

Waste  on  weir,  .072  ==  34.66  cu.  ft.  per  minute,  deducted  in  column  of  discharge. 


October  15.     A.  JV.  Wolf.     24-Inch  Wheel.     Second  Test. 


No.  of  Test,  j 

*  . 

11 

H® 

Time  of  Stop. 

T3' 
£ 

Eevolutions 
per  Mic. 

Head  on 
Wheels. 

1* 

1* 

Cubic  Feet 
Discharged 
per  Min. 

Horse-Power 
of  Wheel. 

Horse-Power 
of  Water. 

Percentage 
of  Effect. 

Waste  on 
Weir. 

EEMAEKS. 

P.M. 

P.M. 

Lbs. 

1 

4.34 

4.36 

54 

300 

30.18 

.913 

1,522.52 

64.8 

86.05 

.7478 

.04 

Full  Gate. 

2 

4.3*7 

4.39 

56 

291.5 

30.16 

.918 

1,535 

65.29 

87.31 

.7469 

.04 

" 

3 

4.41 

4.43 

58 

275 

30.12 

.923 

1,547.5 

63.8 

87.9 

.7258 

.04 

u 

4 

4.44 

4.46 

60 

267.5 

30.12 

.926 

1,555   1  64.2 

88.33 

.7268 

.04 

it 

5 

4.48 

4.50 

52 

312 

30.17 

.91 

1,515 

64.9 

86.2 

.7429 

.04 

tt 

6 

4.55 

4.56 

50 

320 

30.16 

.905 

1,502.5 

64 

85.66 

.7489 

.04 

n 

7 

4.57 

4.59 

52 

307.5 

30.14 

.909 

1,512.5 

63.96 

85.97 

.744 

.04 

(i 

8 

5.04 

5.06 

40 

300 

30.58 

.762 

1,161.5  !48 

66.83 

.7183 

.04 

|  Gate. 

9 

5.07 

5.08 

42 

298 

30.56 

.766 

1,170    50 

67.43 

.7415 

.04 

f  «   ' 

10 

5.10 

5.11 

30 

284 

30.83 

.644 

901.69  34.08 

52.43 

.6501 

.04 

f  " 

11 

5.17 

5.18 

24 

290 

30.89 

.582 

773.71  27.84 

45.18 

6177 

.04 

i  " 

12 

5.19 

5.20 

26 

271 

30.9 

.588 

785.81  28.18 

45.9 

6154 

.04 

i  " 

Waste  on  weir,  .040,  deducted  from  discharge. 


107 


September  26.    John  T.  Noye  &  Sons,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.     26  Inches  Diameter. 


<V 

| 

«g 

3 

& 

§  q 

g  <a 

g,. 

11s 

H 

1  **' 

rtj 

q 
o    . 

1 

|1 

Time  of  5 

1 

1ft 

il 

m 

35* 

Horse-P 
ofWht 

|! 

I! 

f 

EEMABKS. 

P.M. 

P.M. 

Lbs. 

1 

3.28 

3.30 

32 

285 

31.11 

.697 

995.52 

36.48 

58.41 

.6246 

.072 

Full  Gate. 

2 

3.32 

3.34 

34 

269 

31.1 

.698 

997.71 

36.38 

58.52 

.6234 

.072 

" 

3 

3.35 

3.37 

30 

294 

31.1 

.691 

982.39 

35.28 

57.62 

.6123 

.072 

« 

4 

3.38 

3.40 

28 

302.5 

31.11 

.686 

971.44 

33.88 

56.99 

.5944 

.072 

u 

5 

3.41 

3.43 

26 

317 

31.16 

.63 

851.96 

32.97 

50.07 

.6585 

.072 

^  Gate. 

6 

3.45 

3.47 

26 

289 

31.24 

.62 

831.12 

30.06 

48.97 

.6139 

.072 

f    " 

7 

3.48 

3.50 

24 

300 

31.21 

.615 

820.76 

28.8 

48.31 

.5961 

.072 

t    " 

8 

3.52 

3.53 

22 

314 

31.17 

.608 

806.33 

27.63 

47.39 

.583 

.072 

f    " 

9 

3.55 

3.57 

22 

293 

31.29 

.542 

674.23 

25.78 

39.79 

.648 

.072 

f    " 

10 

4.02 

4.04 

20 

256.5 

31.28 

.536 

660.59 

20.52 

38.97 

.5266 

.072 

11 

4.05 

4.07 

18 

272.5 

31.28 

.528 

647.16 

19.62 

38.18 

.5139 

.072 

i    "' 

12 

4.08 

4.10 

16 

289.5 

31.28 

.52 

631.84 

18.52 

37.27 

.4969 

.072 

i     « 

Continued  September  27. 


13 

12.24 

12.26 

30 

302 

31 

.684 

967.12 

36.24 

56.54 

.641 

.072  Full  Gate. 

14 

12.27 

12.29 

28 

317 

30.95 

.665 

926.09 

35.3 

54.05 

.653 

.072 

u 

15 

12.30 

12.32 

26 

325 

30.8 

.664 

923.95 

33.8 

53.67 

.6298 

.072 

(C 

16 

12.33 

12.35 

27 

320 

30.64 

.668 

932.53 

34.56 

53.88 

.6414 

.072 

« 

Leakage  =  34.66  cu.  ft.  per  minute,  deducted  from  discharge. 


October  2.     Goldie  &  McCullough,  Gait,  Province  Ontario.     27  Inches  Diameter. 


No.  of  Test.  || 

ll 

In00 

Time  of  Stop. 

Weight  Lift'dJ 

Is 

|fc 

Head  on 
Wheels. 

Head  on 
Weir. 

+*  T3 

in 
in 

Horse-  Power 
of  Wheel. 

Horse-Power 
of  Water. 

i 

i 
Percentage  I 
of  Effect. 

Waste  on 
Weir. 

REMARKS. 

P.M. 

P.M. 

Lbs. 

1 

12.18 

12.20 

52 

320 

30.25 

.945 

1,582.55 

66.56 

90.28 

.7373 

.072 

Full  Gate. 

2 

12.21 

12.23 

54 

316 

30.27 

.95 

1,595.22 

68.25 

91.06 

.7495 

.072 

u 

3 

12.27 

12.29 

58 

303.5 

30.27 

.963 

1,628.29 

70.41 

92.95 

.7575 

.072 

(( 

4 

12.30 

12.32 

60 

301 

30.24 

.968 

1,641.09 

72.24 

93.59 

.7719 

.072 

u 

5 

12.33 

12.35 

62 

299 

30.2 

.972 

1,651.34 

74.15 

94.05 

.7884 

.072 

u 

6 

12.36 

12.38 

64 

296.5 

30.2 

.974 

1,656.4 

75.9 

94.34 

.8045 

.072 

u 

7 

12.39 

12.41 

66 

291 

30.18 

.982 

1,677.03 

76.82 

95.45 

.8048 

.072 

« 

8 

12.42 

12.44 

68 

286.5 

30.12 

.984 

,682.17 

77.92 

95.55 

.8155 

.072 

u 

9 

12.45 

12.47 

70 

281.5 

30.05 

.988 

,692.47 

78.82 

95.91 

.8218 

.072 

u 

10 

12.49 

12.51 

50 

280 

30.14 

'.858 

,367.22 

56 

77.71 

.7206 

,072 

f  Gate. 

11 

12.52 

12.54 

48 

285 

30.15 

.861 

,374,47 

54.72 

78.15 

.7012 

.072 

f    " 

12 

12.57 

12.59 

26 

352 

30.63 

.848 

,343.1 

36.61 

77.58 

.4719 

.072 

f    " 

13 

1.02 

1.04 

30 

350 

30.55 

.85 

,347.91 

42 

77.66 

.5408 

.072 

f    " 

14 

1.07 

1.09 

30 

325 

30.65 

.782 

,187.25 

39 

68.62 

.5683 

.072 

i    " 

15 

1.10 

1.12 

34 

312 

30.65 

.792 

,210.46 

42.43 

69.97 

.6064 

.072 

i    " 

Leakage  =  34.66  cu.  ft.  per  minute,  deducted  from  discharge. 


108 


October  4.     John  Tyler,  Claremont,  N.  H.     30  Inches  Diameter. 


No.  of  Test.  || 

I* 

I" 

Time  of  Stop. 

Weight  Lift'dJ 

Eevolutions 
per  Min. 

i 
Head  on 
Wheels. 

•S-S 

1* 

Cubic  Feet 
Discharged 
per  Min. 

L 

<?! 
l^ 

KO 

Horse-Power 
of  Water. 

Percentage 
of  Effect. 

1 

Waste  on  1 
Weir. 

KEMARKS. 

P.M. 

P.M. 

Lbs. 

1 

12.21 

12.23 

74 

251 

30 

.972 

1,671.63 

74.29 

94.57 

.7855 

.04 

Full  Gate. 

2 

12.28 

12.30 

72 

257 

30.05 

.96 

1,640.96 

74.02 

92.82 

.7974 

.04 

u 

3 

12.31 

12.33 

64 

278 

30.05 

.955 

1,628.21 

71.17 

92.27 

.7713 

.04 

H 

4 

12.34 

12.36 

62 

285.5 

30.06 

.948 

1,610.46 

70.8 

91.3 

.7755 

.04 

(( 

6 

12.37 

12.39 

60 

288.5 

30.1 

.945 

1,602.87 

69.24 

90.99 

.761 

.04 

(( 

6 

12.40 

12.41 

58 

294 

30.08 

.944 

1,600.34 

68.21 

90.78 

.7513 

.04 

U 

7 

12.46 

12.48 

64 

282.5 

30.05 

.958 

1,635.87 

72.32 

92.7 

.7801 

.04 

« 

8 

12.51 

12.52 

66 

277 

30.02 

.959 

1,638.41 

73.13 

92.76 

.7884 

.04 

u 

9 

12.54 

12.56 

58 

266.5 

30.1 

.88 

1,441.06 

66.47 

81.83 

.8123 

.04 

1  Gate. 

10 

12.58 

12.59 

56 

261 

30.25 

.814 

1,282.38 

58.46 

73.16 

.7991 

.04 

4  " 

11 

1 

1.02 

52 

246 

30.47 

.807 

1,265.88 

51.17 

72.74 

.7034 

.04 

4  " 

12 

1.03 

1.05 

48 

256.5 

30.52 

.788 

1,221.45 

49.25 

70.3 

.7005 

.04 

4  " 

13 

1.07 

1.09 

44 

247 

30.6 

.745 

1,122.81 

43.47 

64.79 

.6709 

.04 

i  " 

14 

1.10 

1.12 

40 

260 

30.65 

.73 

1,089 

41.6 

62.95 

.6609 

.04 

i  " 

15 

1.14 

1.15 

36 

240 

30.8 

.622 

855.57 

34.56 

49.7 

.6955 

.04 

*  " 

Waste  =  14.352  cu.  ft.  per  minute,  deducted  from  discharge, 
high  above  upper  bearing. 


Friction  pulley  too 


October  6.     Wm.  F.  Mosser,  Allentown,  Pa.     24  Inches  Diameter. 


1 

« 
£ 

*,u 

®  "§ 
r;oD 

Time  of  Stop. 

Weight  Llft'd. 

Eevolutions 
per  Min. 

Head  on 
Wheels. 

Head  on 
Weir. 

Cubic  Feet 
Discharged 
per  Min. 

Horse-Power 
of  Wheel. 

Horse-Power 
of  Water. 

1 

1  Waste  on 
Weir. 

EEMABKB. 

P.M. 

P.M. 

Lbs. 

i 

12.26 

12.28 

42 

300 

30.56 

.763 

1,163.8 

50.4 

67.07 

.7514 

.04 

Full  Gate. 

2 

12.29 

12.31 

44 

289.5 

30.58 

.772 

1,184.46 

50.95 

68.31 

.7459 

.04 

u 

3 

12.32 

12.34 

46 

276 

30.58 

.778 

1,198.29 

50.78 

69.15 

.7343 

.04 

u 

4 

12.35 

12.37 

40 

312.5 

30.6 

.77 

1,179.86 

50 

68.09 

.7344 

.04 

u 

5 

12.38 

12.40 

38 

326.5 

30.6 

.758 

1,151.36 

49.63 

66.44 

.747 

.04 

u 

6 

12.41 

12.43 

36 

342 

30.62 

.752 

1,138.69 

49.25 

66.82 

.737 

.04 

u 

7 

12.44 

12.46 

34 

356.5 

30.65 

.744 

1,120.55 

48.48 

64.77 

.7485 

.04 

u 

8 

12.47 

12.49 

32 

365 

30.67 

.74 

1,111.41 

46.72 

64.28 

.7268 

.04 

<t 

9 

12.59 

1.01 

32 

310.5 

30.9 

.666 

948.53 

39.74 

55.27 

.719 

.04 

i  Gate. 

10 

1.02 

1.04 

30 

323 

30.95 

.657 

929.27 

38.76 

54.24 

.7146 

.04 

it  " 

11 

1.05 

1.07 

28 

335 

31 

.648 

910.14 

37.52 

53.21 

.7052 

.04 

4  " 

12 

1.08 

1.10 

26 

347 

31.02 

.644 

901.67 

36.09 

52.75 

.6842 

.04 

f  " 

13 

1.11 

1.13 

24 

345 

31.03 

.636 

884.82 

34.08 

51.78 

.6582  .04 

I  " 

14 

1.18 

1.20 

24 

312 

31.1 

.595 

800.04 

29.95 

46.92 

.6383 

.04 

i  " 

15 

1.21 

1.23 

22 

343 

31 

.586 

781.79 

30.18 

45.79 

.6585 

.04 

i  " 

Waste  =  14.352  cu.  ft.  per  minute,  deducted  from  discharge. 


109 


October  10.     York  Manufacturing  Co.,  York,  Pa.,  Bollinger  Wheel.     26J  Inches  Diam. 


4> 

JH 

"3 

£ 

*«i 

o>  & 

II 

Time  of  Stop. 

WeightLift'd.  1 

Revolutions 
per  Min. 

Head  on 
Wheejs. 

§.fa 
1^  '3 

fi* 

Cubic  Feet 
Discharged 
per  Min. 

Horse-Power 
of  Wheel. 

Horse-Power 
of  Water. 

§M 

|| 

13 

J5* 

Waste  on 
Weir. 

REMARKS. 

P.M. 

P.M. 

Lbs. 

1 

12.40 

12.42 

44 

310 

30.47 

.855 

1,380.27 

54.56 

79.31 

.6879 

.04 

Full  Gate. 

2 

12.43 

12.45 

48 

292.5 

30.44 

.858 

1,367.5 

56.16 

79.65 

.7051 

.04 

u 

3 

12.46 

12.48 

46 

300 

30.3 

.865 

,380 

55.2 

78.86 

.7 

.04 

u 

4 

12.50 

12.52 

44 

300 

30 

.852 

,373 

52.8 

77.68 

.6797 

.04 

a 

5 

12.55 

12.57 

44 

290 

30.46 

.818 

,291.8 

51.04 

74.2 

.6878 

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|  Gate. 

6 

12.58 

1 

42 

300 

30.46 

.816 

,287 

50.4 

73.93 

.6817 

.04 

*  " 

7 

1.07 

1.09 

36 

290 

30.62 

.738 

,107 

41.76 

63.92 

.6533 

.04 

*  •" 

8 

.10 

1.12 

34 

300 

30.61 

.737 

,104.74 

40.8 

63.77 

.6398 

.04 

4  " 

9 

.13 

1.14 

32 

306 

30.62 

.735 

,100.24 

39.27 

63.53 

.6181 

.04 

4  " 

10 

.21 

1.23 

30 

274.5 

30.8 

.663 

942 

32.94 

64.72 

.602 

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i  "   ! 

11 

.24 

1.26 

28 

290 

30.81 

.66 

935.68 

32.48 

54.37 

.5974 

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i  ;; 

12 

.34 

1.36 

24 

263 

31 

.584 

777.81 

25.25 

45.47 

.5553 

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13 

.37 

1.39 

20 

291 

31.1 

.58 

769.51 

23.28 

45.13 

.5158 

.04 

•§•  " 

Waste  =  14.352  cu.  ft.  per  minute,  deducted  from  discharge. 


October  12.     Second  Bollinger  Wheel,  York  Manufacturing  Co.     27  Inches  Diam. 


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12.37 

34 

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30.59 

.759 

1,154.6 

43.43 

66.61 

.637 

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Full  Gate. 

2 

12.38 

12.40 

36 

306 

30.55 

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44.06 

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30.63 

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287 

30.54 

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45.92 

68.22 

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282.5 

30.55 

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,198.29 

47.46 

69.08 

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12.50 

12.51 

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275 

30.63 

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48.4 

69.51 

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12.52 

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273 

30.5 

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50.23 

70.52 

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270 

30.5 

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51.84 

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30.48 

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52 

71.55 

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252.5 

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52.52 

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54 

246.5 

30.42 

.804 

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53.24 

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i 

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56 

232 

30.42 

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51.97 

72.35 

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ii 

13 

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32 

318 

30.6 

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,100.22 

40.7 

63.49 

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|  Gate. 

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1.15 

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36 

300 

30.6 

.742 

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43.2 

64.4 

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15 

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36 

280 

30.7 

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40.32 

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16 

1.23 

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34 

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30.72 

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59.23 

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17 

1.27 

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34 

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30.85 

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36.45 

53.94 

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18 

1.30 

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32 

277 

30.85 

.654 

922.87 

35.45 

63.69 

.6602 

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i    «( 

19 

1.40 

.41 

24 

300 

31.03 

.6 

810.23 

28.8 

47.41 

.6074 

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•§•    " 

20 

1.42 

.44 

26 

285 

31 

.603 

816.36 

29.64 

47.73 

.621 

.04 

a      « 

Waste  deducted  from  discharge  as  before. 


8 


110 


October  13.     York  Mfg.  Co.,  Center  Vent  Wheel.     27  Inches  Diam.     (Experimental.) 


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12.32 

12.34 

36 

265.5 

30 

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1,320.3 

38.23 

74.7 

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2 

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1,325.2 

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1 

52 

240 

29.92 

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1,370.6 

49.92 

77.19 

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1.01 

1.02 

56 

225 

29.86 

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1,392.87 

50.4 

78.41 

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29.85 

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1,399.64 

50.88 

78.79 

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u 

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1.09 

1.11 

32 

264 

30.25 

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1,168.11 

33.79 

66.64 

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|  Gate. 

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1.15 

1.16 

30 

251 

30.48 

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950.65 

30.12 

54.61 

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12 

1.19 

1.21 

34 

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30.49 

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32.91 

55.03 

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13 

1.22 

1.23 

36 

233 

30.46 

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961.43 

33.55 

55.23 

.6075 

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f    " 

Waste  =  14.352  cu.  ft.  per  minute,  deducted  from  discharge. 


October  18.     National  Wheel,  Bristol,  Conn.    25  Inches  Diameter. 


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P.M. 

P.M. 

Lbs. 

i 

3.28 

3.30 

40 

330.5 

30.3 

.787 

1,219.15 

52.88 

69.66 

.759 

.04 

Full  Gate. 

2 

3.31 

3.33 

46 

312 

30.25 

.804 

1,258.84 

57.41 

72.05 

.7968 

.04 

" 

3 

3.34 

3.36 

50 

299 

30.24 

.814 

1,282.38 

59.8 

73.13 

.8177 

.04 

u 

4 

3.37 

3.39 

52 

290 

30.22 

.818 

1,291.8 

60.32 

73.62 

.8191 

.04 

u 

5 

3.40 

3.42 

54 

287.5 

30.2 

.825 

1,308.4 

62.1 

74.52 

.8334 

.04 

u 

6 

3.43 

3.45 

56 

279 

30.17 

.826 

1,310.81 

62.49 

74.58 

.8379 

.04 

u 

7 

3.46 

3.48 

58 

265 

30.14 

.832 

1,325.1 

61.48 

75.32 

.8163 

.04 

u 

8 

3.49 

3.51 

60 

257.5 

30.13 

.837 

1,337 

61.8 

75.97 

.8135 

.04 

u 

9 

3.52 

3.54 

62 

249 

30.12 

.84 

1,344.2 

61.75 

76.34 

.8089 

.04 

u 

10 

3.56 

3.58 

64 

241.5 

30.11 

.844 

1,353.77 

61.82 

76.87 

.8042 

.04 

u 

11 

4 

4.02 

66 

226.5 

30.17 

.848 

1,363.2 

59.8 

77.56 

.771 

.04 

u 

12 

4.11 

4.12 

32 

312 

30.67 

.7 

1,022.4 

39.94 

59.13 

.6754 

.04 

f  Gate. 

13 

4.13 

4.14 

36 

292 

30.7 

.702 

1,026.8 

42.04 

59.45 

.7072 

.04 

f    " 

Waste  =  14.352  cu.  ft.  per  minute,  deducted  from  discharge. 


111 


October  19.     E.  T.  Cope  &  Sons,  West  Chester,  Pa.     30  Inches  Diameter. 


d 

d 

S3 

S3 

1 
£ 

o^ 

11 

TiraeofSto 

WeightLift' 

J 

Head  on 
Wheels. 

a 
It 

||| 

Horse-Pow 
of  Wheel. 

Hcrse-Pow 
of  Water. 

§>.»»• 

f| 

I* 

Waste  on 
Weir. 

REMABKS. 

P.M. 

P.M. 

Lbs. 

1 

3.59 

4 

64 

226 

30.5 

.903  1,497.68 

57.86 

86.14 

.6716 

.04 

Full  Gate. 

2 

4.03 

4.04 

60 

240 

30.55 

.894 

1,475.44 

57.6 

84.9 

.6784 

.04 

a 

3 

4.05 

4.06 

60 

245 

30.54 

.91  1,515.1 

58.8 

87.15 

.6747 

.04 

u 

4 

4.08 

4.09 

56 

272 

30.3 

.942  1,595.26 

60.93 

91.91 

.6629 

.04 

u 

5 

4.10 

4.11 

58 

266 

30.26 

.943 

1,597.8 

61.71 

92.02 

.6706 

.04 

U 

6 

4.12 

4.13 

60 

255 

30.2 

.945  |l,602.88 

61.2 

91.59 

.6682 

.04 

" 

7 

4.14 

4.15 

63 

254 

30 

.954 

1,625.69 

64.01 

91.98 

.6959 

.04 

« 

8 

4.16 

4.17 

67 

240 

29.8 

.958 

1,635.8 

64.32 

91.93 

.6996 

.04 

M 

9 

4.19 

4.20 

70 

223 

28.5 

.954 

1,625.69 

62.44 

87.38 

.7146 

.04 

U 

10* 

4.37 

4.38 

64 

274 

30.15 

1.032  1,827.6 

70.14 

103.92 

.675 

.04 

it 

11 

4.41 

4.42 

76 

267 

29.65 

1.035  1,835.3 

78.13 

102.62 

.7613 

.04 

u 

12 

4.43 

4.44 

78 

251 

29.2 

1.04 

1,848.74 

80.5 

101.81 

.7907 

.04 

11 

13 

4.45 

4.46 

80 

241 

28.8 

1.04 

1,848.74 

77.12 

100.41 

.768 

.04 

Waste  =  14.352,  deducted  from  discharge  as  before. 
October  23.     Thomas  Tail,  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  "  Centennial  Wheel."     25  Inches  Diam. 


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REMARKS. 

P.M. 

P.M. 

Lbs. 

1 

12.42 

12.44 

30 

331 

31.12 

.651 

916.5 

39.72 

53.79 

.7384 

.04 

Full  Gate. 

2 

12.37 

12.39 

32 

321.5 

31.06 

.655 

925.01 

41.15 

54.18 

.7595 

.04 

" 

3 

12.40 

12.41 

34 

315 

31.05 

.661 

937.82 

42.84 

54.91 

.7801 

.04 

" 

4 

12.34 

12.36 

36 

300 

31.03 

.664 

944.24 

43.2 

55.25 

.7818 

.04 

« 

5 

12.46 

12.48 

38 

295 

31.06 

.668 

952.84 

44.84 

55.81 

.8033 

.04 

u 

6 

12.31 

12.33 

40 

288.5 

31 

.672 

961.43 

46.16 

56.21 

.8212 

.04 

U 

7 

12.49 

12.51 

42 

274 

31.02 

.677 

972.24 

46.03 

56.87 

.8093 

.04 

u 

8 

12.53 

12.54 

44 

265 

31.01 

.68 

978.75 

46.64 

57.24 

.8148 

.04 

u 

9 

12.55 

12.56 

46 

254 

31.01 

.683 

985.25 

46.74 

57.62 

.8112 

.04 

(( 

10 

12.57 

12.58 

48 

243 

31.02 

.685 

989.59 

46.66 

57.89 

.806 

.04 

a 

11 

1.08 

1.10 

22 

322.5 

31.32 

.539 

688.7 

28.38 

40.68 

.6977 

.04 

£  Gate. 

12 

1.04 

1.06 

24 

302.5 

31.32 

.544 

698.42 

29.04 

41.25 

.7039 

.04 

f    " 

13 

1.12 

1.13 

26 

292 

31.32 

.548 

706.25 

30.37 

41.71 

.7282 

.04 

£    " 

14 

.18 

1.20 

20 

277.5 

31.45 

.478 

573.6 

22.2 

34.02 

.6525 

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i    " 

15 

.21 

1.22 

21 

265 

31.44 

.479 

575.43 

22.26 

34.12 

.6524 

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i    " 

16 

.24 

1.25 

22 

258 

31.44 

.48 

577.27 

22.7 

34.23 

.6632 

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i    t( 

17 

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1.34 

11 

268.5 

31.57 

.37 

387.03 

11.81 

23.04 

.5125 

.04 

i    " 

18 

.30 

1.31 

12 

265 

31.47 

.373 

391.89 

12.72 

23.26' 

.5469 

.04 

i    " 

19 

.35 

1.36 

13 

245 

31.57 

.377 

398.41 

12.74 

23.72 

.5571 

.04 

i    " 

20 

1.43 

1.44 

7 

255 

31,6 

.305 

286.49 

7.14 

17.07 

.4182 

.04 

1         " 

21 

1.39 

1.41 

8 

235 

31.59 

.309 

292.4 

7.52 

17.42 

.4317 

.04 

1         " 

5 

22 

1.47 

1.48 

5 

277 

31.61- 

.301 

280.62 

5.54 

16.73 

.3312 

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1        (( 

23 

1.45 

1.46 

6 

266 

31.61 

.303 

283.58 

6.38 

16.9 

.3767 

.04 

i       " 

Waste  of  14.352  cu.  ft.  deducted  from  discharge  as  before.  The  times  of  making 
the  tests  of  this  wheel  are  transposed  in  order  to  show  the  increase  of  weight  in  regular 
succession,  with  the  corresponding  increase  in  discharge. 

*  Stopped  for  want  of  steam.  These  tests  were  not  completed,  the  steam  pumps  being  unable  to  sup* 
ply  the  necessary  water,  and  the  wheel  consequently  ran  very  unevenly. 


112 


October  31.      GeyeUn>s  Duplex  Jonval  Turbine.     36  Inches   Diameter.     R.  D.  Wood 
Co.,  Philadelphia.     Outer  Row  of  buckets  only  tested. 


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1 

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A.M. 

A.M. 

Lbs. 

i 

9.17 

9.18 

34 

260 

30.1 

.7 

1,022.38 

35.36 

58.1 

.6086 

.04 

Full  Gate. 

2 

9.19 

9.20 

36 

255 

30.1 

.7 

1,022.38 

36.72 

58.1 

.632 

.04 

3 

9.06 

9.08 

38 

250 

30.12 

.702 

1,026.8 

38 

58.39 

.6508 

.04 

4 

9.04 

9.05. 

40 

240 

30.1 

.7 

1,022.38 

38.4 

58.1 

.661 

.04 

5 

9.23 

9.24 

42 

235 

30.3 

.703 

1,029 

39.48 

58.86 

.6707 

.04 

6 

9.25 

9.26 

44 

227 

30.3 

.703 

1,029 

39.95 

58.86 

.6787 

.04 

7 

9.27 

-9.28 

46 

220 

30.3 

.703 

1,029 

40.48 

58.86 

.6877 

.04 

8 

9.29 

9.30 

48 

215 

30.3 

.705  1  1,033.4 

41.28 

59.11 

.6983 

.04 

9 

9.31 

9.32 

50 

208 

30.3 

.705 

1,033.4 

41.6 

59.11 

.7038 

.04 

10 

9.34 

9.35 

52 

200 

30.3 

.708 

1,040.04 

41.6 

59.49 

.6992 

.04 

11 

9.37 

9.38 

54 

19,6 

30.28 

.708 

1,040.04 

42.33 

59.45 

.712 

.04 

12 

9.39 

9.40 

56 

190 

30.28 

.708 

1,040.04 

42.56 

59.45 

.716 

.04 

u 

13 

9.41 

9.42 

58 

181 

30.28 

.708 

1,040.04 

41.99 

59.45 

.7063 

.04 

u 

14 

9.44 

9.45 

60 

170 

30.28 

.708 

1,040.04 

40.8 

59.45 

.6863 

.04 

tt 

Wheel  bound  in  case ;  taken  out  and  eased  and  repeated  trial  November  1.     Leak- 
age deducted  as  previously. 


P.M. 

P.M. 

Lbs. 

. 

15 

12.52 

12.54 

54 

205 

29.95 

.716 

1,057.76 

44.28 

59.81 

.7405 

.04 

Full  Gate. 

16 

12.55 

12.56 

56 

199 

29.96 

.715 

1,055.56 

44.57 

59.7 

.7465 

.04 

c< 

17 

12.57 

1258 

58 

191 

29.96 

.715 

1,055.56 

44.31 

59.7 

.7422 

.04 

<( 

18 

12.59 

1 

60 

186 

29.95 

.717 

1,059.99 

44.64 

59.98 

.7442 

.04 

« 

Wheel  still  too  tight ;  test  stopped. 


November  2.     Oeyelin  Duplex  Turbine.     Both  Rows  of  Buckets. 


P, 

•o 

S     S           1 

1 
•s 

1 

*«! 

|I 

Time  of  Sto 

WeightLift' 

Revolution 
per  Min. 

Head  on 
Wheels. 

il 

Cubic  Feel 
Dischargee 
per  Min. 

Horse-Pow 
of  Wheel. 

Horse-Pow 
of  Water. 

Percentag< 
of  Effect. 

Waste  on 
Weir. 

REMARKS. 

A.M. 

A.M. 

Lbs. 

1 

9.30 

9.32 

76 

223.5 

29.53 

.942 

,595.28 

67.94 

88.93  .7639 

.04 

Full  Gate. 

2 

9.36 

9.38 

80 

217.5 

29.55 

.942 

,595.28 

69.6 

88.99  .7821 

.04 

M 

3 

9.39 

9.41 

84 

204 

29.58 

.942 

,595.28 

68.54 

89.08  .7694 

.04 

" 

4 

9.42 

9.44 

88 

195.5 

29.58 

.94 

,590.23 

68.82 

88.8  .775 

.04 

a 

5 

9.45 

9.47 

92 

185.5 

29.52 

.938 

,585.2 

68.264 

88.33  .7711 

.04 

M 

6 

9.48 

9.49 

90 

190 

29.52 

.938 

,585.2 

68.4 

88.33  .7739 

.04 

II 

7 

9.52 

9.54 

86 

197 

29.52 

.94 

,590.2 

67.77 

88.62  .7647 

.04 

U 

8 

9.55 

9.56 

82 

206 

29.56 

.943 

1,597.8 

67.57 

89.17.7581 

.04 

U 

9 

10.04 

10.06 

89 

189 

29.56 

.938 

1,585.2 

67.284 

88.46  .7606 

.04 

Waste  =  14.352  cu.  ft.  per  minute,  deducted  from  discharge.  This  wheel  was  now 
withdrawn,  the  step  having  worn  down  one  quarter  of  an  inch  for  want  of  lubrication, 
and  from  the  fact  that  the  testing  flume  was  not  solid  enough  to  stand  the  pressure  of  the 
water  without  springing  so  as  to  cause  the  wheel,  which  was  very  closely  fitted,  to  bind 
and  wear  in  its  case. 


113 


November  3.     Geyelin  Single  Jonval  Turbine.     36  Inches  Diameter.     JR.  D.  Wood  &  Co., 

Philadelphia. 


0. 

•« 

w 

1 

*g 

2 

fe 

R     . 

o  * 

a 

"S^  - 

i-rf 

1  »: 

fcc+J 

£ 

H 

'o 

O^j 

o  s- 

02 

•3 

3 

S 

ll 

|3 

|| 

•S^? 

<?l 

o  ^ 

11 

|-s 

EEMABKS. 

d 

1- 

o 
g 

I 

J* 

K£ 

X* 

II  s, 

1* 

wS*® 

l§- 

1^ 

A.M. 

A.M. 

Lbs. 

1 

9.42 

9.44 

80 

213.5 

29.3 

.896 

1,480.4 

68.32 

81.89 

.8343 

.04 

Full  Gate. 

2 

9.45 

9.47 

82 

205 

29.61 

.897 

1,482.88 

67.24 

82.89 

.8112 

.04 

« 

3 

9.48 

9.50 

84 

197 

29.62 

.903 

1,497.68 

66.192 

83.75 

.7902 

.04 

« 

4 

9.51 

9.53 

86 

190.5 

29.65 

.904 

1,500.18 

65.53 

83.97 

.7839 

.04 

a 

5 

9.54 

9.56 

78 

211 

29.64 

.9 

1,490.27 

65.83 

83.39 

.7894 

.04 

u 

6 

9.57 

9.58 

78 

212 

29.62 

.9 

1,490.27 

66.144 

83.33 

.7937 

.04 

« 

7 

9.59 

10.01 

78 

205.5 

29.6 

.9 

1,490.27 

64.116 

83.28 

.7699 

.04 

" 

Waste  deducted  as  previously  from  discharge,  14.352  cu.  ft.  This  wheel  also  bound 
in  the  step,  and  was  withdrawn  for  future  trials,  which  were  prevented  by  the  close  of 
the  Exhibition  before  the  wheel  could  be  refitted.  Further  trials  of  the  National,  Tyler, 
Cope,  and  Risdon  wheels  were  also  rendered  impossible  from  the  same  cause. 


November  6.     Chase  Manufacturing  Co.,  Orange,  Mass.     24  Inches  Diameter. 


|  No.  of  Test,  ll 

|* 

Time  of  Stop. 

WeightLiftU 

Eevolutions 
per  Min. 

§» 

11 

Is 

A  ^3 

O  t^ 

vr 

Cubic  Feet 
Discharged 
per  Min. 

Horse-Power 
of  Wheel. 

Horse-Power 
of  Water. 

Percentage 
of  Effect. 

Waste  on 
Weir. 

REMARKS. 

P.M. 

P.M. 

Lbs. 

1 

3.28 

3.30 

32 

399 

29.3  . 

.915 

1,527.5 

51.07 

84.69 

.603 

.04 

Full  Gate. 

2 

3.31 

3.33 

34 

380 

29.35 

.917 

1,532.5 

51.68 

84.92 

.6086 

.04 

u 

3 

3.34 

3.35 

34 

379 

29.52 

.918 

1,535 

51.54 

85.54 

.6011 

.04 

u 

4 

3.36 

3,38 

36 

366 

29.7 

.921 

1,542.5 

52.7 

86.49 

.6093 

.04 

u 

5 

3.39 

3.41 

38 

358 

29.88 

.924 

1,550 

54.416 

87.43 

.6224 

.04 

(( 

6 

3.42 

3.44 

40 

349 

29.98 

.928 

1,560 

55.84 

88.29 

.6324 

.04 

« 

7 

3.45 

3.47 

42 

331 

30 

.927 

1,557.5 

55.61 

88.21 

.6304 

-.04 

u 

8 

3.48 

3.49 

44 

304 

29.8 

.927 

1,557.5 

53.5 

87.62 

.6106 

.04 

u 

Wheel  taken  out  and  eased  in  bearings,  and  repeated  November  7. 

9 

3.49 

3.51 

40 

365 

29.85 

.927 

1,557.5 

58.4 

87.77 

.6654 

.04 

Full  Gate. 

10 

3.53 

3.54 

42 

355 

29.8 

.925 

1,552.5 

59.64 

87.34 

.6828 

.04 

u 

11 

3.55 

3.56 

44 

332 

29.8 

.925 

1,552.5 

68.43 

87.34 

.669 

.04 

a 

12 

3.18 

3.20 

28 

435 

29.25 

.871 

1,419.1 

48.72 

78.36 

.6217 

.04 

f-  Gate. 

13 

3.21 

3.23 

36 

363.5 

29.35 

.866 

1,406.9 

52.34 

77.88 

.6714 

.04 

*  " 

14 

3.24 

3.26 

38 

346 

29.38 

.866 

1,406.9 

52.59 

78.03 

.6739 

.04 

*  " 

15 

3.29 

3.31 

40 

325 

29.55 

.867 

1,409.3 

52 

78.62 

.6614 

.04 

*  * 

16 

3.32 

3.34 

37 

360.5 

29.62 

.867 

1,409.3 

53.354 

78.81 

.677 

.04 

f  ' 

17 

3.37 

3.39 

24 

372.5 

30 

.748 

1,129.6 

35.76 

63.97 

.559 

.04 

i  ' 

18 

3.41 

3.43 

26 

350 

30.12 

.746 

1,125.1 

36.4 

63.97 

.5676 

.04 

*  ' 

19 

3.44 

3.46 

28 

328 

30.12 

.746 

1,125.1 

36.74 

63.97 

.5743  .04 

1  ' 

1  • 

Waste  deducted  as  previously  =  14.352  cu.  ft.  per  minute. 


114 


November  9.     Rodney  Hunt,  Orange,  Mass.     24  Inches  Diameter. 


1 

0 

to 

Time  of 
Start. 

1 

1 

|  Weight  Lift'd. 

Revolutions 
per  Min. 

C  03 

P 

life 

s 

j! 

II 

Waste  on 
Weir. 

REMARKS. 

A.M. 

A.M. 

Lbs. 

l 

9.27 

9.29 

58 

328 

28.96 

1.028 

1,817.08 

76-096 

99.35 

.766 

.04 

Full  Gate. 

2 

9.38 

9.39 

60 

317 

29.26 

1.034 

1,832.9 

78.616 

101.25 

.7764 

.04 

« 

P.M. 

P.M. 

u 

3 

12.21 

12.23 

66 

300 

29 

1.04 

1,848.74 

79.2 

101.21 

•7825 

.04 

4 

12.28 

12.30 

68 

300 

29.47 

1.045 

1,861.98 

81.6 

103.69 

7877 

.04 

<i 

5 

12.33 

12.34 

70 

295 

29.75 

1.047 

1,867.31 

82.6 

104.87 

7876 

.04 

u 

6 

12.35 

12.36 

72 

276 

29.25 

1.038 

1,843.45 

79.49 

101.8 

7809 

.04 

u 

7 

12.40 

12.42 

40 

312 

30.25 

.809 

1,270.6 

49.92 

72.56 

688 

.04 

i  Gate. 

8 

12.43 

12.45 

42 

300 

30.27 

.816 

1,284.1 

50.4 

73.38 

6868 

.04 

i  K 

9 

12.46 

12.48 

44 

287.5 

30.23 

.82 

1,296.56 

50.6 

73.99 

6838 

.04 

i  << 

10 

12.50 

12.52 

54 

306 

29.8 

.966 

1,656.2 

66.096 

93.18 

7094 

.04 

f 

11 

12.53 

12.55 

56 

298 

29.62 

.973 

1,674.2 

66.75 

93.57 

7133 

.04 

12 

12.56 

12.58 

58 

289 

29.6 

.974 

1,676.7 

67.05 

93.7 

7156 

.04 

f 

13 

12.59 

1 

60 

278 

29.6 

.974 

1,676.7 

66.72 

93.7 

7121 

.04 

I 

14 

1.03 

1.05 

36 

223 

30.45 

.748 

1,129.63 

32.11 

64.94 

4945 

.04 

15 

1.07 

1.08 

34 

238 

30.44 

.743 

1,118.27 

32.37 

64.2 

5037 

.04 

£ 

16 

1.09 

1.10 

32 

254 

30.43 

.742 

1,116 

32.51 

64.11 

5071 

.04 

i 

17 

1.11 

1.12 

30 

266 

30.5 

.725 

1,077.84 

31.92 

61.98 

5143 

.04 

i 

Waste,  14.352  cu.  ft.  per  minute,  deducted  as  before.  It  was  very  difficult  to  supply 
this  wheel  with  water,  and  several  tests  were  rejected  in  consequence.  But  a  subsequent 
test  of  a  54-in.  wheel  from  the  same  makers,  at  Passaic,  N.  J.,  in  January,  1877,  gave 
141  H.  P.,  equal  to  .843  per  cent.,  by  the  water  measurement  taken  by  another  engineer. 

November  10.     Stout,  Mills  &  Temple,  Dayton,  Ohio.     30  Inches  Diameter. 


T3 

(2 

0 

1 

.2.3 

§1 

PI 

|1^ 

|i 

ojj 

IN 

§C 

f* 

•o 

CoQ 

Is 

O> 

1 

Is 

•cj  £ 

li 

l| 

ill 

Pkjjj 

11 

P 

fl 

REMARKS. 

£ 

1 

I 

0"^ 

w 

W 

oS^ 

IP 

1° 

1* 

* 

P.M. 

P.M. 

Lbs. 

1 

4.42 

4.44 

64 

245.5 

30.05 

.965 

1,653.33 

62.848 

93.79 

.6701 

.04 

Full  Gate. 

2 

4.45 

4.47 

66 

236.5 

29.7 

.965 

1,653.33 

62.436 

92.66 

.6738 

.04 

1 

3 

5.05 

5.07 

68 

236 

29.7 

.975 

1,679.33 

64.19 

94.09 

.6822 

.04 

1 

4 

5.08 

5.10 

70 

231 

29.55 

.98 

1,692.38 

64.68 

94.42 

.685 

.04 

i 

5 

5.12 

5.13 

72 

223 

29.45 

.983 

1,699.88 

64.224 

94.51 

.6795 

.04 

i 

6 

5.19 

5.20 

74 

210 

29.05 

.973 

1,674.2 

62.16 

91.81 

.677 

.04 

t 

7 

5.23 

6.24 

76 

201 

28.75 

.978 

1,687 

61.1 

91.56 

.6673 

.04 

u 

8 

5.28 

5.29 

46 

259 

29.8 

.84 

1,344.2 

47.656 

75.62 

.6296 

.04 

i  Gate. 

9 

5.41 

5.42 

60 

252 

29.7 

.845 

1,356.2 

60.4 

76.04 

.6628 

.04 

^     l 

10 

5.43 

5.44 

54 

242 

29.48 

.854 

1,377.85 

52.272 

78.47 

.6661 

.04 

i     ' 

11 

5.45 

5.46 

68 

230 

29.38 

.859 

1,389.93 

53.36 

77.09 

.6921 

.04 

i      i 

12 

6 

6.01 

34 

180 

30.95 

.548 

706.24 

24.752 

41.26 

.5998 

.04 

i     ' 

13 

6.02 

6.03 

34 

181 

30.95 

.547 

704.28 

24.616 

41.15 

.5982 

.04 

i     ' 

14 

6.04 

6.05 

28 

204 

30.95 

.535 

680.96 

22.848 

39.79 

.5742 

.04 

Gear  on  Gate- 

15 

6.06 

6.07 

24 

229 

30.97 

.527 

665.65 

21.984 

38.91 

5649 

.04 

Shaft  loose,& 
Gate   closed 

16 

6.08 

6.09 

24 

224 

30.98 

.525 

661.69 

21.5 

38.7 

5556 

.04 

itself  grad'ly. 

Waste,  14.352  cu.  ft.  per  minute,  deducted  from  discharge.  This  test  was  completed 
by  lamplight,  at  the  close  of  the  Exhibition,  and  some  of  the  latter  observations  may  not 
be  exactly  correct,  but  their  general  correspondence  is  evidence  that  they  are  not  far  out 
of  the  way. 


KOYING-  AND  YAKN  TABLES. 


TABLE  FOR  NUMBERING  ROVING  BY  GRAINS,  TROY  WEIGHT. 


*t 

I* 

si 

•gw 

i! 

§1 
ih 

ji 

II 

11 

ll 

«^ 
II 

°! 

tf 

^M 
11 

** 

*& 

** 

*& 

°a 

n 

*3 

5I 

n 

&$ 

«| 

°l 

.1 

83.83 

70,000 

1.3 

6.41 

5,384 

3* 

2.38 

2,000 

6f 

.234 

1,037 

.15 

55.56 

46,666 

1.4 

5.95 

5,000 

3f 

2.22 

1,866 

7 

.19 

1,000 

.2 

41.66 

35,000 

1.5 

5.55 

4,666 

4 

2.08 

,750 

7£ 

.149 

965.5 

.3 

27.77 

23,333 

1.6 

5.2 

4,375 

4J- 

1.96 

,647 

71 

.111 

933.3 

.4 

20.83 

17,500 

1.7 

4.9 

4,117 

4.| 

1.85 

,555 

.075 

903.2 

.5 

16.66 

14,000 

1.8 

4.62 

3,888 

4f 

1.75 

,473 

8 

.041 

875 

.6 

13.88 

11,666 

1.9 

4.38 

3,684 

5 

1.66 

,400 

8i 

1.01 

848.4 

.7 

11.9 

10,000 

2 

4.16 

3,500 

5J 

1.58 

,333 

8* 

.98 

823.5 

.8 

10.41 

8,750 

2i 

3.7 

3,111 

5^ 

1.51 

,272 

8f 

.952 

800 

.9 

9.25 

7,777 

2* 

3.33 

2,800 

5f 

1.44 

1,217 

9 

.925 

777.77 

1 

8.33 

7,000 

2| 

3.03 

2,545 

6 

1.38 

1,166 

1.1 

7.57 

6,363 

4: 

3 

2.77 

2.333 

64- 

1.33 

1,120 

1.2 

6.94 

5,833 

2.56 

2153 

"* 

64- 

1.28 

1,076 

«jj4W 

U1T 

TABLE  FOR  NUMBERING  YARN  BY  GRAINS,  TROY  WEIGHT. 


No.  of 
Yarn. 

Grains 
per 
Hank. 

No.  of 
Yarn. 

Grains 
per  Hank. 

No.  of 
Yarn. 

Grains 
per  Hank. 

No.  of 
Yarn. 

Grains 
per  Hank. 

No.  of 
Yarn. 

Grains 
per  Hank. 

9 

777.77 

Ht 

622.22 

13| 

518.51 

15* 

444.44 

18 

388.88 

9± 

756.75 

11* 

608.69 

13f 

509.09 

16 

437.5 

18t 

383.56 

*i 

736.84 

HI 

595.74 

14 

500 

l«t 

430.76 

18| 

378.37 

9f 

720.51 

12 

583.33 

Mt 

491.22 

16i 

424.24 

18f 

373.33 

10 

700 

12i 

571.42 

14| 

482.75 

16f 

417.91 

19 

368.42 

lot 

682.92 

m 

560 

14f 

474.57 

17 

411.76 

191 

363.63 

10* 

666.66 

12f 

649.01 

15 

466.66 

17i 

405.79 

19i 

358.97 

lOf 

651.16 

13 

546.15 

l»i 

459.01 

m 

400 

19| 

354.43 

11 

636.36 

13± 

526.11 

15* 

451.61 

17| 

394.36 

20   ' 

350 

116 


TABLE  FOR  NUMBERING  YARN  BY  GRAINS.— (Continued.) 


No.  of 
Yarn. 

Grains 
per  Hank. 

No.  of 

Yarn. 

Grains 
per  Hank. 

No.  of 
Yarn. 

Grains 
per  Hank. 

No.  of 
Yarn. 

Grains 
per  Hank. 

No.  of 
Yarn. 

Grains 
H^nk. 

20J 

344.44 

•H 

222.22 

42f 

163.74 

54 

129.62 

81 

86.4 

20£ 

341.46 

31f 

220.47 

43 

162.79 

64i 

129.03 

82 

85.4 

20f 

337.34 

32 

218.75 

43± 

161.84 

54i 

128.44 

83 

84.3 

21 

333.33 

32£- 

217.05 

43i 

160.91 

54f 

127.85 

84 

83.3 

21* 

329.41 

324 

215.38 

43f 

160 

55 

127.27 

85 

82.4 

21* 

325.58 

82| 

213.74 

44 

159.69 

55J 

126.69 

86 

81.4 

21f 

321.83 

33 

212.12 

44i 

158.19 

55£ 

126.12 

87 

80.4 

22 

318.18 

33J 

210.52 

44i 

157.41 

55f 

125.56 

88 

79.5 

22J 

314.6 

334 

208.95 

44f 

156.42 

56 

125 

89 

78.6 

224 

311.11 

33f 

207.4 

45 

155.55 

56i 

124.49 

90 

77.8 

22f 

307.69 

34 

205.88 

45J 

154.69 

56| 

123.89 

91 

76.9 

23 

304.34 

34^ 

204.3 

45| 

153.84 

66f 

123.34 

92 

76.1 

23J 

301.07 

344 

202.89 

45f 

152.95 

67 

122.8 

93 

75.3 

234 

297.87 

34f 

201.43 

46 

152.17 

57i 

122.27 

94 

74.5 

23f 

294.73 

35 

200 

46J 

151.3 

57£ 

121.73 

95 

73.7 

24 

291.66 

85J 

198.58 

46| 

140.53 

67f 

121.21 

96 

72.9 

24± 

288.65 

354 

197.32 

46f 

149.73 

68 

120.68 

97 

72.3 

244 

285.71 

35| 

195.8  ' 

47 

148.93 

58£ 

120.17 

98 

71.4 

24f 

282.82 

36 

194.44 

47i 

148.14 

58^ 

119.65 

99 

70.7 

25 

280 

36  i 

193.1 

47i 

147.34 

58f 

119.14 

100 

70 

25J 

277.22 

364 

191.78 

47f 

146.59 

59 

118.47 

105 

66.7 

254 

274.5 

36£ 

190.47 

48 

145.83 

59^ 

118.14 

110 

63.6 

25| 

271.84 

37 

189.18 

48i 

145.07 

694 

117.64 

115 

60.9 

26 

269.23 

37i 

187.91 

48i 

144.32 

59f 

117.15 

120 

58.3 

26J 

266.66 

374 

186.66 

48| 

143.58 

60 

116.66 

125 

56 

264 

264.15 

37f 

185.42 

49 

142.85 

61 

114.8 

130 

53.8 

26f 

261.68 

38 

184.21 

49i 

142.13 

62 

112.9 

135 

51.8 

27 

259.25 

38i 

183 

49i 

141.41 

63 

111.1 

140 

50 

27J 

256.88 

384 

181.81 

49f 

140.7 

64 

109.3 

145 

48.3 

274 

254.54 

38f 

180.63 

60 

140 

65 

107.7 

150 

46.7 

27f 

252.52 

39 

179.48 

50i 

139.3 

66 

106.1 

155 

45.2 

28 

250 

39± 

178.34 

60^ 

138.61 

67 

104.4 

160 

43.8 

28£ 

247.78 

394 

177.21 

50f 

137.93 

68 

102.9 

165 

42.4 

284 

245.61 

39| 

176.1 

51 

137.29 

69 

101.4 

170 

41.2 

28f 

243.46 

40 

176 

Bl* 

136.58 

70 

100 

175 

40 

29 

241.37 

40i 

173.91 

6H 

135.92 

71 

98.6 

180 

38.9 

29J 

239.31 

40| 

172.83 

51f 

135.26 

72 

97.2 

185 

37.8 

294 

237.28 

40f 

171.77 

52 

134.61 

73 

95.9 

190 

36.8 

29| 

235.29 

41 

170.73 

52± 

133.97 

74 

94.6 

195 

35.9 

30 

233.33 

41* 

169.69 

62^ 

133.33 

75 

93.3 

200 

35 

30i 

231.4 

41| 

168.67 

52f 

132.7 

76 

92.1 

.  .  . 

304 

229  .5 

41f 

167.66 

63 

132.07 

77 

90.9 

.  .  . 

.... 

30f 

227.64 

42 

166.66 

53£ 

131.45 

78 

89.7 

.... 

81 

225.8 

42i 

165.68 

53| 

130.84 

79 

88.6 

.  .  . 

.... 

31i 

224.08 

42| 

164.7 

63f 

130.23 

80 

87.5 

.... 

117 


ENGLISH   TABLE 

Showing  the  quality  of  Warp  Yarn,  by  the  weight,  that  one  semnth  of  a  hank,  or  eighty 
turns  of  a  yard-and-a-half  reel  from  one  bobbin,  will  bear  before  breaking,  given  in 
pounds  and  ounces. 


ORDINARY  QUALITY. 

FAIR  QUALITY. 

GOOD  QUALITY. 

EXTRA  QUALITY. 

SUPER-EXTRA 
QUALITY. 

No. 
Tarn. 

Breaking 
Weight. 

No. 
Yarn. 

Breaking 

Weight. 

No. 
Yarn. 

Breaking 
Weight. 

No. 
Yarn. 

Breaking 

Weight. 

No. 
Yarn. 

Breaking 
Weight. 

10 

Lbs.  Oz. 
115  10 

10 

Lbs.   Oz. 
120   8 

10 

Lbs.  Oz. 
125  6 

10 

Lbs.  Oz. 
130  4 

10 

Lbs.  Oz. 
135  3 

11 

102  4 

11 

104   7 

11 

106  10 

11 

108  14 

11 

111  2 

12 

96  15 

12 

99   2 

12 

100  5 

12 

103  8 

12 

105  12 

13 

91  14 

13 

93  15 

13 

96 

13 

98  2 

13 

100  4 

14 

89  12 

14 

91  12 

14 

93  13 

14 

95  14 

14 

97  15 

15 

83  12 

15 

85  10 

15 

87  8 

15 

89  7 

15 

91  6 

16 

81  11 

16 

83   8 

16 

85  6 

16 

87  4 

16 

89  2 

17 

76  14 

17 

78  10 

17 

80  6 

17 

82  2 

17 

83  14 

18 

72  10 

18 

74   4 

18 

75  14 

18 

77  8 

18 

79  3 

20 

67  14 

20 

69   6 

20 

70  14 

20 

72  7 

20 

74 

22 

61  11 

22 

63   1 

22 

64  7 

22 

65  14 

22 

67  5 

24 

58  10 

24 

59  15 

24 

61  4 

24 

62  9 

24 

63  15 

26 

54  10 

26 

55  13 

26 

57  1 

26 

58  5 

26 

59  9 

28 

50  4 

28 

51   6 

28 

52  8 

28 

53  10 

28 

54  13 

30 

48  11 

30 

49  12 

30 

50  13 

30 

51  14 

30 

53 

32 

45  9 

32 

46   7 

32 

47  5 

32 

48  3 

32 

49  2 

34 

44  6 

34 

45   6 

34 

46  6 

34 

'47  6 

34 

48  6 

36 

41  14 

36 

42  13 

36 

43  12 

36 

44  11 

36 

45  11 

38 

39  11 

38 

40   9 

38 

41  7 

38 

42  6 

38 

43  5 

40 

38  15 

40 

39  13 

40 

40  11 

40 

41  9 

40 

42  8 

42 

37  13 

42 

38  10 

42 

39  8 

42 

40  6 

42 

41  4 

44 

35  7 

44 

36   3 

44 

37 

44 

37  13 

44 

38  10 

46 

33  13 

46 

34   9 

46 

35  6 

46 

36  1 

46 

36  14 

48 

32  3 

48 

32  14 

48 

34  9 

48 

34  5 

48 

35  1 

60 

32  2 

50 

32  13 

50 

33  8 

50 

34  4 

50 

35 

55 

30  8 

55 

31   3 

55 

31  14 

55 

32  9 

55 

33  5 

60 

27  10 

60 

28   4 

60 

28  14 

60 

29  8 

60 

30  2 

65 

25  8 

65 

26   1 

65 

26  10 

65 

27  3 

65 

27  13 

70 

24  6 

70 

24  15 

70 

25  8 

70 

26  1 

70 

26  10 

75 

22  12 

75 

23   4 

75 

23  12 

75 

24  4 

75 

24  13 

80 

22 

80 

22   8 

80 

23 

80 

23  18 

80 

24 

85 

20  4 

85 

20  13 

85 

21  6 

85 

21  15 

85 

22  8 

90 

19  8 

90 

19   3 

90 

19  14 

90 

20  9 

90 

21  5 

95 

18  8 

95 

18  14 

95 

19  5 

95 

19  12 

95 

20  3 

100 

18  4 

100 

18  10 

100 

19 

100 

19  6 

100 

19  12 

110 

15  10 

110 

16 

110 

16  5 

110 

16  11 

110 

17 

120 

15  8 

120 

15  13 

120 

16  2 

120 

16  7 

120 

16  13 

130 

14  4 

130 

14   9 

130 

14  14 

130 

15  3 

130 

15  9 

140 

13  10 

140 

13  15 

140 

14  4 

140 

14  9 

140 

14  14 

150 

12  7 

150 

12  11 

150 

12  15 

150 

13  4 

150 

13  9 

160 

12  4 

160 

]2   8 

160 

12  12 

160 

13 

160 

13  5 

170 

11  9 

170 

11  13 

170 

12  1 

170 

12  5 

170 

12  9 

180 

10  10 

180 

10  13 

180 

11  1 

180 

11  5 

180 

11  9 

190 

10  9 

190 

10  12 

190 

11 

190 

11  4 

190 

11  8 

200 

10  4 

200 

10   7 

200 

10  11 

200 

10  15 

200 

11  3 

210 

9  13 

210 

10 

210 

10  3 

210 

10  7 

210 

10  11 

220 

9  13 

220 

9  15 

220 

10  1 

220 

10  4 

220 

10  7 

118 

ENGLISH  TABLE.— (Continued.) 


OBDINABY  QUALITY. 

-  FAIB  QUALITY. 

GOOD  QUALITY. 

EXTBA  QUALITY. 

SUPEB-EXTBA 
QUALITY. 

No. 
Yarn. 

Breaking 
Weight. 

No. 
Yarn. 

Breaking 
Weight. 

No. 
Yarn. 

Breaking 
Weight. 

No. 
Yarn. 

Breaking 
Weight. 

No. 
Yarn. 

Breaking 
Weight. 

Lbs.    Oz. 

Lbs.     Oz. 

Lbs.   Oz. 

Lba.  Oz. 

Lbs.   Oz. 

230 

9       3 

230 

9         6 

230 

9       9 

230 

9     12 

230 

10 

240 

8     14 

240 

9         1 

240 

9       4 

240 

9      7 

240 

9     11 

250 

8     10 

250 

8       13 

250 

9 

250 

9       3 

250 

9      7 

260 

8       8 

260 

8       11 

260 

8     14 

260 

9       1 

260 

9       4 

270 

8       3 

270 

8         6 

270 

8       9 

270 

8     12 

270 

8     15 

280 

8       1 

280 

8         4 

280 

8      7 

280 

8     10 

280 

8     13 

290 

7    12 

290 

7       15 

290 

8       2 

290 

8       5 

290 

8       8 

300 

7     11 

300 

7       13 

300 

8       8 

300 

8       3 

300 

8       6 

310 

7      7 

310 

7        9 

310 

7     12 

310 

7     15 

310 

8       2 

320 

7      6 

320 

7        8 

320 

7     10 

320 

7     13 

320 

8 

330 

7      2 

330 

7        4 

330 

7     17 

330 

7     10 

330 

7    13 

340 

6     15 

340 

7        1 

340 

7      3 

340 

7       6 

340 

7      9 

350 

6     14 

350 

7 

350 

7      2 

350 

7       5 

350 

7      8 

ENGLISH  TWIST  TABLE. 

Showing  the  square  root  of  the  numbers  or  counts  from  I  to  100  hanks  in  the  pound, 
with  the  twists  per  inch  for  different  kinds  of  yarn. 


Counts  or 
Numbers. 

Square 
Boot. 

Frame 
Warp  Twist. 

Extra  Mule 
Twist. 

Mule  Twist. 

Filling 
Twist. 

Twist  for 
Doubling. 

Hosiery 
Yarn. 

1 

1 

4.75 

4 

3.76 

3.26 

2.75 

2.5 

2 

1.4142 

6.71 

5.65 

6.3 

4.6 

3.88 

3.53 

3 

1.732 

8.22 

6.92 

6.49 

5.62 

4.76 

4.33 

4 

2 

9.6 

8 

7.6 

6.6 

5.5 

5 

5 

2.236 

10.62 

8.94 

8.37 

7.25 

6.14 

6.59 

6 

2.4494 

11.63 

9.79 

9.18 

7.96 

6.73 

6.12 

7 

2.6457 

12.56 

10.58 

9.92 

8.59 

7.27 

6.61 

8 

2.8284 

13.43 

11.31 

10.5 

9.19 

7.77 

7.07 

9 

3 

14.25 

12 

11.25 

9.75 

8.25 

7.5 

10 

3.1622 

15.02 

12.64 

11.85 

10.27 

8.79 

7.9 

11 

3.3166 

15.75 

13.26 

12.43 

10.77 

9.12 

8.29 

12 

3.4641 

16.46 

13.85 

12.99 

11.25 

9.52 

8.66 

13 

3.6055 

17.12 

14.42 

13.55 

11.71 

9.91 

9.01 

14 

3.7416 

17.77 

14.96 

14.03 

12.16 

10.28 

9.35 

16 

3.8729 

18.39 

15.49 

14.52 

12.48 

10.65 

9.68 

16 

4 

19 

16 

15 

13 

11 

10 

17 

4.1231 

19.58 

16.49 

15.46 

13.4 

11.33 

10.3 

18 

4.2426 

20.15 

16.97 

15.9 

13.78 

11.66 

10.6 

19 

4.3588 

20.7 

17.43 

16.34 

14.16 

11.98 

10.8 

20 

4.4721 

21.14 

17.88 

16.77 

14.53 

12.29 

11.18 

21 

4.5825 

21.76 

18.33 

17.18 

14.8 

12.6 

22 

4.6904 

22.27 

18.76 

17.58 

15.24 

12.8 



119 


ENGLISH  TWIST  TABLE.— ( Continued) 


Counts  or 
Numbers. 

Square 
Koot. 

Frame 
"Warp  Twist. 

Extra  Mule 
Twist. 

Mule  Twist. 

Filling 
Twist. 

Twist  for 
Doubling. 

Hosiery 
Yarn. 

23 

4.7958 

22  78 

19  18 

1798 

15  58 

13  18 

24 

4.8089 

23.26 

19  59 

18.37 

1592 

13.47 

25 

5 

23.75 

20 

18.75 

16.25 

13.75 

26 

5.099 

24.22 

2039 

19  11 

16  57 

1402 

27 

5.1961 

24.63 

2078 

19.48 

16  88 

14.28 

28 

6.2915 

25  13 

21  16 

19  84 

17  19 

14  65 

29 

6.3861 

25.57 

21  54 

20  19 

1749 

148 

30 

6.4772 

2601 

21  9 

20.58 

178 

15.06 



31 
32 

6.5677 
6.6568 

26.44 
26.86 

22.27 
22  62 

19.77 
21  21 

18 
1838 

15.31 
15  55 



33 

6.7745 

27.42 

23.09 

22.64 

18.75 

15.87 



34 
35 

6.8309 
5.916 

27.69 
28.1 

23.32 
23  66 

21.86 
22  18 

18.95 
19  22 

16.03 
16  27 

36 

6 

28.5 

24 

22  5 

19  5 

16.5 

37 
38 
39 

6.0827 
6.1644 
6.2449 

28.89 
29.28 
29.66 

24.33 
24.65 
2498 

22.81 
23.11 
2341 

19.76 
20.03 
2029 

16.72 
16.95 
17.17 



40 

63245 

3004 

25  29 

23  71 

20  55 

1739 

41 

6.4031 

30.42 

25  61 

2401 

2081 

17  6 

42 
43 

6.4807 
6  5574 

30.78 
31  14 

25.92 
26  22 

24.3 
24  59 

21.05 
21  31 

17.82 
18  03 

44 
45 

6.6332 

6  7082 

31.5 
31  86 

26.53 
26  83 

24.87 
25  15 

21.55 
21  8 

18.24 
18  44 

46 

6  7823 

32  21 

27  12 

25  43 

22  04 

18  65 

47 

6.8556 

32  56 

2742 

267 

2228 

1885 

48 

6  9282 

32  9 

27  71 

25  98 

22  51 

18  95 

49 
50 
51 

7 
7.071 
7  1414 

33.25 
33.58 
33  92 

28 
28.28 
28  56 

26.25 
26.51 
26  78 

22.75 
22.98 
23  2 

19.25 
19.44 
19  63 



52 

72111 

3425 

28  84 

2704 

23  43 

19  83 

53 

7  2807 

34  58 

29  12 

27  3 

23  66 

20  02 

54 

73484 

34  9 

29  39 

27  55 

23  88 

202 

65 

7.4161 

35.22 

29  66 

2781 

24  1 

2039 

56 

7  4833 

.35  54 

29  93 

28  06 

24  32 

20  67 

67 

7  5498 

35  86 

30  2 

28  31 

24  53 

2076 

58 

7.6157 

36.17 

3046 

28  65 

2475 

2094 

69 

7  6811 

36  53 

30  72 

28  8 

24  96 

21  14 

60 

7.7459 

36  79 

3098 

2904 

25  17 

21  3 

61 

7  8102 

37  09 

31  24 

29  28 

55  38 

21  47 

62 
63 
64 
65 

7.874 
7.9372 
8 
8.0622 

37.4 
37.7 
38 
38  29 

31.49 
31.74 
32 
32  24 

29.52 
29.76 
30 
3023 

25.59 
25.79 
26 
26  2 

21.65 
21.82 
22 
22  17 



66 

67 
68 
69 
70 
71 
72 
73 
74 
75 

8.124 
8.1853 
8.2462 
8.3066 
8.3666 
8.4261 
8.4852 
8.544 
8.6023 
8.6602 

38.58 
38.88 
39.16 
39.45 
39.74 
40.02 
40.3 
40.58 
40.86 
41.13 

32.49 
32.74 
32.98 
33.22 
33.46 
33.7 
33.94 
34.17 
34.4 
34.64 

30.46 
30.69 
30.92 
31.14 
31.37 
31.59 
31.81 
32.03 
32.25 
32.47 

26.4 
26.6 
26.8 
26.99 
27.17 
27.38 
27.57 
27.76 
27.95 
28.14 

22.34 
22.5 
22.67 
22.84 
23 
23.17 
23.33 
23.48 
23.65 
23.81 



120 


ENGLISH  TWIST  TABLE.— (Continued.) 


Counts  or 
Numbers. 

Square 
Boot. 

Frame 
Warp  Twist. 

Extra  Mule 
Twist. 

Mule  Twist. 

Filling 
Twist. 

Twist  for 
Doubling. 

Hosiery 
Yarn. 

76 

8.7177 

41.4 

34.87 

32.69 

28.33 

23.97 

77 

8.7749 

41.68 

35.09 

32.9 

28.51 

24.13 

78 

8.8317 

41.95 

35.82 

33.17 

28.6 

24.28 

79 

8.8881 

42.21 

35.55 

33.33 

28.88 

24.44 

80 
81 

8.9442 
9 

42.48 
42.75 

35.77 
36 

33.54 
33.75 

29.06 
29.25 

24.59 
24.75 



82 

9.0553 

43.01 

36.22 

33.95 

29.42 

24.9 

83 

9.1104 

43.26 

36.44 

34.16 

29.6 

25.05 

84 

9.1651 

43.53 

36.66 

34.36 

•     29.78 

25.2 

85 

86 
87 

9.2195 
9.2736 
9.3273 

43.79 
44.04 
44.3 

36.87 
37.09 
37.28 

34.57 
34.77 
34.97 

29.96 
30.13 
30.31 

25.35 
25.5 
25.65 



88 
89 
90 
91 

9.3808 
9.4339 
9.4868 
9.5393 

44.55 
44.81 
45.06 
45.31 

37.52 
37.73 
37.94 
38.15 

35.17 
35.37 
35.47 

35.77 

30.48 
30.66 
30.83 
31 

25.79 
25.94 
26.08 
26.23 



92 

9.6916 

45.56 

38.36 

35.96 

31.17 

26.37 

93 

9.6436 

45.8 

38.57 

36.16 

31.34 

2651 

94 

9.6953 

46.05 

38.78 

36.35 

31.5 

26.66 

95 

9.7457 

46.19 

38.98 

36.55 

31.67 

26  8 

96 

9.7979 

46.54 

39.19 

36.74 

31.84 

26.94 

97 

98 

9.8488 
9.8994 

46.78 
47.02 

39.39 
3959 

36.93 
37.11 

32 
32.17 

27.08 
27  22 



99 

9.9498 

47.26 

39.79 

37.31 

32.36 

27.36 

100 

10 

47.5 

40 

37.5 

32.5 

27.5 

ROVING  TWIST  TABLE. 

Showing  twists  per  inch  and  the  laps  per  inch  on  the  bobbins,  according  to  the  size  of 

the  roving.  , 


Hank 
Boving. 

Square 
Boot. 

Twist  per 
Inch. 

Coils  per 
Inch  on 
Bobbin. 

Hank 
Boving. 

Square 
Boot. 

Twist  per 
Inch. 

Coils  per 
Inch  on 
Bobbin. 

i 

.7071 

.848 

6.576 

2 

1.4142 

1.697 

13.152 

1 

.791 

.949 

7.358 

H 

1.4577 

1.749 

13.556 

1 

.866 

1.039 

8.052 

2i 

1.6 

.8 

13.95 

I 

.9354 

1.122 

8.699 

2£ 

1.5411 

.849 

14.331 

1 

1 

1.2 

9.3 

2i 

1.5811 

.897 

14.704 

H 

1.0606 

1.272 

9.863 

2f 

1.6201 

.944 

15.067 

1* 

1.118 

1.341 

10.397 

2f 

1.6583 

.989 

15.422 

if 

1.1726 

1.407 

10.805 

21 

1.6956 

2.034 

15.768 

H 

.2247 

1.469 

11.389 

3 

1.732 

2.078 

16.107 

H 

.2747 

1.529 

11.849 

»i 

1.7677 

2.121 

16.439 

l£ 

.3228 

1.587 

12.302 

3± 

L1.8027 

2.163 

16.765 

i* 

.3688 

1.643 

12.734 

*! 

1.8371 

2.204 

17.086 

121 

ROVING  TWIST  TABLE.— (Continued.) 


Hank 
Boving. 

Square 
Boot. 

Twist  per 
Inch. 

Coils  per 
Inch  on 
Bobbin. 

Hank 
Roving. 

Square 
Boot. 

Twist  per 
Inch. 

Coils  per 
Inch  on 
Bobbin. 

8* 

1.8708 

2.244 

17.391 

8* 

2.9154 

3.498 

27.113 

H 

1.9034 

2.284 

17.701 

2.9368 

3.524 

27.312 

3f 

1.9364 

2.323 

18.202 

8f 

2.958 

3.549 

27.509 

1.9685 

2.362 

17.313 

2.979 

3.574 

27.705 

4 

2 

2.4 

18.6 

9 

3 

3.6 

27.9 

H 

2.031 

2.437 

18.886 

H 

3.0201 

3.624 

28.092 

4* 

2.0615 

2.473 

19.165 

H 

3.0413 

3.649 

28.284 

4 

2.0918 

2.509 

19.444 

9f 

3.0618 

3.674 

28.475 

2.1213 

2.545 

19.723 

3.0824 

3.698 

28.664 

4£ 

2.1505 

2.58 

20 

9f 

3.1024 

3.722 

28.852 

4f 

2.1794 

2.615 

20.268 

91 

3.1224 

3.746 

29.039 

44 

2.2078 

2.649 

20.533 

94 

3.1424 

3.77 

29.224 

5 

2.236 

2.683 

20.793 

10 

3.1622 

3.794 

29.409 

6* 

2.2638 

2.716 

21.053 

10* 

3.1815 

3.817 

29.582 

6* 

2.2912 

2.749 

21.308 

10* 

3.2015 

3.841 

29.774 

5f 

2.3184 

2.782 

21.561 

10f 

3.221 

3.865 

29.945 

«* 

2.3452 

2.814 

21.81 

10* 

3.2403 

3.888 

30.135 

2.3717 

2.846 

22.057 

iot 

3.2596 

3.911 

30.314 

5f 

2.3979 

2.877 

22.3 

lOf 

3.2788 

3.934 

30.492 

2.4238 

2.908 

22.541 

104 

3.2975 

3.957 

30.663 

6 

2.4494 

2.939 

22.78 

11 

3.3166 

3.979 

80.834 

6* 

2.4748 

2.969 

23.009 

11* 

3.3354 

4.002 

31.016 

6i 

2.5 

3 

23.25 

ni 

3.3541  • 

4.024 

31.193 

8f 

2.5248 

3.029 

23.48 

ill 

3.3726 

4.047 

31.365 

H 

2.5495 

3.059 

23.71 

tl* 

3.3911 

4.069 

31.537 

2.5739 

3.088 

23.938 

3.4095 

4.091 

31.706 

6f 

2.598 

3.117 

24.161 

nf 

3.4278 

4.113 

31.878 

64 

2.622 

3.146 

24.384 

3.446 

4.135 

32.047 

7 

2.6457 

3.174 

24.605 

12 

3.4641 

4.156 

32.216 

7* 

2.6692 

3.203 

24.823 

12* 

3.482 

4.178 

32.382 

7* 

2.6925 

3.231 

25.04 

18* 

3.5 

4.2 

32.55 

Vf 

2.7156 

3.258 

25.255 

3.5176 

4.221 

32.716 

2.7386 

3.286 

25.468 

18* 

3.5355 

4.242 

32.885 

7f 

2.7613 

3.313 

25.679 

12f 

3.5531 

4.263 

33.043 

7f 

2.7838 

3.34 

25.89 

12f 

3.5707 

4.284 

33.208 

2.8062 

3.367 

26.107 

3.5881 

4.305 

33.369 

8 

2.8284 

3.394 

26.304 

13 

3.6055 

4.326 

33.536 

8* 

2.8504 

3.42 

26.519 

14 

3.7416 

4.489 

34.797 

8* 

2.8722 

3.446 

26.712 

15 

3.8728 

4.647 

36.017 

8* 

2.8939 

3.472 

26.913 

8 

122 

RULE    BY   WHICH   TO    FIND   THE    DRAFT    OF   ANY   SPINNING    MACHINE. 

Write  down  the  number  of  teeth  in  all  the  driving  wheels  and 
multiply  them  together.  Then  write  down  the  number  of  teeth  in  all 
the  wheels  that  are  driven,  and  multiply  them  together  in  like  man- 
ner. If  there  is  any  difference  in  the  diameter  of  the  rollers,  multiply 
the  least,  or  driver's  product,  by  the  diameter  of  the  back  roller,  which 
is  also  a  driver,  and  the  largest  product,  or  that  of  the  driven  wheels, 
by  the  diameter  of  the  front  roller,  which  is  also  driven.  Divide  the 
sum  of  the  driven  wheels  by  that  of  the  drivers,  and  the  quotient  will 
be  the  draft  of  the  machine. 

EXAMPLE. 

Drivers.  Driven 

20  64 

18  30 


160  1920 

20_  8 

360  2520  )  15360  ( 6.1  draft  of  frame,  nearly. 

7  15120 

2520  240  remainder  =  .1,  nearly. 

To  FIND  THE  DRAFT  ON  A  MULE. 

Suppose  the  driving  pinion  on  the  front  roller  is  20  ;  stud  carrier, 
74 ;  change  pinion  attached  to  the  carrier,  32  ;  this  drives  the  back 
roller  by  a  wheel  of  68.  The  diameter  of  the  front  roller  is  one  inch, 
and  that  of  the  back  roller  seven  eighths  of  an  inch. 

RULE. 

Multiply  the  change  pinion,  32,  by  the  front-roller  pinion,  20,  and 
that  product  by  7,  the  diameter  of  the  back  roller  being  seven  eighths 
of  an  inch.  Multiply  the  number  of  teeth  in  the  stud  carrier,  74,  by 
the  number  in  the  roller  wheel,  68,  and  that  product  by  8,  the  diam- 
eter of  the  front  roller  being  eight  eighths  of  an  inch.  Divide  the 
greater  number  by  the  less,  and  the  quotient  will  be  the  draft  of  the 

mule. 

EXAMPLE. 

Drivers.  Driven. 

32  74 

20_  _68 

640  .    592 

__7  diam.  back  roller.  '  444 

4480  6032 

8  diam.  front  roller. 
4480 )  40256  (  9,  Ans. 
The  draft  is  nearly  1  into  9.  40320 


123 

RULE  BY  WHICH  TO  FIND  THE  NUMBER  OF  TWISTS  PER  INCH  IN 

THE  YARN. 

Multiply  the  number  of  revolutions  of  the  front  roller  by  its  cir- 
cumference, and  divide  the  number  of  revolutions  of  the  spindle  per 
minute  by  that  product. 

EXAMPLE. 

91  revolutions  of  front  roller  per  minute 
3f  inches  circumference  of  roller. 
273 
13 

Inches  per  minute,  286 )  6000  ( 21  twists  to  1  inch,  nearly. 
672 

280       ' 
286 

To  number  the  yarn  produced  from  a  given  drawing  or  sliver : 
Measure  off  a  convenient  number  of  yards  of  sliver ;  multiply  this 
number  by  extent  of  drawing  on  roving  and  spinning  heads  ;  then 
multiply  by  8-j-  and  divide  by  the  weight,  which  will  give  the  number 
of  yarn  produced  from  the  given  sliver. 

EXAMPLE. 

Take  2  yards  of  sliver  weighing  20  grains ;  2  x  5,  the  draw  on  roving,  =10  x  10, 

833  3 
the  draw  on  spinning  ;    100  x  8£  =  —  —  grains  =  the  number,  41.6 


To  determine  the  number  of  hanks  or  decimal  parts  of  hanks  to 
the  pound,  for  carding ',  drawing,  stubbing,  roving,  and  yarn,  according 
to  a  given  number  of  yards  reeled  or  measured :  Multiply  the  number 
of  yards  by  8-J  and  divide  by  their  weight ;  the  quotient  will  be  the 
hanks  or  decimal  parts  of  hanks  required. 

To  determine  what  weight  a  given  length  of  drawing,  slubbing, 
roving,  or  yarn  should  be  to  equal  a  given  number  of  hanks  or  deci- 
mal parts  of  hanks  required:  Multiply  the  given  number  of  yards  in 
length  by  &J  and  divide  by  the  number  of  hanks  or  decimal  parts  of 
hanks  required ;  the  quotient  will  be  the  weight  of  the  given  length 
of  drawing,  roving,  or  yarn  required. 

To  number  the  yarn  produced  by  roving :  Reel  or  measure  off  a 
convenient  number  of  yards  of  roving  ;  multiply  this  number  by  ex- 
tent of  drawing  or  spinning  heads.  This  product  multiplied  by  8-J 
and  divided  by  its  weight  will  give  the  number  of  yarn  which  would 
be  made  from  the  roving. 


124 


EXAMPLE. 
Suppose  5  yards  of  roving  weigh  20  grains,  then  6  x  10  drawing  =  60  x  8£  = 

— —  grains  =  20.8,  the  number. 
20 

To  change  from  one  number  to  another  on  a  mule  or  spinning 
frame  when  the  draft  and  roving  have  both  to  be  altered:  Multiply 
the  number  of  yarn,  the  yarn  being  spun,  by  the  hank  roving  desired, 
and  that  product  by  the  number  of  teeth  in  the  change  pinion  being 
used ;  divide  the  product  thus  obtained  by  the  number  of  yarn  de- 
sired, multiplied  by  the  hank  roving  being  used.  The  quotient  will 
show  the  change  pinion  required. 

To  change  from  one  number  to  another  without  changing  the  rov- 
ing :  Multiply  the  number  of  teeth  in  the  change  pinion  in  use  by  the 
number  of  yarn  being  spun.  The  product,  divided  by  the  desired 
number  of  yarn,  will  give  the  change  pinion  required. 

For  the  above  tables  the  writer  is  indebted  to  Messrs.  George 
Draper  &  Sons,  of  Hopedale,  Mass. 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH 


OP  THE 


COMMENCEMENT   AND    PEOGKESS 


OP  THE 


COTTON  MANUFACTURE  IN  THE 
UNITED  STATES 


UP  TO 


1876. 


HISTOEIOAL  'SKETCH. 


CHAPTER  I. 

THE  history  of  cotton  manufacturing  in  the  United  States  is  so  in- 
separably interwoven  with  that  of  its  progress  in  Europe,  its  growth 
has  been  so  rapid,  and  its  results  have  exercised  such  an  enormous  in- 
fluence on  our  national  welfare,  that  it  is  necessary  and  advisable,  be- 
fore attempting  to  describe  it,  to  examine  its  history  in  England, 
where  machinery  was  first  applied  to  this  purpose,  and  note  its  prog- 
ress up  to  the  time  when  the  first  spindles  were  set  in  motion  on  this 
side  of  the  Atlantic  ;  and  to  do  this  I  shall  have  occasion  to  quote 
from  the  various  works  of  Dr.  Andrew  Ure  on  the  subject  and  from 
Baines's  "  History  of  the  Cotton  Manufacture  in  Great  Britain." 

The  words  "  calico,"  "  muslin,"  and  "  nankeen "  bear  testimony  to 
the  Asiatic  origin  of  the  cotton  fabrics  bearing  those  names,  which 
had  been  imported  into  Europe  long  before  any  attempt  was  made 
there  to  spin  the  fiber  of  which  they  were  composed  ;  and  any  inquiry 
into  the  origin  or  date  of  the  cotton  plant'  and  the  fabrics  produced 
from  it  previous  to  the  invention  of  machinery  for  the  purpose  may  be 
dismissed  with  a  short  notice  as  foreign  to  our  subject. 

The  first  record  of  the  introduction  of  the  cotton  fiber  into  Eng- 
land is  in  the  year  1641,  in  a  little  treatise  on  trade,  called  "  Treasure 
of  Train"  c,"  by  Lewis  Roberts,  in  which  he  says  :  "  The  town  of  Man- 
chester buys  the  linen  yarn  of  the  Irish  in  great  quantity,  and,  weaving 
it,  returns  the  same  again  in  linen  into  Ireland  to  sell.  Neither  does 
her  industry  rest  here,  for  they  buy  cotton  wool  in  London  that  comes 
from  Cyprus  and  Smyrna,  and  work  the  same  into  fustians,  vermil- 
lions,  and  dimities,  which  they  return  to  London,  where  they  are  sold  ; 
and  from  thence  not  seldom  are  sent  into  foreign  parts,  where  the 
first  materials  may  be  more  easily  had  for  that  manufacture." 

Were  it  not  for  the  distinct  reference  to  Cyprus  and  Smyrna,  it 
would  be  somewhat  doubtful  even  here  if  cotton  was  really  the  article 


spun,  as  the  word  "  cotton  "  seems  to  have  been  indifferently  "  used  for 
*  coating '  in  the  English  works  of  that  day,  and  denoted  a  species  of 
woolen  stuff  made  for  that  purpose."  (Ure,  "  Origin  and  Progress  of 
Cotton  Manufacture,"  vol.  i.,  p.  30.) 

Be  this  as  it  may,  the  amount  of  cotton  used  in  England  was  com- 
paratively trifling  until  the  invention  of  Arkwright  in  1768,  and  it 
was  only  in  1774  that  it  was  made  lawful  by  act  of  Parliament  to  wear 
fabrics  composed  wholly  of  cotton.  Ure  says  that  "  the  imports  of 
cotton  wool  from  the  end  of  the  seventeenth  century  till  the  middle  of 
the  eighteenth  seem,  however,  to  have  remained  in  a  stationary  condi- 
tion. In  fact,  the  quantity  was  only  24,000  or  25,000  Ibs.  less  than 
2,000,000  in  each  of  the  years  1697,  1701,  and  1720.  But  in  1730  it 
had  fallen  to  a  little  more  than  1,500,000,  and  in  1740  it  was  only 
1,660,000.  In  1750  it  rose  to  about  3,000,000,  and  in  1764  it  amounted 
to  nearly  4,000,000,  betokening  the  auspicious  noonday  of  the  cotton 
trade  of  England.  The  importation  of  cotton  wool  was  greatly  kept 
in  check  by  the  large  importation  of  East  Indian  cotton  goods,  which 
continued  with  fluctuations  during  the  whole  of  the  eighteenth  cen- 
tury, with  the  exception  of  a  short  period  toward  its  close,  after  the 
application  of  the  machinery  of  Arkwright  to  spin  warp,  and  that  of 
Crompton  to  spin  weft  for  muslin  in  general."  Ure  also  says  that 
"  almost  all  the  cotton  consumed  in  the  British  manufactures  was  ob- 
tained from  the  West  Indies  and  British  Guiana  prior  to  the  year 
1794,  with  the  exception  of  a  little  from  India  and  the  Levant  for  the 
fustian  trades,  and  a  still  smaller  quantity  from  the  Brazils  and  the 
Isle  of  Bourbon  for  the  finer  muslin  yarns  "  ;  and  the  supply  for  1787  is 
given  by  him  as  follows  : 

British  West  Indian 6,800,000  Ibs. 

French  and  Spanish  Colonies 6,000,000 

Dutch  "        1,700,000 

Portuguese  "        2,500,000 

Isle  of  Bourbon 100,000 

Smyrna  and  Turkey 5,700,000 

22,800,000  " 

And  26,000,000  Ibs.  may  be  considered  as  the  extreme  till  the  appear- 
ance in  England  of  cotton  from  America,  which  happened,  according 
to  Baines,  in  1784,  when  "  eight  bags  of  cotton  arrived  at  Liverpool 
in  a  vessel  from  Savannah,  and  were  seized  by  the  customs  authorities 
on  the  ground  that  they  could  not  possibly  have  been  the  produce  of 
the  country  whence  they  were  exported."  Leaving  this  matter  of  the 
supply  of  cotton  for  a  while,  let  us  return  to  the  history  of  its  manu- 
facture by  machinery. 


The  first  successful  patent  for  drawing  cotton  by  means  of  rollers 
revolving  at  different  speeds,  which  is  the  whole  basis  of  cotton  spin- 
ning, was  granted  to  Richard  Arkwright  in  1769 ;  and  in  1771,  in  con- 
nection with  Samuel  Need,  a  considerable  manufacturing  hosier  of  Not- 
tingham, and  Jedediah  Strutt,  of  Derby,  the  inventor  of  the  frame  for 
making  ribbed  stockings,  he  erected  the  first  water  spinning  mill  at 
Cromford,  on  the  Derwent  River  in  Derbyshire,  and  in  1775  obtained 
his  second  patent,  which  covered  the  whole  train  of  operations  in  a 
spinning  factory. 

After  Arkwright  had  at  great  expense  got  his  mills  into  successful 
operation,  there  arose  a  number  of  claimants  to  different  parts  of  his 
invention,  and  it  seems  probable  that  crude  attempts  had  been  made 
by  other  parties  at  various  times,  but  unsuccessfully,  to  do  that  which 
he  succeeded  in  accomplishing. 

At  nearly  the  same  time  with  Arkwright's  invention  of  the  "water- 
frame,"  as  it  was  called,  the  spinning  jenny  was  patented  by  James 
Hargreaves,  differing  in  principle  from  Arkwright's  process  of  rollers 
by  having  a  reciprocating  motion  and  drawing  out  and  twisting  the 
yarn  at  the  same  time  by  the  motions  of  the  carriage  and  spindles, 
which  were,  however,  separate  in  the  jenny ;  the  spindles  being  sta- 
tionary, and  the  carriage  or  draw-bar  operated  with  the  left  hand, 
regulating  the  delivery  of  the  roving. 

From  the  "  water-twist-frame  "  of  Arkwright  and  the  "  jenny  "  of 
Hargreaves,  in  1770,  Samuel  Crompton,  of  Bolton,  constructed  the 
"mule"  in  1776,  which,  however,  did  not  come  into  general  use  until 
about  1786,  on  the  abrogation  of  Arkwright's  patent,  taking  its  name 
of  "  mule  "  from  its  joint  parentage. 

About  the  same  time  an  ingenious  mechanic  of  Stockport  con- 
structed the  "  slubbing-billy,"  a  combination  of  the  jenny  and  the 
mule,  which  was  used  for  drawing  out  the  loose  "  slab  "  or  "  slubbing  " 
of  wool  as  delivered  from  the  card,  and  giving  it  a  partial  twist,  form- 
ing a  soft  "  roving,"  which  was  afterward  spun  into  yarn. 

In  giving  Arkwright  the  credit  for  the  first  successful  patents  for 
machinery  for  cotton  carding  and  spinning,  it  is  not  my  intention  to 
ignore  the  claims  of  other  parties  who  had  previously  made  attempts 
to  accomplish  the  same  object  by  very  similar  means,  and  I  will  there- 
fore briefly  mention  them.  According  to  Dr.  Ure,  a  patent  was 
granted  in  1738  to  Lewis  Paul,  of  Birmingham,  for  "  spinning  wool 
and  cotton  by  rollers,"  but  evidence  shows  the  real  inventor  to  have 
been  John  Wyatt,  of  the  same  town. 

I  quote  from  Ure  as  follows  :  "An  interesting  notice  of  Mr.  Wy- 
att's  contrivances  for  spinning  cotton  was  published  by  his  son,  Mr. 
Charles  Wyatt,  in  the  *  Repertory  of  Arts,  Manufactures,  and  Agricul- 


ture '  for  January,  1818,  of  which  his  brother,  Mr.  John  Wyatt,  was 
then  editor.  The  following  extracts  contain  the  substance  of  the 
communication  :  'In  the  year  1730  or  thereabouts,  living  then  at  a  vil- 
lage near  Litchfield,  our  respected  father  first  conceived  the  project 
and  carried  it  into  effect ;  and  in  the  year  1733,  by  a  model  of  about 
two  feet  square,  in  a  small  building  near  Sutton  Coldfield,  without  a 
single  witness  to  the  performance,  was  spun  the  first  thread  of  cotton 
ever  produced  without  the  intervention  of  the  human  fingers,  he,  the 
inventor,  to  use  his  own  words,  "  being  all  the  time  in  a  pleasing  but 
trembling  suspense."  The  wool  had  been  carded  in  the  common  way, 
and  was  passed  between  two  cylinders,  whence  the  bobbins  drew  it  by 
means  of  the  twist?"  This  certainly  is  not  Arkwright's  invention, 
where  the  "  sliver  "  of  cotton  is  drawn  between  "  pairs  of  rollers,"  de- 
scribed by  him  in  this  manner  in  his  patent,  viz.,  "  Four  pairs  of  roll- 
ers, the  forms  of  which  are  drawn  in  the  margin,  which  act  by  tooth 
and  pinion  made  of  brass  and  steel  nuts  fixed  in  two  iron  plates.  That 
part  of  the  roller  which  the  cotton  runs  through  is  covered  with  wood, 
the  top  roller  with  leather,  and  the  bottom  one  fluted,  which  lets  the 
cotton,  etc.,  through  it ;  by  one  pair  of  rollers  moving  quicker  than  the 
other  draws  it  finer  for  twisting,  which  is  performed  by  the  spindles." 

The  patent  as  granted  to  Paul  also  claims  "  a  succession  of  other 
rollers,  cylinders,  or  cones,  mpving  proportionably  faster  than  the 
firstr"  but  unfortunately  adds  a  claim  of  such  manifest  absurdity — i.  e., 
"  Sometimes  these  successive  rowlers,  cylinders,  or  cones  (but  not  the 
first)  have  another  rotation  besides  that  which  diminishes  the  thread, 
viz.,  that  they  give  it  a  small  degree  of  twist  betwixt  each  pair,  by 
means  of  the  thread  itself  passing  through  the  axis  and  center  of 
that  rotation " — as  to  utterly  upset  the  whole  claim.  The  last  para- 
graph of  Paul's  patent  covers  what  Wyatt  actually  did,  and  what  was 
probably  the  whole  of  the  invention,  viz.,  "  In  some  other  cases  only 
the  first  pair  of  rowlers,  cillinders,  or  cones  are  used,  and  then  the 
bobbyn,  spole,  or  quill  upon  which  the  thread,  yarn,  or  worsted  is 
spun  is  so  contrived  as  to  draw  faster  than  the  first  rowlers,  cillinders, 
or  cones  give,  and  in  such  proportion  as  the  first  mass,  rope,  or  sliver 
is  proposed  to  be  diminished." 

In  1748  a  patent  for  carding  machinery,  in  which  is  described  the 
cylinder  card  as  first  used  by  hand,  was  granted  to  Lewis  Paul,  and 
consisted  of  a  cylinder  clothed  with  sheets  or  fillets,  substantially  as  at 
the  present  day.  A  concave  card  clothed  in  the  same  manner  was  ap- 
plied to  the  under  side,  and  after  the  cotton  was  sufficiently  carded,  by 
turning  the  cylinder  by  hand,  the  casing  was  let  down,  and  the  cylin- 
der stripped  by  hand,  the  rolls  obtained  in  this  manner  from  each 
sheet  being  pieced  together  at  the  ends  to  form  a  continuous  roving. 


In  1758  a  second  patent  was  issued  to  Paul,  from  which  I  quote : 
"  The  several  rowls  or  filaments  so  taken  off  (the  flat  cards)  must  be 
connected  into  one  entire  roll,  which  being  put  between  a  pair  of 
rollers  or  cylinders,  is  by  their  turning  round  delivered  to  the  nose  of 
a  spindle,  in  such  proportion  to  the  thread  made  as  is  proper  for  the 
particular  occasion.  From  hence  it  is  delivered  to  a  bobbin,  spole,  or 
quill  which  turns  upon  the  spindle,  and  which  gathers  up  the  thread  or 
yarn  as  it  is  spun.  The  spindle  is  so  contrived  as  to  draw  faster  than 
the  rollers  or  cylinders  give,  in  proportion  to  the  length  of  thread  or 
yarn  into  which  the  matter  to  be  spun  is  proposed  to  be  drawn." 

This  covers  the  principal  claims  to  priority  of  invention  in  carding 
and  spinning,  although  the  invention  of  the  feeder  was  claimed  by 
John  Lees  in  1772,  and  James  Hargreaves,  the  inventor  of  the  "  jenny," 
claimed  the  crank  and  comb  fpr  taking  the  cotton  from  the  card. 
Thomas  Wood  also  in  1774  claimed  to  have  obtained  a  perpetual  or 
endless  carding  by  nailing  the  card  fillet  on  spirally  instead  of  longi- 
tudinally ;  but  all  these  points  are  covered  in  Arkwright's  patents  of 
1775. 

The  machinery  of  Paul  and  Wyatt  proved  a  failure,  and  the  mill  at 
Northampton,  where  it  was  erected,  was  dismantled  and  sold  in  1764. 

Arkwright's  final  success  led  to  continual  infringements  on  his  pat- 
ents, and  in  1781  a  law-suit  was  the  consequence,  in  which  he  was 
beaten  on  the  score  of  obscurity  and  def  ectiveness  in  his  specifications, 
and  a  second  trial  in  1785  confirmed  the  former  decision,  and  threw 
his  inventions  open  to  the  public. 

Although  Arkwright's  first  machinery  was  moved  by  water  power, 
the  invention  of  the  steam  engine  by  Watt  in  1769 — the  same  year  of 
Arkwright's  first  patent — proved  of  incalculable  value  to  the  new 
manufacture,  and  in  1785  Messrs.  Boulton  and  Watt  erected  the  first 
engine  for  cotton  spinning  at  Papplewick  in  Nottinghamshire.  In 
1787  they  erected  one  at  Warrington,  and  three  at  Nottingham — all 
for  hosiery  yarns — and  in  1789  one  was  built  for  the  calico  trade  of 
Manchester. 

This  brings  us  properly  to  the  end  of  this  chapter  and  the  date  of 
the  introduction  of  the  cotton  manufacture  into  America,  and  it  can 
not  better  be  closed  than  by  the  following  quotation  from  Mr.  Samuel 
Batchelder,  of  Cambridge,  to  whom  the  writer  is  greatly  indebted  for 
permission  to  copy  from  his  valuable  little  history  of  the  "  Introduc- 
tion of  the  Cotton  Manufacture  in  the  United  States,"  as  well  as  for 
other  information  derived  from  his  great  experience  in  manufac- 
turing : 

"  It  is  not  always  easy  to  decide  to  whom  we  ought  to  award  the 
merit  of  many  inventions,  which  may  have  been  the  study  of  various 


6 

ingenious  mechanics  for  years  without  success ;  and  it  happens  in  re- 
lation to  cotton  machinery,  as  in  other  mechanical  inventions,  that 
there  are  conflicting  claims  to  all  the  most  important  improvements 
after  they  are  put  in  operation.  Many  may  have  been  engaged  for  a 
long  time  in  unsuccessful  attempts  to  accomplish  the  object,  and 
among  them  some  who  have  been  partially  successful,  but  not  so  far 
as  to  make  their  schemes  of  any  practical  utility.  At  length  some 
one  with  better  advantages,  or  better  workmanship,  or  by  the  applica- 
tion of  the  same  principles  with  more  skill  and  better  judgment, 
builds  a  machine  which  goes  into  successful  operation.  In  such  a  case 
all  the  unsuccessful  schemers  rise  up  and  say,  *  I  tried  that  principle,' 
or,  '  I  put  that  wheel  in  operation  years  ago ' ;  and  thus  all  those  who 
condemn  themselves  by  having  made  the  attempt  without  success, 
come  before  the  public  and  contend  for  the  merit  of  the  more  fortu- 
nate or  more  skillful  mechanic  who  has  brought  the  plans  to  perfec- 
tion. Something  of  this  kind  probably  occurred  in  relation  to  the 
invention  of  Arkwright's  spinning  machinery.  According  to  the  evi- 
dence on  the  trial  in  relation  to  his  patent  in  1785,  it  would  appear 
that  Highs,  who  "  (claimed  to  have)  "  invented  the  spinning  jenny  in 
1763  or  1764,  afterward  made  some  experiments  or  attempts  at  spin- 
ning with  rollers,  but  without  succeeding  so  far  as  to  make  it  of  any 
practical  use.  It  seems  probable  that  Arkwright  became  acquainted 
with  the  experiments  of  Highs,  and  was  able,  by  combination  with  his 
own  plans,  to  mature  the  invention,  and  put  it  in  successful  operation. 
This,  as  well  as  most  other  important  improvements,  is  the  result  of 
successive  experiments  and  failures,  until  some  one  who  becomes  ac- 
quainted with  the  unsuccessful  schemes,  and  has  the  skill  and  good 
judgment  to  remedy  the  defects,  succeeds  in  perfecting  the  invention. 
"  In  1780  there  were  twenty  water-frame  factories,  the  property  of 
Mr.  Arkwright,  or  of  parties  who  had  paid  him  for  permission  to  use 
his  machinery  ;  and  after  his  patent  was  made  public  in  1785,  the 
number  increased  so  rapidly  that  in  1790  there  were  one  hundred  and 
fifty  cotton  factories  in  England  and  Wales." 


CHAPTER  II. 

IN  commencing  the  account  of  the  progress  of  the  cotton  manufac- 
ture in  the  United  States,  the  writer  must  again  acknowledge  his  in- 
debtedness to  Mr.  Samuel  Batchelder,  of  Cambridge,  probably  the 
oldest  living  cotton  manufacturer  in  the  country  ;  *  and  to  White's 
"  Memoirs  of  Samuel  Slater,"  published  in  Philadelphia  in  1836,  for  the 
greater  part  of  his  material  relating  to  the  introduction  of  cotton  ma- 
chinery and  the  history  of  its  manufacture  previous  to  the  foundation 
of  Waltham  in  1813.  The  reader  must  bear  in  mind  that  the  factories 
spoken  of  so  far  in  England,  and  which  will  be  mentioned  in  this  coun- 
try up  to  the  above-mentioned  date,  bear  no  comparison  to  the  gigan- 
tic structures  which  strike  his  eye  in  all  our  manufacturing  cities  and 
villages  to-day:  no  "Arctic"  or  "Baltic,"  "Atlantic "or  "Pacific," 
"  Social "  or  "  Harmony  "  Mills,  taking  in  the  cotton  at  one  end,  and 
discharging  some  completed  and  beautiful  fabric  at  the  other,  but 
small  mills  of  a  few  hundred  or  even  one  or  two  thousand  spindles, 
simply  producing  yarn,  which  was  afterward  woven  by  hand  in  the 
country  farm-houses  for  miles  around  into  a  great  variety  of  coarse 
"  domestic  "  fabrics  ;  whence  the  name  applied  to  the  ordinary  coarse 
sheetings  and  shirtings  made  by  machinery  at  the  present  day. 

The  first  record  to  be  found  of  any  action  in  this  country  toward 
introducing  machinery  for  the  manufacture  of  cotton  is  in  the  journals 
of  the  Legislature  of  Massachusetts  in  1786.  I  quote  from  Mr. 
Batchelder  :  "  On  the  25th  of  October,  1786,  Richard  Cranch,  of  the 
Senate,  and  Mr.  Clarke  and  Mr.  Bowdoin,  of  the  House,  were  ap- 
pointed *  to  view  any  new  invented  machines  that  are  making  within 
this  Commonwealth  for  the  purpose  of  manufacturing  sheep's  and  cot- 
ton wool,  and  report  what  measures  are  proper  for  the  Legislature  to 
take  to  encourage  the  same.'  This  committee  reported  that ( they  had 
examined  those  very  curious  and  useful  machines  made  by  Robert  and 
Alexander  Barr  for  the  purpose  of  carding  and  spinning  cotton.'  And 

*  Since  these  pages  were  written,  the  death  of  Mr.  Batchelder,  at  Cambridge,  Mass., 
in  February,  1879,  has  closed  a  long,  useful,  and  valuable  life,  at  the  advanced  age  of 
over  ninety-six  years. 


8 

in  accordance  with  the  further  report  of  the  committee,  a  resolve  was 
passed  on  the  16th  of  November,  1786,  granting  the  sum  of  £200,  'to 
enable .  them  to  complete  the  said  three  machines,  and  also  a  roping 
machine,  and  to  construct  such  other  machines  as  are  necessary  for  the 
purpose  of  carding,  roping,  and  spinning  of  sheep's  wool  as  well  as  of 
cotton  wool.' " 

On  the  8th  of  March,  1787,  Messrs.  Cranch,  of  the  Senate,  and 
Clarke  and  Howard,  of  the  House,  were  appointed  a  committee  to  ex- 
amine the  machines  now  nearly  completed  by  Robert  and  Alexander 
Barr,  and  also  to  examine  and  allow  their  account  for  the  expense  of 
making  them,  and  also  to  report  to  the  next  General  Court  what  gra- 
tuity should  be  allowed  them  "  as  a  reward  for  their  ingenuity,  and  an 
encouragement  for  their  public  spirit  in  making  them  known  to  this 
Commonwealth. " 

"  The  report  of  this  committee  allowed  their  account  to  the  sum  of 
£189  12s.,  including  the  expense  of  transporting  the  machines  to  and 
from  Boston,"  from  which  it  is  to  be  inferred  that  they  were  exhibited 
to  the  Legislature,  and  on  May  2,  1787,  a  further  resolve  was  passed, 
discharging  the  Messrs.  Barr  from  the  advance  of  the  £200  aforesaid, 
and  granting  them  six  tickets  in  the  land  lottery  established  by  an  act 
passed  the  14th  of  November,  1786,  as  a  proper  reward.  "  And  it  is 
further  resolved,  that  the  said  machines  be  left  under 'the  care  of  the 
Hon.  Hugh  Orr,  Esq.,  until  the  further  order  of  the  General  Court, 
and  that  public  notice  be  given  for  three  weeks  successively  in 
Adams  and  Nourse's  Newspaper,  that  the  said  machines  may  be  seen 
and  examined  at  the  house  of  the  Hon.  Hugh  Orr,  Esq.,  in  Bridge- 
water,  and  that  the  manner  of  working  them  will  be  there  explained 
to  those  who  may  wish  to  be  more  particularly  informed  of  their  great 
use  and  advantage  in  carrying  on  the  woolen  and  cotton  manufactures. 
And  the  said  Hon.  Hugh  Orr,  Esq.,  is  hereby  requested  to  explain  to 
such  citizens  as  may  apply  for  the  same  the  principles  on  which  said 
machines  are  constructed,  and  the  advantages  arising  from  their  use, 
both  by  verbal  explanations  and  by  letting  them  see  the  machines  at 
work.  And  it  is  further  resolved,  that  the  said  Hon.  Hugh  Orr,  Esq., 
be,  and  he  hereby  is,  permitted  and  allowed  to  make  use  of  the  said 
machines  during  the  whole  time  of  his  having  the  care  of  them,  as 
some  recompense  for  his  own  time  and  trouble  in  shewing  them  and 
explaining  their  use  to  the  citizens  of  this  commonwealth  at  large." 

Mr.  Batchelder  quotes  from  Judge  Mitchell's  "  History  of  Bridge- 
water  "  the  following  notice  of  the  above-mentioned  Hugh  Orr,  Esq. : 
"  Hugh  Orr  was  born  at  Lochwinnoch,  in  Scotland,  January  2,  1715, 
and  came  to  America  June  17,  1740,  and  settled  at  Bridgewater, 
where  he  died  December  6,  1798.  He  was  engaged  there  before  the 


9 

Revolution  in  the  manufacture  of  fire-arms,  and  at  the  commencement 
of  that  war  made  the  first  cannon  that  were  made  in  this  country  by 
boring  from  the  solid  casting.  He  is  said  to  have  invited  Robert  and 
Alexander  Barr,  both  Scotchmen,  brothers,  in  order  to  construct  at  his 
works  in  East  Bridgewater  machinery  for  carding,  roving,  and  spin- 
ning cotton." 

In  the  "  Memoirs  of  Samuel  Slater "  is  given  in  full  the  petition  of 
Thomas  Somers,  said  to  have  been  a  midshipman  in  the  English  Navy, 
which  was  presented  to  the  Legislature  of  Massachusetts  about  the 
same  time,  and  set  forth — "  That  in  the  fall  of  the  year  1785,  the 
tradesmen  and  manufacturers  of  Baltimore  in  Maryland,  having  formed 
themselves  into  an  association,  in  order  to  apply  to  the  Legislature  in 
behalf  of  American  manufactures,  being  stimulated  thereto  by  a  cir- 
cular letter  received  from  a  committee  of  the  tradesmen  and  manufac- 
turers of  the  town  of  Boston  :  your  petitioner,  then  residing  at  Balti- 
more (having  been  formerly  brought  up  to  the  cotton  manufactory, 
and  willing  to  contribute  what  lay  in  his  power  to  introduce  said 
manufacture  in  America),  did  at  his  own  risk  and  expense  go  to  Eng- 
land in  order  to  procure  the  machines  for  carding  and  spinning  cotton. 
That,  after  much  difficulty,  your  petitioner  found  that  he  could  only 
take  descriptions  and  models  of  said  engines  ;  with  which  he  returned 
to  Baltimore  last  summer.  Soon  after  his  arrival  he  found  that  they 
were  very  dilatory  about  encouraging  the  matter,  and  with  the  advice 
of  some  friends  he  resolved  to  try  what  might  be  done  in  Boston. 
That,  on  his  way  to  Boston,  the  sloop  was  driven  ashore  by  the  late 
storms  on  Cape  Cod,  by  which  misfortune  your  petitioner  lost  almost 
one  half  the  small  property  he  had  to  subsist  on  till  he  could  get  into 
business.  Your  petitioner  therefore  humbly  prays  for  such  assistance 
to  begin  the  manufactory  as  shall  seem  most  agreeable  to  your  hon- 
ors," etc.,  etc.  "N.  B.  Your  petitioner  is  perfect  master  of  the  weav- 
ing in  the  speediest  manner,  and  of  adapting  to  advantage  the  different 
kinds  of  yarn  for  Marseilles  quilting,  dimity,  muslins  plain,  striped,  or 
checked,  calico,  cotton  and  linen  jeans,  jeanettes,  handkerchiefs, 
checks,  drabs,  and  many  other  kinds  in  that  line,  and  understands  the 
management  of  cotton,  and  how  the  spinning  should  be  performed." 

On  the  8th  of  March,  1787,  the  Legislature  of  Massachusetts  passed 
a  resolution  appropriating  £20  for  the  purpose  of  giving  Somers  "  an 
opportunity  to  give  specimens  of  his  ability  to  perfect  the  manufac- 
tures, as  set  forth  in  his  petition  "  ;  to  be  deposited  in  the  "  hands  of 
Hon.  Hugh  Orr,  who  shall  be  a  committee  to  superintend  the  applica- 
tion of  the  same." 

The  same  Somers  afterward  appears  in  connection  with  the  factory 
at  Beverly,  Mass.,  which  was  also  projected  in  1787  by  Messrs.  John 


10 

Cabot  and  others,  and  which  appears,  according  to  Mr.  Batchelder,  to 
have  been  the  first  one  to  produce  yarn  by  machinery  in  the  United 
States,  as  it  was  undoubtedly  in  operation  some  time  before  1789. 
There  seems  to  be  no  doubt  that  the  machinery  built  at  Bridgewater 
was  the  first  on  the  Arkwright  plans,  but  it  does  not  seem  to  have 
been  put  in  practical  operation  ;  and  the  probability  is  that  the  spin- 
ning at  Beverly  was  done  on  the  Hargreaves  "  Jenny." 

Finding  the  construction  of  the  machinery  very  difficult  and  ex- 
pensive and  the  prospects  discouraging,  the  proprietors  applied  to  the 
Legislature  for  aid,  which  was  granted  by  the  following  resolve, 
February  17,  1789  :  "  Be  it  resolved,  That  there  be  granted,  and  there 
is  hereby  granted  accordingly,  and  conveyed  to  John  Cabot,  Joshua 
Fisher,  Henry  Higginson,  Moses  Brown,  George  Cabot,  Andrew 
Cabot,  Israel  Thorndike,  Isaac  Chapman,  and  Deborah  Cabot,  they 
being  members  of  the  said  corporation,  the  value  of  five  hundred 
pounds,  lawful  money  in  specie,  to  be  paid  in  the  eastern  lands,  the 
property  of  this  commonwealth,"  etc.,  the  lands  being  assigned  in  dif- 
ferent proportions,  from  one  fortieth  part  to  ten  fortieths  parts,  to  the 
above  named  proprietors  ;  conditional,  however,  on  the  manufacture 
within  the  next  seven  years  of  "a  quantity  of  not  less  than  50,000 
yards  of  cotton  and  linen  piece  goods,  of  a  quality  usually  imported 
into  this  commonwealth,"  of  which  a  true  record  was  to  be  kept  and  a 
fair  copy  lodged  in  the  office  of  the  Secretary  of  State,  verified  by  the 
oath  of  at  least  two  of  the  proprietors  ;  and  failing  which  the  lands 
were  to  revert  to  the  commonwealth,  unless  the  said  corporation  should 
pay  to  the  Treasurer  of  the  Commonwealth  £500  in  gold  or  silver 
within  eight  years  from  the  passage  of  the  resolve.  At  the  same  ses- 
sion of  the  Legislature  an  act  was  passed  incorporating  the  aforesaid 
parties,  including  Thomas  Somers,  as  the  "Beverly  Manufacturing 
Company,"  and  authorizing  them  to  hold  personal  property  to  the 
amount  of  £80,000  and  real  estate  to  the  amount  of  £10,000. 

In  June,  1790,  the  same  parties  presented  another  petition,  signed 
by  John  Cabot  and  Joshua  Fisher,  managers,  representing  "  that  they 
had  expended  about  £4,000,  and  that  the  present  value  of  their  stock 
was  not  equal  to  £2,000,  and  that  a  further  very  considerable  advance- 
ment is  absolutely  necessary  ;  that  the  intended  aid  by  a  grant  of  land 
made  by  a  former  Legislature  has  not  in  any  degree  answered  the 
purpose  of  it ;  and  pray  that  in  lieu  of  that  grant  some  real  and  ready 
assistance  may  be  afforded  them." 

"  The  petitioners  state,  as  one  of  the  public  advantages  to  be  de- 
rived from  the  manufacture  of  cotton,  that  the  raw  material  is  pro- 
cured from  the  West  Indies,  in  exchange  for  fish,  '  the  most  valuable 
export  in  possession  of  the  State.'  They  also  mention  the  extraordi- 


11 

nary  cost  of  machines,  intricate  and  difficult  in  their  construction, 
without  any  model  in  the  country,  and  instance  a  carding  machine 
that  cost  $1,100."  The  Legislature  voted  them  "  a  grant  of  £1,000, 
to  be  raised  in  a  lottery,  on  condition  that  they  give  bonds  that  the 
money  be  actually  appropriated  in  such  a  way  as  will  most  effectually 
promote  the  manufacturing  of  cotton  piece  goods  in  this  common- 
wealth." Mr.  Batchelder  then  quotes  from  Washington's  diary  as 
follows  : 

"  Friday,  October  30,  1789.  After  passing  Beverly  two  miles,  we 
came  to  a  cotton  manufactory,  which  seems  to  be  carrying  on  with 
spirit  by  the  Cabots  (principally).  In  this  manufactory  they  have  the 
new  invented  carding  and  spinning  machines.  One  of  the  first  sup- 
plies the  work,  and  four  of  the  latter,  one  of  which  spins  84  threads  at 
a  time  by  one  person.  The  cotton  is  prepared  for  these  machines  by 
being  first  (lightly)  drawn  to  a  thread  on  the  common  wheel.  There 
is  also  another  machine  for  doubling  and  twisting  the  thread  for  par- 
ticular cloths  ;  this  also  does  many  at  a  time.  For  winding  the  cot- 
ton from  the  spindles  and  preparing  it  for  the  warp  there  is  a  reel, 
which  expedites  the  work  greatly."  "  A  number  of  looms  (15  or  16) 
were  at  work  with  spring  shuttles,  which  do  more  than  double 
work.  In  short,  the  whole  seemed  perfect  and  the  cotton  stuffs 
which  they  turn  out  excellent  of  their  kind — warp  and  filling  both 
of  cotton." 

This  factory  was  built  of  brick,  and  continued  in  operation  for  sev- 
eral years,  and  was  driven  by  horse-power,  and  appears  to  have  been, 
by  the  above  extract,  indisputably  the  earliest  enterprise  carried  into 
execution  in  this  country. 

A  great  deal  of  interest  was  also  manifested  in  Philadelphia  at  the 
same  period  on  the  subject  of  manufactures,  and  Tench  Coxe,  who 
was  Assistant  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  under  Hamilton,  delivered  an 
address  August  9,  1787,  to  an  assembly  of  the  friends  of  American 
manufactures,  convened  for  the  purpose  of  establishing  a  "  Society  for 
the  Encouragement  of  the  Useful  Arts" 

Mr.  Samuel  Wetherill,  Jr.,  as  chairman,  signed  a  report  of  the 
managers  of  the  society  in  August,  1788,  by  which  it  appears  that  the 
amount  of  cash  received  from  the  contributors  on  the  23d  of  August 
was  £1,327  10s.  Qd.  ;  that  they  had  purchased  a  quantity  of  flax,  and 
employed  between  two  and  three  hundred  women  in  spinning  linen 
yarn,  and  also  engaged  workmen  to  make  a  carding  engine,  and  four 
jennies,  of  40,  44,  60,  and  80  spindles,  for  spinning  cotton  ;  that  as 
soon  as  the  season  would  permit  the  house  to  be  fitted  up,  they  were 
set  to  work,  but,  owing  to  various  delays  and  obstructions  thrown  in 
their  way  by  foreign  agents,  it  was  the  12th  of  April,  1788,  before  they 


12 

began  to  weave,  and  on  the  23d  of  August,  1788,  they  had  made 
11,367  yards  of  various  kinds  of  cotton  and  linen  goods. 

Mr.  Wetherill  had  been  engaged  in  manufacturing  for  some  years, 
as  appears  by  his  advertisement  in  the  "  Pennsylvania  Gazette "  of 
April  3,  1782,  of  : 

"  Philadelphia  Manufactures,  suitable  for  every  season  of  the  year, 
viz.:  Jeans,  Fustians,  Everlastings,  Coatings,  etc.,  to  be  sold  by  the 
subscriber  at  his  dwelling-house  and  manufactory,  in  South  Alley,  be- 
tween Market  Street  and  Arch  Street,  and  between  Fifth  and  Sixth 
Streets,  on  Hudson's  Square.  SAMUEL  WETHERILL." 

The  manufacturers  of  Rhode  Island  were  also  turning  their  atten- 
tion to  the  new  machinery  at  this  time,  as  will  be  seen  by  the  follow- 
ing account,  furnished  by  William  Anthony,  which  I  copy  from  the 
memoir  of  Slater : 

"  About  the  year  1788  Daniel  Anthony,  Andrew  Dexter,  and  Lewis 
Peck,  all  of  Providence,  entered  into  an  agreement  to  make  what  was 
then  called  '  homespun  cloth.'  The  idea  at  first  was  to  spin  by  hand, 
and  make  jeans  with  linen  warp  and  cotton  filling,  but,  hearing  that 
Mr.  Orr,  of  Bridge  water,  Mass.,  had  imported  some  models  of  machin- 
ery from  England  for  the  purpose  of  spinning  cotton,  it  was  agreed 
that  Daniel  Anthony  should  go  to  Bridgewater  and  get  a  draught  of 
the  model  of  said  machine  ;  he,  in  company  with  John  Reynolds,  of 
East  Greenwich,  who  had  been  doing  something  in  the  manufacturing 
of  wool,  went  to  Bridgewater  and  found  the  model  of  the  machine 
spoken  of  in  possession  of  Mr.  Orr,  but  not  in  operation.  It  was  not 
the  intention  of  Mr.  Orr  to  operate  it,  but  he  only  kept  it  for  the  in- 
spection of  those  who  might  have  an  inclination  to  take  draughts. 
The  model  of  the  machine  was  very  imperfect,  and  was  said  to  be 
taken  from  one  of  the  first  built  in  England.  A  draught  of  the  ma- 
chine was  accordingly  taken,  and  laid  aside  after  a  while.  They  then 
proceeded  to  build  a  machine  of  a  different  construction  called  a 
jenny  ;  I  understood  that  a  model  of  this  machine  was  brought  from 
England  into  Beverly,  Mass.,  by  a  man  of  the  name  of  Somers.  This 
jenny  had  28  spindles  ;  the  woodwork  was  built  by  Richard  Anthony  ; 
the  spindles  and  brasswork  were  made  by  Daniel  Jackson,  an  ingenious 
coppersmith  of  Providence.  This  jenny  was  finished  in  1789.  It  was 
first  set  up  in  a  private  house,  and  afterward  removed  to  the  market- 
house  chamber  in  Providence,  and  operated  there.  Joshua  Lindly,  of 
Providence,  was  then  engaged  to  build  a  carding  machine,  for  carding 
the  cotton  agreeably  to  the  draught  presented,  also  obtained  from 
Beverly.  This  machine  was  something  similar  to  the  one  now  used 


13 

for  carding  wool,  the  cotton  being  taken  off  the  machine  in  rolls,  and 
roped  by  hand ;  after  some  delay  this  machine  was  finished.  They 
then  proceeded  to  build  a  spinning  frame  after  the  draught  obtained 
at  Bridgewater.  This  machine  was  something  similar  to  the  water 
frame  now  in  use,  but  very  imperfect ;  it  consisted  of  8  heads  of  4 
spindles  each,  being  32  spindles  in  all,  and  was  operated  by  a  crank 
turned  by  hand.  The  first  head  was  made  by  John  Baily,  an  inge- 
nious clock-maker  of  Pembroke,  Mass.  ;  the  other  seven  heads  were 
made  by  Daniel  Jackson,  of  Providence.  The  woodwork  was  made 
by  Joshua  Lindly.  In  1788  Joseph  Alexander  and  James  McKennis, 
natives  of  Scotland,  arrived  in  Providence,  both  being  weavers  and 
understanding  the  use  of  the  fly-shuttle  ;  they  were  engaged  to  weave 
corduroy,  Mr.  Alexander  to  weave  a  piece  in  Providence,  and  Mr. 
McKennis  went  to  East  Greenwich  to  work  there.  A  loom  was  ac- 
cordingly built  after  the  direction  of  Mr.  Alexander,  and  put  in  opera- 
tion in  the  market-house  chamber ;  this  was  the  first  fly-shuttle  ever 
used  in  Rhode  Island.  A  piece  of  corduroy  was  then  woven,  the  warp 
being  linen  and  the  filling  cotton,  but,  as  there  was  no  person  to  be 
found  who  could  cut  the  corduroy  and  raise  the  pile  which  makes  the 
ribs  on  the  face  of  the  cloth,  and  give  it  the  finish,  it  was  thought  best 
to  abandon  that  kind  of  cloth.  Mr.  Alexander 'went  to  Philadelphia. 
Mr.  McKennis  continued  to  work  in  Greenwich  for  some  years.  This 
appears  to  be  the  beginning  of  the  jenny-spinning  in  Rhode  Island, 
and  undoubtedly  originated  with  the  above  company. 

"  The  spinning  frame  (the  one  attempted  from  the  State's  model), 
after  being  tried  some  time  in  Providence,  was  carried  to  Pawtucket 
and  attached  to  a  wheel  propelled  by  water.  The  work  of  the  ma- 
chine was  too  laborious  to  be  done  by  hand,  and  the  machine  was  too 
imperfect  to  be  turned  by  water.  Soon  after  this  the  machine  was 
sold  to  Mr.  Moses  Brown,  of  Providence,  but,  as  all  the  carding  and 
roping  was  done  by  hand,  it  was  very  imperfect,  and  but  little  could 
be  done.  This  was  the  situation  of  cotton  manufacturing  in  Rhode 
Island  when  Mr.  Samuel  Slater  arrived  in  this  country  ,-  then  all  this 
imperfect  machinery  was  thrown  aside,  and  machinery  more  perfect 
built  under  his  direction." 

This  statement  is  confirmed  by  Joseph  Anthony,  the  son  of  the 
Daniel  Anthony  above  mentioned.  The  Mr.  Moses  Brown  to  whom  the 
water  frame  was  sold  was  a  partner  of  the  firm  of  Almy  &  Brown, 
who  were  about  commencing  the  business  of  what  was  strictly  cotton 
manufacturing r,  the  yarn  being  spun  and  the  cloth  woven  by  manual 
labor. 

A  statement  of  their  production  from  the  commencement,  June 
11,  1789,  to  January  1,  1791,  shows  : 


14 


Corduroy 45  pieces,  1,090  yards,  sold  from  3s.  6d.  to  4s.        per  yard. 

Denims,  royal  ribs,  etc 25     "  558     "  "        3s.        to  4s.  " 

Cottonets 13     "  825     "  "        2s.  &d.  to  3s.  " 

Jeans 79     "  1,897     "  "         2s.        to  2s.  6c7.       " 

Fustians 26     "  687     "  "         Is.  8d.  to  2s.  « 

Total 189  4,556 

With  this  summary  of  the  progress  of  the  cotton  manufacture  and 
its  condition  in  1789,  I  will  close  this  chapter,  and  in  the  next  will 
introduce  Samuel  Slater,  whose  arrival  in  the  United  States  with  the 
necessary  information  marks  the  era  of  positive  and  decided  progress. 


15 


CHAPTER  III. 

THE  following  brief  account  of  himself,  found  among  Mr.  Slater's 
papers,  forms  a  fitting  opening  to  this  chapter  : 

"  Samuel  Slater  was  born  in  the  town  of  Belper,  in  the  county  of 
Derby,  June  19,  1768.  On  June  28,  1782,  being  about  fourteen  years 
of  age,  he  went  to  live  with  Jedediah  Strutt,  Esq.,  in  Milford,  near 
Belper  (the  inventor  of  the  Derby  ribbed  stocking  machine  and  several 
years  a  partner  of  Sir  Richard  Arkwright  in  the  spinning  business),  as 
a  clerk,  who  was  then  building  a  large  factory  at  Milford,  where  said 
Slater  continued  until  August,  1789.  During  four  or  five  of  the  last 
years  his  time  was  solely  devoted  to  the  factory  as  general  overseer, 
both  as  respected  making  machinery  and  the  manufacturing  depart- 
ment. On  the  first  day  of  September,  1789,  he  took  his  departure 
from  Derbyshire  for  London,  and  on  the  13th  he  sailed  for  New  York, 
where  he  arrived  in  November,  after  a  passage  of  sixty-six  days.  He 
left  New  York  in  January,  1790,  for  Providence,  and  there  made  an 
arrangement  with  Messrs.  Almy  &  Brown  to  commence  preparation  for 
spinning  cotton  at  Pawtucket. 

"  On  the  18th  day  of  the  same  month  the  venerable  Moses  Brown 
took  him  out  to  Pawtucket,  where  he  commenced  making  the  machin- 
ery, principally  with  his  own  hands,  and  on  the  20th  day  of  December 
following  he  started  three  cards,  drawing  and  roving,  and  72  spindles, 
which  were  worked  by  an  old  fulling-mill  water-wheel  in  a  clothier's 
building,  in  which  they  continued  spinning  about  twenty  months  ;  at 
the  expiration  of  which  time  they  had  several  thousand  pounds  of  yarn 
on  hand,  notwithstanding  every  exertion  was  made  to  weave  it  up  and 
sell  it.  Early  in  the  year  1793  Almy,  Brown  &  Slater  built  a  small 
factory  in  that  village  (known  and  called  to  this  day  the  old  factory), 
in  which  they  set  in  motion  July  12  the  preparation  and  72  spindles, 
and  slowly  added  to  that  number  as  the  sales  of  the  yarn  appeared 
more  promising,  which  induced  said  Slater  to  be  concerned  in  erecting 
a  new  mill,  and  to  increase  the  machinery  in  the  old  mill." 

Slater's  motive  for  leaving  England  is  said  to  have  been  his  observ- 
ing in  a  Philadelphia  paper  an  advertisement  of  a  reward  offered  by  a 
10 


16 

society  for  a  machine  to  make  cotton  rollers,  etc.  This  convinced 
him  that  there  was  an  opportunity  to  turn  his  knowledge  to  account  in 
this  country,  and,  fearing  that  the  cotton  business  "  would  be  overdone  " 
in  England,  he  resolved  to  emigrate.  As  the  laws  of  England  prohib- 
iting the  exportation  of  machinery  were  very  severe,  he  took  no  pat- 
terns or  drawings  of  any  kind  with  him,  trusting  solely  to  his  excel- 
lent memory,  and  relying  for  an  introduction  on  his  indenture  as  an 
apprentice  to  Jedediah  Strutt.  Landing  in  New  York,  he  was  intro- 
duced to  the  "  New  York  Manufacturing  Company,"  and  entered  their 
employment  ;  but,  not  liking  the  prospects  which  were  opened  to  him, 
and  hearing  through  the  captain  of  one  of  the  Providence  packets  of 
Moses  Brown,  he  wrote  to  him,  with  the  result  above  stated.  The 
old  machinery,  which,  as  has  been  related,  Mr.  Brown  had  purchased, 
was  first  shown  him,  but  condemned  by  him  at  once  as  unsatisfactory, 
and  he  immediately  commenced  building  a  new  set. 

With  the  introduction  of  the  improved  machinery  by  Slater,  the 
manufacture  of  cotton  in  the  United  States  may  be  said  to  have  fairly 
commenced,  and  some  of  the  first  yarn,  said  to  have  been  as  fine  as 
No.  40,  with  some  of  the  first  cloth  made  from  the  same  warp,  was 
sent  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  October  15,  1791. 

He,  however,  found  great  difficulty  in  procuring  proper  mechanical 
assistance  to  build  the  machinery  from  his  instructions,  and  his  great- 
est perplexity  was  in  making  the  cards,  for  which  purpose  he  em- 
•  ployed  Pliny  Earle,  of  Worcester,  who  had  never  before  made  machine 
cards,  but  finally  succeeded  in  accomplishing  the  desired  result ;  and 
the  demand  for  cards  which  was  created  by  the  success  of  the  new 
manufacture  resulted  in  the  invention  of  the  card -setting  machine  by 
Amos  Whittemore,  of  Cambridge,  in  1797,  and  its  subsequent  intro- 
duction in  England  in  1799.  This,  however,  must  be  considered  as 
only  the  second  great  American  invention  relating  to  the  manufacture 
of  cotton,  the  first  having  been  the  cotton  gin,  which  was  the  inven- 
tion of  Eli  Whitney  in  1793. 

This  leads  us  to  the  consideration  of  another  branch  of  the  subject, 
viz.,  the  adequate  supply  of  the  raw  material  in  proper  condition  for 
manufacture. 

The  First  Provincial  Congress  in  South  Carolina,  held  in  January, 
1775,  recommended  to  the  inhabitants  "  to  raise  cotton,"  yet  very  little 
practical  attention  was  paid  to  their  recommendation.  A  small  quan- 
tity only,  was  raised  for  domestic  manufactures.  Georgia  took  the 
lead  in  this  culture,  and  the  introduction  of  the  new  machines  and  the 
consequent  demand  greatly  promoted  it.  We  find  in  "  Baines's  History 
of  Cotton  Manufacture  "  the  export  from  the  United  States  in  1791 
given  as  189,316  Ibs.;  and  in  1792  as  138,328  Ibs.;  in  1793,  487,600  : 


17 

and  in  1794,  after  the  invention  of  the  gin,  it  rose  to  1,601,700  Ibs., 
and  thenceforward  the  increase  was  constant  and  rapid. 

Cotton  had  been  produced  for  a  long  time  in  small  quantities  in 
several  of  the  Southern  States,  and  the  following  extract  from  a  pam- 
phlet by  Dr.  G.  Emerson,  of  Philadelphia,  entitled  "  Cotton  in  the 
Middle  States,"  published  in  1862,  which  I  copy  from  Mr.  Batchelder, 
is  worthy  of  introduction  in  this  place  : 

"Long  before  the  Southern  States  took  up  its  regular  culture,  cot- 
ton was  raised  on  the  eastern  shore  of  Maryland,  lower  counties  of 
Delaware,  and  other  places  in  the  Middle  States.  As  early  as  1736, 
and  for  some  time  after,  it  was  chiefly  regarded  as  an  ornamental 
plant,  and  confined  to  gardens  ;  but  it  soon  became  appreciated  for  its 
useful  qualities,  and  was  brought  under  regular  cultivation.  This  cul- 
ture, though  comparatively  limited  in  those  places,  has  never  been 
entirely  abandoned  up  to  the  present  day.  I  have  myself  seen  many 
families  who  came  from  Sussex  County,  Delaware,  to  reside  in  the 
adjoining  county  of  Kent,  wearing  clothes  made  of  cotton  of  their  own 
raising,  spinning,  and  weaving.  The  culture  of  cotton  in  this  section 
of  our  country  gradually  diminished,  in  consequence  of  the  vast  area 
over  which  the  plant  was  extended  in  more  southern  States.  In  com- 
petition with  these,  our  more  northern  farmers  found  they  possessed 
superior  advantages  for  raising  other  field-crops,  from  which  they 
derived  greater  profits." 

"  Limited  as  has  been  the  culture  of  cotton  on  the  peninsula  be- 
tween the  Delaware  and  Chesapeake  Bays,  it  has  furnished  a  demon- 
stration of  the  highest  importance  to  our  country.  In  proof  of  this  it 
may  be  stated  that  at  the  close  of  the  Revolution  a  convention  was 
held  at  Annapolis,  in  1786,  to  consider  what  means  could  be  best  re- 
sorted to  for  the  purpose  of  remedying  the  embarrassment  of  the  coun- 
try, then  so  much  exhausted  in  its  finances. 

"The  late  President  Madison,  a  member  of  this  convention  from 
Virginia,  there  expressed  it  as  his  opinion,  'that,  from  the  results  of 
cotton  raising  in  Talbot  County,  Maryland,  and  numerous  other 
proofs  furnished  in  Virginia,  there  was  no  reason  to  doubt  that  the 
United  States  would  one  day  become  a  great  cotton-producing  coun- 
try ! '  It  would  hence  appear  that  the  first  culture  of  cotton  in  the 
United  States  worthy  of  notice  was  made  in  the  peninsula  between  the 
Delaware  and  Chesapeake  Bays,  from  whence  it  crossed  into  Western 
Maryland  and  Virginia,  and  so  went  southward." 

It  would,  however,  appear,  as  shown  by  the  following  letter,  that 
the  first  cotton  received  by  Messrs.  Slater  &  Brown  was  so  imperfectly 
cleaned  as  to  be  of  small  comparative  value,  and  we  find  that,  when 
they  first  began  to  spin,  they  used  Cayenne  and  Surinam  cotton,  but 


18 

after  a  few  years  they  began  to  mix  about  one  third  of  Southern  cot- 
ton, and  this  yarn  was  designated  as  second  quality  and  sold  at  a  price 
accordingly. 

On  the  19th  of  April,  1791,  Moses  Brown  writes  to  the  proprietors 
of  the  Beverly  factory  as  follows  : 

"  I  have  for  some  time  thought  of  addressing  the  Beverly  manu- 
facturers on  the  subject  of  an  application  to  Congress  for  some  encour- 
agement to  the  cotton  manufacture  by  an  additional  duty  on  the  cot- 
ton goods  imported,  and  the  applying  such  duty  as  a  bounty,  partly  for 
raising  and  saving  cotton  in  the  Southern  States,  of  a  quality  and 
cleanness  suitable  to  be  wrought  by  machines,  and  partly  as  a  bounty 
on  cotton  goods  of  the  kind  manufactured  in  the  United  States." 

On  the  15th  of  November,  1791,  Mr.  Brown  writes  to  J.  S.  Dexter 
on  the  same  subject  as  follows  : 

"PROVIDENCE,  November  15,  1791. 

"When  it  is  considered  that  cotton,  the  raw  material,  may  be 
raised  in  the  United  States,  it  shows  that  legislative  attention  should 
be  paid  to  this  subject.  The  cotton  raised  at  present  in  the  Southern 
States  is  as  imperfect  as  our  manufactured  goods.  This,  I  presume, 
is  owing  to  the  promiscuous  gathering  and  saving  of  the  article  from 
the  pods  in  which  it  grows,  some  of  which,  like  fruit  on  a  tree,  are 
fair  and  full  grown,  while  others  are  not.  In  the  picking  of  these, 
and  in  taking  the  cotton  out  of  the  pods,  care  should  be  taken  that  it 
be  kept  separate,  and  the  thin  membrane  which  lines  the  pod,  and 
sometimes  conies  off  with  the  cotton,  should  be  separated,  and  the 
clean,  full  grown  preserved  to  work  on  the  machines  ;  the  other  will 
answer  to  work  by  hand.  But,  as  the  cotton  must  be  clean  before  it 
works  well  on  the  card,  the  present  production,  in  the  mixed  manner 
in  which  it  is  brought  to  market,  does  not  answer  a  good  purpose. 
The  unripe,  short,  and  dirty  part,  being  enveloped  with  that  which 
would  be  good  if  separated  properly  at  first,  so  spoils  the  whole  as  to 
discourage  the  use  of  it  in  the  machines,  and  obliges  the  manufacturer 
to  have  his  supply  from  the  West  Indies,  under  the  charge  of  the  im- 
post, rather  than  work  our  own  production — a  circumstance  truly  mor- 
tifying to  those  who,  from  motives  of  promoting  the  produce  and 
manufactures  of  our  own  country,  as  well  as  from  interest,  have  been 
at  much  expense  and  trouble  to  promote  so  desirable  an  object.  I 
therefore  beg  leave  to  suggest  the  idea  of  some  encouragement  to  the 
raising  and  saving  of  cotton,  clean  and  fit  for  the  manufacturers." 

The  relief  from  these  difficulties  was  soon  provided  by  the  ingenu- 
ity of  Eli  Whitney. 


19 

Born  at  Westboro,  Worcester  County,  Mass.,  December  8, 1763,  he 
developed  indications  of  mechanical  genius  at  a  very  early  age.  When 
twelve  years  old  he  "made  a  fiddle,"  in  his  sister's  words,  and  after 
that  he  was  often  employed  to  repair  violins.  By  his  own  personal 
exertions  he  prepared  himself  for  Yale  College,  which  he  entered  in 
May,  1780,  and  through  which  he  passed  with  little  expense  to  his  fa- 
ther. On  one  occasion  he  repaired  the  philosophical  apparatus  belong- 
ing to  the  college,  to  the  great  satisfaction  of  the  Faculty. 

Soon  after  taking  his  degree  in  the  autumn  of  1792,  he  formed  an 
engagement  with  a  gentleman  of  Georgia  to  reside  in  his  family  as  a 
tutor,  and  on  his  way  thither  was  so  fortunate  as  to  fall  into  the  com- 
pany of  the  widow  of  General  Greene,  who  with  her  family  was  re- 
turning to  Savannah  after  spending  a  summer  at  the  North.  On 
arriving  in  Georgia,  he  found  that  the  gentleman  who  had  engaged 
him  had  employed  another  tutor,  leaving  him  entirely  without  re- 
sources or  friends,  except  those  he  had  made  in  the  family  of  General 
Greene.  The  interest  he  had  excited  in  them,  however,  led  to  a  kind 
invitation  from  Mrs.  Greene  to  make  her  house  his  home,  and  there 
pursue  his  studies,  which  he  accepted,  and  commenced  the  study  of 
law  under*  her  hospitable  roof. 

Turning  his  mechanical  ingenuity  to  account,  he  soon  made  for 
Mrs.  Greene  a  tambour  frame  ;  and  not  long  after  this  incident  a 
party  of  gentlemen,  principally  officers  who  had  served  under  General 
Greene  in  the  Revolutionary  war,  came  from  Augusta  and  the  upper 
country  on  a  visit  to  the  family. 

The  conversation  turned  one  day  on  the  state  of  agriculture  among 
them,  and  great  regret  was  expressed  that  there  were  no  means  of 
cleaning  the  green-seed  cotton  or  separating  it  from  its  seed,  since  all 
the  lands  which  were  unsuitable  for  the  culture  of  rice  would  yield 
large  crops  of  cotton. 

During  this  conversation  Mrs.  Greene  said,  "  Gentlemen,  apply  to 
my  young  friend  Mr.  Whitney  ;  he  can  make  anything."  She  then 
led  the  company  to  another  room,  and  showed  them  the  tambour 
frame  which  he  had  made,  and  also  a  number  of  toys  which  he  had 
made  or  repaired  for  the  children,  and  then  introduced  them  to  Mr. 
Whitney  himself. 

Mr.  Whitney  disclaimed  all  pretension  to  mechanical  genius,  and 
said  that  he  had  never  seen  either  cotton  or  cotton  seed  in  his  life  ; 
but  a  new  turn  was  given  to  his  views,  and  he  went  to  Savannah,  and 
searched  the  warehouses  and  boats  till  he  found  a  small  parcel  of  cot- 
ton in  the  seed.  This  he  took  home  with  him,  and  commenced  his 
experiments  with  such  rude  tools  as  he  could  find,  even  drawing  his 
own  wire,  of  which  the  teeth  of  the  first  gins  were  composed. 


20 

The  ensuing  winter  saw  the  new  machine  completed,  and  Mrs. 
Greene  invited  to  her  house  a  number  of  gentlemen  from  different 
parts  of  the  State  to  witness  the  new  invention.  They  saw.  with 
astonishment  and  delight  that  more  cotton  could  be  separated  from 
the  seed  with  it  in  one  day,  by  the  labor  of  a  single  hand,  than  could 
be  done  in  the  former  manner  in  many  months. 

Phineas  Miller,  Esq.,  a  native  of  Connecticut  and  a  graduate  of 
Yale  College,  who  married  the  widow  of  General  Greene,  contributed 
much  to  the  success  of  the  undertaking.  He  provided  the  funds  to 
carry  out  the  enterprise,  and  the  parties  agreed  to  share  the  profits 
and  emoluments  resulting  by  an  instrument  bearing  date  May  27, 
1793.  Immediately  after  this  they  commenced  business  under  the 
name  of  Miller  &  Whitney.  On  the  25th  of  June,  1793,  Whitney 
presented  his  petition  for  a  patent  to  Thomas  Jefferson,  then  Secretary 
of  State,  and  on  the  20th  of  October  in  the  same  year  he  made  oath  to 
his  invention  before  the  Notary  Public  of  the  city  of  New  Haven. 

Of  his  long  and  tedious  struggles  with  the  horde  who  grasped  at 
his  invention,  without  any  remuneration  to  him,  of  the  almost  endless 
litigations  and  disappointments  which  followed,  I  have  neither  the 
time  nor  the  space  to  speak  here  ;  it  is  sufficient  for  our  present  pur- 
pose that  the  invention  was  made,  the  supply  of  the  raw  material  to 
the  Northern  manufacturers  assured,  to  say  nothing  of  the  wants  of 
Europe,  and  the  destiny  of  the  Southern  States  of  the  Union  fixed  for 
a  century  at  least.  Next  on  the  roll  of  inventors  to  Arkwright,  in 
point  of  time  as  well  as  importance  in  the  history  of  the  cotton  manu- 
facture, stands  Eli  Whitney,  the  first  American  who  is  distinguished 
in  that  connection.  Next  in  order  to  Whitney  comes  Whittemore, 
already  mentioned,  whose  machine  for  setting  card  clothing  is  often 
selected  as  an  example  of  the  perfection  of  mechanical  automa- 
tism. This  was  soon  adopted  by  Pliny  Earle,  whose  nephews  still 
carry  on  the  business  of  making  card  clothing  in  Worcester,  under 
the  firm  name  of  Timothy  K.  Earle  &  Co.  This  closes  the  period  of 
distinct  invention  for  the  century,  and,  although  many  small  modifica- 
tions and  improvements  may  have  been  made,  we  shall  find  little  to 
note  except  the  growth  of  the  now  established  business  of  "  cotton 
spinning  "  until  the  War  of  1812,  the  introduction  of  the  power  loom, 
and  the  building  of  the  first  mill  at  Waltham  for  combining  all  the 
processes  of  making  cloth  under  one  roof.  Meanwhile  we  will  devote 
another  chapter  to  notices  of  the  extension  of  the  business,  which  was 
very  rapid,  and  which  spread  to  various  parts  of  the  country  during 
the  intervening  period. 


21 


CHAPTER  IV. 

IN  1798  Samuel  Slater  entered  into  partnership  with  Oziel  Wilkin- 
son, Timothy  Green,  and  William  Wilkinson,  the  two  latter  as  well  as 
himself  having  married  daughters  of  Oziel  Wilkinson.  He  built  the 
second  mill  on  the  east  side  of  Pawtucket  River,  called  the  "White 
Mill,"  in  what  was  then  the  town  of  Rehoboth,  within  the  limits  of 
Massachusetts,  and  an  act  was  passed  by  the  Massachusetts  Legisla- 
ture in  1799  exempting  the  said  mill,  together  with  the  materials  and 
stock,  from  taxation  for  seven  years  from  April  1,  1800. 

The  firm  was  known  as  Samuel  Slater  &  Co.,  he  holding  one  half 
the  stock. 

"  Until  this  time  "  (according  to  Mr.  Batchelder)  "  the  business  had 
been  confined  to  Slater  and  his  associates,  but  soon  after  this  it  is  stated 
that  several  of  his  men  who  had  become  acquainted  with  the  construc- 
tion of  his  machinery  left  his  employment,  and  commenced  the  erection 
of  mills  for  themselves  or  other  parties.  Mr.  Benjamin  S.  Wolcott 
was  employed  by  Mr.  Slater  in  the  construction  of  his  first  mill.  After 
acquiring  sufficient  knowledge  of  the  business,  he  united  with  Rufus 
and  Elisha  Waterman  for  the  purpose  of  erecting  a  cotton  factory  in 
Cumberland  about  1801.  The  machinery  was  afterward  removed  to 
Central  Falls,  a  short  distance  above  Pawtucket,  and  a  new  company 
formed,  with  the  addition  of  Mr.  Stephen  Jenks. 

Another  of  his  workmen,  by  the  name  of  Robbins,  commenced  a 
mill  in  New  Ipswich,  which  was  put  in  operation  in  1804 ;  being  the 
first  cotton  mill  built  in  New  Hampshire. 

B.  S.  Wolcott,  Jr.,  was  employed  in  one  of  the  early  mills  at  Paw- 
tucket ;  a  second  one,  known  as  the  "  Yellow  Mill,"  having  been  built 
in  1805,  under  an  act  exempting  it  from  all  taxes  for  five  years  ;  and 
with  the  assistance  of  his  father,  in  1807  or  1808,  built  the  first  cotton 
mill  in  Oneida  County,  New  York,  four  miles  west  of  Utica. 

Some  years  later  Mr.  Wolcott,  associated  with  Benjamin  and  Jo- 
seph Marshall,  formerly  English  merchants  in  New  York,  built  the 
"New  York  Mills." 

Meanwhile  the  attention  of  other  parts  of  the  country  was  being 
drawn  to  the  subject,  and  the  Society  for  the  Establishment  of  Useful 


22 

Manufactures  in  New  Jersey  was  organized  at  New  Brunswick,  No- 
vember 22,  1791.  In  May,  1792,  the  society  selected  the  falls  of  the 
Passaic  as  the  site  of  their  operations,  and  named  their  town  Paterson 
after  the  governor  who  signed  their  charter.  At  a  meeting  of  the  di- 
rectors at  the  Godwin  Hotel  July  4th,  they  made  appropriations  for 
building  factories,  machine-shops,  and  print-works,  and  a  raceway  was 
directed  to  be  made  for  bringing  the  water  from  above  the  falls  to  the 
proposed  mills.  Unfortunately  the  direction  of  their  water-power  was 
given  to  Major  L'Enfant,  a  French  engineer,  and  the  same  one  who 
laid  out  the  city  of  Washington,  and  his  gigantic  schemes,  reaching 
from  above  the  falls  to  tide- water,  proved  far  beyond  the  means  of  the 
company,  so  that  in  1793  the  business  was  put  in  charge  of  Peter 
Colt,  then  Comptroller  of  the  State  of  Connecticut,  who  completed  the 
raceways,  abandoning  the  outlet  to  tidewater,  and  built  a  factory  in 
which  they  commenced  spinning  cotton  yarn  in  1794  ;  and  during  the 
years  1795  and  '96  much  yarn  was  spun,  and  several  species  of  cotton 
fabrics  were  made.  But  not  succeeding  financially,  they  resolved  in 
July,  1796,  to  discontinue  the  manufacture,  and  discharged  the  work- 
men. This  result  was  produced  by  a  variety  of  causes.  Nearly 
£50,000  had  been  lost  by  the  failure  of  parties  to  certain  bills  of  ex- 
change purchased  by  the  company  to  buy  in  England  plain  cloths  for 
printing ;  large  sums  had  been  wasted  by  the  engineers  ;  and  the  ma- 
chinists and  manufacturers  imported  were  presumptuous,  and  ignorant 
of  many  branches  of  the  business  they  engaged  to  conduct.  The  cot- 
ton mill  of  the  company  was  subsequently  leased  to  individuals,  who 
continued  to  spin  candle-wicks  and  coarse  yarn  until  1807,  when  it  was 
accidentally  burned,  and  was  never  rebuilt. 

Between  1801  and  1814  several  mill-seats  were  leased  to  other  par- 
ties, and  in  1814  Mr.  Roswell  L.  Colt  purchased  at  a  low  price  a  large 
proportion  of  the  shares,  and  reanimated  the  association,  since  when 
the  growth  of  Paterson  has  been  steady,  though  largely  in  other  direc- 
tions than  that  of  cotton  manufacturing.  Still,  much  cotton  t  ma- 
chinery and  many  valuable  inventions  have  been  produced  there,  and 
we  shall  probably  have  occasion  to  refer  to  it  again  in  due  order.  At 
present  Paterson  is  distinguished  as  the  chief  seat  of  the  silk  manufac- 
ture of  the  United  States,  and  contains  several  large  and  important 
locomotive  and  machine  works,  as  well  as  the  different  flax  mills  of  the 
Messrs.  Barbour  &  Brothers. 

William  Pollard,  of  Philadelphia,  obtained  a  patent  for  cotton 
spinning  December  30th,  1791,  which  was  the  first  water-frame  put  in 
motion  in  Pennsylvania.  But  whether  he  obtained  his  patterns  direct 
from  England,  or  by  the  way  of  Pawtucket,  is  not  certain  ;  and  it  is 
doubtful  if  the  machinery  was  capable  of  successful  operation.  At 


23 

any  rate,  the  enterprise  failed,  while  Slater  was  making  his  greatest 
profits,  and  its  want  of  success  is  said  to  have  retarded  the  progress  of 
cotton-spinning  in  Philadelphia. 

In  1808  the  Globe  Factory,  with  a  capital  of  $80,000,  was  estab- 
lished in  the  "  Northern  Liberties "  of  Philadelphia  by  Dr.  Redman 
Coxe. 

The  Arkwright  machinery  was  also  introduced  very  early  at  Copps 
Creek,  Delaware,  by  Goodfellow,  and  also  at  Kirk  Mill,  near  Wil- 
mington. 

In  1790  a  person  who  had  been  engaged  in  the  Beverly  Factory 
was  employed  to  go  to  Norwich,  Conn.,  to  put  in  operation  some  cot- 
ton machinery  which  was  understood  to  be  similar  to  that  used  at 
Beverly.  This  machinery  is  supposed  to  have  been  imported  by  some 
means  from  England.  In  1794  another  mill  was  built  in  the  west  part 
of  New  Haven  by  John  R.  Livingston  and  David  Dickson,  of  New 
York.  In  1807  this  was  converted  into  a  woolen  mill,  and  since  into  a 
paper  mill.  In  1806  General  Humphrey  built  a  mill  at  Derby,  Conn., 
both  for  cotton  and  woolen  ;  and  the  same  year  a  company  was 
formed,  consisting  of  James,  Christie,  and  William  Rhodes,  brothers, 
of  Pawtucket,  Oziel  Wilkinson  and  his  five  sons,  viz.,  Abraham,  Isaac, 
David,  Daniel,  and  Smith  Wilkinson,  and  his  two  sons-in-law,  Timo- 
thy Green  and  William  Wilkinson,  with  a  capital  of  $60,000,  five 
twelfths  of  which  was  invested  in  real  estate  then  known  as  Congers 
Mills,  on  the  Quinebaug  River,  and  included  about  one  thousand  acres 
of  lands  lying  in  the  adjoining  towns  of  Pomfret,  Thompson,  and 
Killingly,  in  Connecticut. 

In  this  year  also  (1806)  Samuel  Slater  sent  for  his  younger  .brother 
John,  who  came  from  England,  bringing  all  the  latest  improvements 
in  the  business,  and  joined  with  his  brother  and  his  partners  in  build- 
ing a  new  establishment  in  Smithfield,  R.  I.,  now  known  as  the  village 
of  Slatersville.  In  June,  1806,  John  Slater  took  charge  of  the  business 
at  this  place,  under  the  firm  of  Almy,  Brown  &  Slaters,  and  com- 
menced spinning  in  1807,  managing  the  business  successfully  for  up- 
ward of  fifty  years.  Samuel  Slater's  business  was  now  becoming  very 
profitable,  and  he  was  evidently  accumulating  property,  although  his 
salary  as  superintendent  of  the  two  mills  at  Pawtucket  was  only 
$1.50  per  diem  from  each  mill. 

The  second  cotton  mill  in  Massachusetts  was  built  on  Bass  River, 
in  Beverly,  in  1801,  with  six  water-frames  of  seventy-two  spindles 
each.  This  machinery  was  built  a,t  Paterson,  N.  J.,  by  a  man  named 
Clark,  who  came  to  Beverly  to  put  it  in  operation.  This  mill  was  un- 
successful, from  insufficient  water-power  and  other  causes,  and  contin- 
ued in  operation  but  two  or  three  years. 


24 

In  1805  the  first  factory  established  at  Beverly,  having  sunk  half 
its  capital,  suspended  operation. 

The  return  of  exports  for  this  year  shows  of  Sea  Island  cotton 
8,787,659  Ibs.,  and  of  other  kinds  29,602,428  Ibs.,  and  the  quantity 
manufactured  in  the  United  States  is  said  to  have  been  1,000  bales,  or 
300,000  Ibs.,  as  bales  then  averaged.  The  prices  of  yarn  at  Pawtucket 
were  as  follows  :  No.  12,  99  cents  per  lb.;  No.  16,  $1.15  per  lb.;  No. 
20,  $1.31  per  lb.  About  this  time  the  first  regular  cotton  factory  in 
the  State  of  New  York  was  erected  in  Union  Village,  Washington 
County,  by  William  Mowry,  who  had  learned  the  business  at  Paw- 
tucket. 

February  27,  1807,  an  exemption  from  taxes  for  five  years  was 
granted  by  act  of  the  Legislature  of  Massachusetts  for  a  cotton  mill 
erected  at  Watertown  by  Seth  Bemis  and  Jeduthan  Faller,  and  June 
20  of  the  same  year  a  factory  was  incorporated  at  Fitchburg,  Mass. ; 
and  March  12,  1808,  the  Norfolk  Cotton  Factory  at  Dedham  was 
incorporated.  A  small  cotton  factory  was  also  established  at  Pitts- 
burg,  Pa.,  in  1807  ;  and  Mr.  Zachariah  Allen  estimates  the  whole 
number  of  cotton  spindles  in  the  United  States  to  have  been  about 
4,000. 

The  second  cotton  mill  in  New  Hampshire  was  commenced  upon 
the  same  stream  with  the  first  one,  the  Souhegan  River,  at  New  Ips- 
wich, in  1807,  and  put  in  operation  in  1808  by  Seth  Nason,  Isaac 
Holton,  and  Samuel  Batchelder,  containing,  like  the  first  mill,  about 
500  spindles.  In  1805  the  Legislature  of  New  Hampshire  granted  to 
the  proprietors  of  the  first  mill  an  exemption  from  taxes  for  five  years, 
and  in  1808  the  same  to  the  proprietors  of  the  second  mill. 

I  here  extract  from  u  The  Textile  "  the  following  from  a  letter 
from  Mr.  Batchelder  to  the  editor  :  "  Six  or  seven  years  before  the 
commencement  of  weaving  by  the  power  loom  at  Waltham,  I  was  the 
owner,  with  two  or  three  others,  of  the  second  cotton  mill  that  was 
built  in  New  Hampshire,  and  in  order  to  dispose  of  my  part  of  the 
product  of  the  mill  I  undertook  to  manufacture  yarn  by  the  hand 
loom  into  shirting,  gingham,  checks,  and  ticking.  At  that  time  al- 
most every  farmhouse  in  the  country  was  furnished  with  a  loom  and 
spinning  wheels,  for  manufacturing  the  ordinary  clothing  of  the  fam- 
ily, and  most  of  the  females  were  weavers  or  spinners,  and  were  very 
willing  to  undertake  to  weave  such  articles  as  I  proposed,  in  order  to 
purchase  calicoes  and  such  other  goods  as  they  could  not  manufacture 
themselves. 

"  Before  the  War  of  1812  I  made  a  contract  with  the  other  owners 
of  the  mill  to  purchase  the  whole  of  the  yarn  produced  by  the  mill 
for  several  years,  and  extended  the  business  of  weaving  so  that  at 


25 

times  I  had  about  a  hundred  weavers  in  my  employ — not  constantly 
at  work,  but  as  they  had  leisure  from  other  household  employment. 
They  came  from  the  neighboring  towns  for  the  distance  of  six  or  eight 
miles  for  the  yarn  and  to  return  the  webs.  The  price  for  weaving  the 
different  articles  was  from  three  to  seven  cents  per  yard.  On  the 
power  loom  at  the  present  time  the  cost  would  average  about  one 
cent.  I  also  at  this  time  made  an  experiment  of  weaving  on  the  hand 
loom  pillow-cases  without  seams,  in  the  manner  which  was  patented 
many  years  afterward  for  weaving  bags  for  grain,  which  has  now  be- 
come an  extensive  business.  I  continued  the  business  for  several 
years  after  the  introduction  of  the  power  loom  at  Waltham,  which 
was  confined  to  weaving  plain  sheetings  and  shirtings,  while  most  of 
the  goods  which  I  made  were  twilled  or  checks,  such  as  were  not 
woven  on  the  power  loom,  and  consisted  in  part  of  dyed  yarn  of  blue 
and  other  colors.  I  paid  at  that  time  fifty  cents  per  Ib.  for  dyeing  a 
fast  indigo  blue,  such  as  would  now  cost  only  seven  or  eight  cents. 

"  On  looking  back  at  my  account  books  I  find  that  I  manufactured 
more  than  fifty  tons  of  cloth  of  various  kinds  by  hand  looms,  which  I 
continued  till  1825,  when  I  went  to  Lowell  to  build  the  Hamilton 
Mills,  where  I  adopted  the  power  looms  for  the  purpose  of  weaving 
twilled  goods,  such  as  I  had  formerly  made  on 'the  hand  loom.  My 
goods  were  mostly  sold  in  Boston,  after  commission  houses  were 
established  for  the  sale  of  American  goods.  Mr.  Nathan  Appleton 
states,  in  his  ( Account  of  the  Introduction  of  the  Power  Loom,' 
that  on  his  first  bringing  the  Waltham  sheetings  to  market  (1815) 
there  was  but  one  place  in  Boston  where  domestic  goods  were  sold  ; 
and  when,  before  the  War  of  1812,  I  first  offered  my  hand-loom  goods 
for  sale  in  Boston,  and  proposed  to  consign  them  to  some  dry-goods 
merchants,  I  was  told  that  it  would  be  discreditable  for  them  to  under- 
take the  sale  of  American  goods,  and  I  had  to  consign  them  to  retail 
shops  in  Salem  and  other  places  at  a  limited  price,  paying  a  commis- 
sion of  ten  per  cent.  At  one  time  such  was  the  demand  for  goods 
that  speculators  came  from  Boston  and  cleared  my  shelves  of  goods  at 
the  retail  price.  Ticking,  such  as  would  now  be  worth  fifteen  to 
twenty  cents,  then  sold  for  seventy-five  cents  a  yard,  and  a  better  arti- 
cle sold  regularly  for  a  dollar." 

In  December,  1808,  the  State  of  New  Hampshire,  by  a  general 
law,  granted  exemption  from  taxation  for  five  years  to  those  who 
should  erect  works  for  the  manufacture  of  cotton,  wool,  salt,  or  glass, 
and  incorporated  a  cotton  manufactory  at  Peterborough,  and  one  at 
Exeter.  In  1809  were  incorporated  the  second  Peterborough  cotton 
factory  and  one  in  Chesterfield.  In  1810  one  was  incorporated  at 
Milford,  one  at  Swanzey,  one  at  Pembroke,  and  one  at  Amoskeag 


26 


Falls,  being  the  nucleus  from  which  has  grown  the  present  Amoskeag 
Company ;  in  1801,  one  at  Walpole,  one  at  Hillsborough,  one  at  Mere- 
dith, and  a  third  at  Peterborough.  Most  of  these  mills  went  into  oper- 
ation within  about  a  year  of  the  time  of  incorporation,  so  that  at  the 
commencement  of  the  War  of  1812  there  were  probably  fifteen  cot- 
ton mills  in  operation  in  New  Hampshire,  averaging  not  more  than 
five  hundred  spindles  in  each,  or  not  more  than  six  or  seven  thousand 
in  all.  The  first  cotton  mill  in  the  State  of  Maine  was  built  at  Bruns- 
wick in  1809,  and  soon  after  another  was  erected  at  Gardiner. 

Tench  Coxe,  in  his  report  of  the  census  of  1810,  gives  the  number 
of  cotton  factories  as  follows  : 


New  Hampshire 12 

Massachusetts 64 

Rhode  Island 28 

Connecticut 14 

Vermont . .  1 


New  York 26 

New  Jersey 4 

Pennsylvania 64 

Delaware. . .  3 


Maryland 11 

Ohio 2 

Kentucky 15 

Tennessee ...  4 


This,  however,  does  not  agree  with  other  authorities. 

Dr.   Bishop,  in  his  "History  of   American  Manufactures,"  gives 
eighty-seven  mills,  which  he  locates  as  follows  : 


Maine 1 

New  Hampshire 6 

Massachusetts 15 

Rhode  Island... 25 

Connecticut 6 

Kentucky. 6 


Vermont 4 

New  York 6 

New  Jersey 2 

Pennsylvania 4 

Delaware 2 

Tennessee. .  .  1 


Maryland 5 


Virginia 

South   Carolina. 

Georgia 

Ohio. . 


And  of  these,  fourteen  were  horse  mills. 

"These  eighty-seven  mills  were  expected  to  employ  a  capital  of 
$4,800,000,  and  use  3,600,000  Ibs.  of  cotton,  worth  $720,000.  They 
would  spin  in  1811  2,880,000  Ibs.  of  yarn,  worth  $3,240,000,  and  em- 
ploy 500  men  and  3,500  women  and  children." 

Mr.  Batchelder  says  :  "  All  the  factories  built  before  the  war  of 
1812  were  built  after  the  plan  first  introduced  by  Slater,  with  very  lit- 
tle modification.  His  spinning  was  what  was  usually  denominated  the 
water-frame,  built  in  separate  sections  of  eight  spindles  each  ;  but  be- 
fore 1808,  when  the  second  mill  was  built  in  New  Hampshire,  the 
spinning-frame,  called  the  <  throstle,'  had  been  introduced,  and  was 
adopted  in  this  mill." 

The  spread  of  manufactures,  due  to  the  restrictions  on  the  importa- 
tions of  goods,  and  the  consequent  advance  of  prices,  was  now  very 
rapid,  and  in  1812  there  were  said  to  be  nearly  forty  cotton  mills  in 
Rhode  Island,  with  about  30,000  spindles,  and  about  thirty  mills  in 


27 

Massachusetts,  within  thirty  miles  of  Providence,  with  about  18,000 
spindles,  amounting  in  the  whole  to  48,000  spindles. 

"  The  war  with  Great  Britain  in  1812  raised  the  price  of  goods  to 
such  extravagant  rates,  and  stimulated  the  building  of  cotton  factories 
to  such  a  degree,  that  a  list  of  the  mills  in  and  near  Providence,  in- 
cluding a  number  in  Massachusetts  at  the  close  of  the  war,  makes  the 
number  of  mills  ninety-six,  and  of  spindles  65,264  ;  being  an  average 
of  680  spindles  to  a  mill,  eighteen  of  the  whole  number  having  less 
than  300  spindles  each,  and  the  largest,  that  of  Almy,  Brown  &  Slater, 
5,170  spindles." 

This  brings  us  to  a  new  era,  that  of  the  power  loom,  and  the  intro- 
duction of  what  was  known  as  the  "  Waltham  system,"  where  all  the 
processes  of  manufacturing  cloth  were  carried  on  under  the  same  roof 
and  by  the  same  management. 

With  the  growth  of  the  cotton  manufacture  there  had  as  a  neces- 
sary consequence  sprung  up  shops  for  building  the  machinery,  and 
skillful  mechanics  had  been  trained.  Calico  printed  with  engraved 
rollers,  and  by  machinery  driven  by  water-power,  was  produced  by 
'Thorp,  Siddall  &  Co.,  about  six  miles  from  Philadelphia,  in  October, 
1810,  and  in  the  same  year  Alfred  Jenks,  a  pupil  and  co-laborer  with 
Slater,  commenced  the  manufacture  of  cotton  machinery  of  every  de- 
scription at  Holmesburg,  near  Philadelphia,  afterward  removing  to 
Bridesburg,  where  he  engaged  extensively  in  the  construction  of 
looms. 

The  era  of  weaving  by  power  now  demands  a  new  chapter,  and 
will  bring  a  new  set  of  inventors  on  the  stage. 


28 


CHAPTER  V. 

IN  the  following  pages  I  shall  have  occasion  to  quote  frequently 
from  a  pamphlet  written  by  the  Hon.  Nathan  Appleton,  of  Boston, 
and  printed  in  1858  in  Lowell  by  the  "  Proprietors  of  the  Locks  and 
Canals  on  Merrimac  River,"  as  well  as  from  the  authorities  previously 
mentioned,  commencing  with  the  following  summary  of  the  most  reli- 
able facts  in  the  history  of  the  power  loom  as  given  by  Mr.  Batchel- 
der  :  "  The  first  attempt  to  weave  by  machinery  was  made  by  M.  de 
Gennes.  His  loom  is  described  in  the  *  Philosophical  Transactions '  in 
the  year  1700.  About  1765  a  weaving  factory  driven  by  water  was 
built  by  Mr.  Garside,  of  Manchester.  It  was  furnished  with  l  swivel 
looms,'  probably  those  invented  by  M.  Vaucanson,  and  described  in  the 
'  Encyclopedic  Methodique.'  It  was  worked  for  a  considerable  time, 
but  with  no  advantage,  one  man  being  required  for  each  loom." 

The  prototype  of  the  present  loom,  however,  was  the  loom  invented 
by  the  Rev.  Edmond  Cartwright,  an  English  clergyman,  for  which  he 
secured  his  first  patent  April,  1785.  In  his  own  words,  "  This  being 
done,  I  then  condescended  to  see  how  other  people  wove,  and  you  will 
guess  my  astonishment  when  I  compared  their  easy  modes  of  operation 
with  mine.  Availing  myself,  however,  of  what  I  then  saw,  I  made  a 
loom,  in  its  general  principles,  nearly  as  they  are  now  made,  but  it  was 
not  until  the  year  1787  that  I  completed  my  invention,  when  I  took 
out  my  last  weaving  patent,  in  August  of  that  year." 

A  weaving  factory  was  built  at  Doncaster,  under  Arkwright's  li- 
cense, by  some  of  his  friends,  but  was  unsuccessful,  and  another  estab- 
lishment at  Manchester,  containing  500  looms,  was  built  by  Mr.  Grim- 
shaw  in  1790,  but  was  destroyed  by  a  mob.  The  invention,  however, 
overcame  all  opposition,  and  at  the  time  of  Cartwright's  death  it  was 
estimated  that  power  looms  were  performing  the  labor  of  200,000  men. 

Another  loom  was  invented  by  a  Mr.  Austin,  of  Glasgow,  in  1789, 
and  put  in  operation  in  1798,  but  with  what  success  is  not  known. 

Patents  were  obtained  for  power  looms  by  Robert  Miller  in  1796, 
and  by  Toad,  of  Bolton,  in  1803.  Mr.  Horrocks,  of  Stockport,  took 
patents  for  a  power  loom  in  1803  and  1805,  and  for  further  improve- 


29 

ments  in  1815.  This  seems  to  have  been  the  first  really  successful 
loom,  and  has  now  become  of  general  use,  as  the  crank  or  "  Scotch " 
loom.  Great  difficulty  was,  however,  experienced  in  preparing  the 
yarn  so  as  to  produce  a  warp  which  could  be  woven  by  power  ;  but 
the  desired  result  was  attained  by  William  Radcliffe,  of  Stockport,  and 
Thomas  Johnson,  of  Bredbury,  who  in  1804  patented  the  "  dressing- 
machine,"  and  also  took  out  patents  for  improvements  in  the  loom, 
taking  up  the  cloth  as  woven  by  the  motion  of  the  lathe.  Horrocks 
and  Radcliffe,  like  nearly  all  inventors,  failed  financially,  which  re- 
tarded the  adoption  of  their  inventions,  so  that  in  1813  it  was  supposed 
that  not  more  than  100  dressing-machines  and  2,400  looms  were  in 
operation  in  Great  Britain.  Still  these  were  enough  to  alarm  the  hand- 
loom  weavers,  who,  attributing  to  machinery  the  distress  arising  from 
the  American  war  and  the  "  Orders  in  Council,"  broke  all  the  looms  set 
up  at  Middleton,  West  Houghton,  and  other  places.  (Baines's  "  His- 
tory of  the  Cotton  Manufacture,"  etc.) 

Mr.  Batchelder  says  that  a  loom  was  built  at  Exeter,  N".  H.,  by  T. 
M.  Murphy  in  1806,  and  experimented  with  for  three  years,  and  ex- 
periments were  also  made  at  Dorchester  and  Dedham,  Mass.,  between 
1806  and  1809,  but  were  not  sufficiently  successful  to  take  the  place  of 
hand-weaving. 

"In  the  year  1811,"  says  Mr.  Appleton,  "I  met  my  friend,  Mr, 
Francis  C.  Lowell,  at  Edinburgh,  where  he  had  been  passing  some 
time  with  his  family.  We  had  frequent  conversations  on  the  subject 
of  the  cotton  manufacture,  and  he  informed  me  that  he  had  determined 
before  his  return  to  America  to  visit  Manchester  for  the  purpose  of 
obtaining  all  possible  information  on  the  subject,  with  a  view  to  the 
introduction  of  the  improved  manufacture  in  the  United  States.  I 
urged  him  to  do  so,  and  promised  him  my  cooperation.  He  returned 
home,  and  in  1813  came  to  me  on  the  Boston  Exchange  one  day,  with 
Mr.  Patrick  T.  Jackson,  and  stated  that  they  had  purchased  a  water- 
power  in  Waltham  (Bemis's  paper-mill),  and  that  they  had  obtained 
an  act  of  incorporation,  and  Mr.  Jackson  had  agreed  to  give  up  all 
other  business,  and  take  the  management  of  the  concern."  Mr.  Jack- 
son was  the  brother-in-law  of  Mr.  Lowell,  and  from  a  memoir  of  him 
published  in  1858  in  Hunt's  "  Merchant's  Magazine,"  by  John  A.  Low- 
ell, Esq.,  of  Boston,  I  extract  the  following : 

"  Mr.  Lowell  had  just  returned  to  this  country  in  1812,  after  a  long 
visit  to  England  and  Scotland.  While  abroad  he  had  conceived  the 
idea  that  the  cotton  manufacture,  then  almost  monopolized  by  Great 
Britain,  might  be  advantageously  prosecuted  here.  The  use  of  ma- 
chinery was  daily  superseding  the  former  manual  operations,  and  it 
was  known  that  power  looms  had  recently  been  introduced,  though  the 


30 

mode  of  constructing  them  had  been  kept  secret.  The  cheapness  of 
labor  and  abundance  of  capital  were  advantages  in  favor  of  the  Eng- 
lish manufacturers  ;  they  had  skill  and  reputation.  On  the  other 
hand,  they  were  burdened  with  the  taxes  of  a  prolonged  war.  We 
could  obtain  the  raw  material  cheaper,  and  had  a  great  superiority  in 
the  abundant  water-power,  then  unemployed,  in  every  part  of  New 
England."  "  So  confident  was  he  in  his  calculations  that  he  thought 
he  could  in  no  way  so  effectually  assist  the  fortunes  of  his  relative, 
Mr.  Jackson,  as  by  offering  him  a  share  in  the  enterprise."  Mr.  Jack- 
son had  been  engaged  in  the  Calcutta  trade,  which  was  prostrated  by 
the  war,  and  gladly  took  hold  of  the  new  enterprise. 

The  difficulties  were  very  great.  The  war  precluded  all  communi- 
cation with  England.  Neither  books,  designs,  nor  models  could  be 
procured  ;  everything  had,  as  it  were,  to  be  reinvented  ;  and  the  pow- 
er loom  was  the  first  thing  to  be  accomplished.  "  In  England  it  had 
been  invented  by  a  clergyman  :  why  not  here  by  a  merchant  ?  " 

After  numerous  trials,  they  succeeded  in  the  autumn  of  1812  in 
producing  a  model  which  was  so  satisfactory  that  they  engaged  the 
services  of  Mr.  Paul  Moody,  of  Amesbury,  a  well-known  and  skillful 
mechanic,  to  aid  in  the  construction  of  a  mill  for  weaving  cotton 
cloth.  The  first  project  was  for  a  weaving-mill  exclusively,  but  it  was 
found  that  it  would  be  more  economical  to  spin  the  yarn  than  to  buy 
it,  and  they  put  up  a  mill  with  about  1,700  spindles,  which  was  com- 
pleted late  in  1813.  This  was  probably  the  first  mill  in  the  world  that 
combined  all  the  operations  for  converting  the  raw  cotton  into  finished 
cloth. 

Great  difficulty  was  at  first  experienced  at  Waltham  for  the  want 
of  a  proper  machine  for  preparing  the  warps.  They  procured  from 
England  a  drawing  of  Horrocks's  dressing  machine,  which  they  altered 
and  very  much  improved,  producing  the  "  dresser,"  which  has  till  re- 
cently been  of  general  use  in  this  country.  No  plan,  however,  was 
shown  in  this  drawing  for  putting  the  yarn  on  the  section  beams,  and 
to  supply  this  deficiency  Mr.  Moody  invented  the  warper. 

The  "  stop  motion,"  to  indicate  the  breaking  of  any  of  the  threads 
on  the  warper  >  was  also  invented  at  Waltham  by  Jacob  Perkins,  the 
inventor  of  the  present  system  of  bank-note  engraving  on  steel,  and 
other  ingenious  inventions.  Other  great  improvements  were  made. 
Mr.  Appleton  says  :  "  The  greatest  improvement  was  in  the  '  double- 
speeder.'  The  original  fly  frame  or  roving  frame  introduced  from 
England  was  without  any  fixed  principle  for  regulating  the  changing 
movements  necessary  in  the  process  of  filling  a  spool.  Mr.  Lowell 
undertook  to  make  the  numerous  mathematical  calculations  necessary 
to  give  accuracy  to  these  complicated  movements,  which  occupied  him 


31 

constantly  for  more  than  a  week.  Mr.  Moody  carried  them  into  effect 
by  constructing  the  machinery  in  conformity.  Several  trials  at  law 
were  afterward  had  about  this  patent,  involving,  among  other  ques- 
tions, one  whether  a  mathematical  calculation  could  be  the  subject  of 
a  patent."  The  last  great  improvements  consisted  in  giving  a  more 
slack  twist  to  the  yarn  spun  for  filling  on  the  throstle,  and  in  spinning 
it  directly  on  the  shuttle  "quill"  without  the  process  of  winding. 
Mr.  Lowell  and  Mr.  Moody  went  to  Taunton  to  purchase  a  filling- 
winder,  the  patent  of  which  was  owned  by  Mr.  Shepherd,  of  that 
place,  having  previously  tried  one  made  by  Mr.  Stowell,  of  Worcester. 
Mr.  Lowell  tried  to  get  a  reduction  in  price  from  Mr.  Shepherd,  which 
he  refused,  telling  them  that  "  they  must  have  the  machines,  as  they 
could  not  do  without  them,"  when  Mr.  Moody  remarked  that  "  he  was 
just  thinking  that  he  could  spin  the  filling  direct  upon  the  bobbin." 
Mr.  Lowell,  who  perceived  the  practicability  of  doing  this,  dropped 
the  subject,  and  after  some  further  conversation  they  took  leave.  On 
their  return,  Mr.  Lowell  told  Mr.  Moody  that  he  must  accomplish  the 
plan  he  had  suggested,  and  the  invention  of  the  "  filling  frame  "  was 
the  result.  This  has  been  of  late  years  superseded  to  a  great  extent 
by  the  mule  ;  but,  since  the  recent  improvements  in  ring-spinning,  the 
motions  have  been  applied  to  the  ring-frame,  and  it  has  been  proved 
that  the  coarser  numbers  of  yarn,  say  below  No.  20,  can  be  spun 
cheaper  in  this  way  than  on  the  mule. 

A  similar  jesting  remark  also  led  to  the  adoption  of  soapstone  for 
the  rollers  in  the  dressing-frame,  instead  of  wood,  which  swelled  and 
warped  so  much  with  the  moisture  of  the  size  that  they  would  not 
work  properly. 

Mr.  Moody's  brother  suggested  to  him  the  use  of  a  "  soapstone  " 
mold  in  which  to  cast  some  "  pewter  "  rollers.  Mr.  Moody  took  the 
hint  in  a  manner  different  from  what  was  intended,  and  made  the  roll- 
ers themselves  of  soapstone. 

Mr.  Lowell's  loom  was  different  in  several  particulars  from  the 
English  loom,  the  principal  one  being  that  the  lathe  was  driven  by  an 
eccentric  cam  instead  of  a  crank,  which  has  now  been  generally  substi- 
tuted for  the  cam  motion,  and  some  other  improvements  have  been  in- 
troduced. 

With  the  success  of  the  new  machinery,  there  was  no  difficulty 
in  raising  the  capital  of  $400,000  required  to  carry  out  the  scheme 
at  Waltham.  A  charter,  under  the  name  of  the  Boston  Manufac- 
turing Company,  was  obtained,  and  the  full  water-power  utilized,  and 
$200,000  additional  were  afterward  raised  for  the  purchase  of  the 
adjoining  property  in  Watertown. 

With  the  mechanical  success  of  Waltham,  and  the  adoption  of  the 
11 


32 

new  system,  which  long  went  by  its  name,  came  other  great  changes, 
which  were  equally  the  result  of  the  foresight  and  sagacity  as  well  as 
the  philanthropy  of  Mr.  Lowell ;  and  I  can  not  better  express  them 
than  by  the  following  quotation  from  the  memoir  of  Mr.  Jackson, 
above  referred  to. 

"  It  is  not  surprising  that  Mr.  Lowell  should  have  felt  great  satis- 
faction at  the  result  of  his  labors.  In  the  establishment  of  the  cotton 
manufacture  in  its  present  form,  he  and  his  early  colleagues  have  done 
a  service  not  only  to  New  England,  but  to  the  whole  country,  which 
perhaps  will  never  be  fully  appreciated  :  not  by  the 'successful  estab- 
lishment of  this  branch  of  industry — that  would  sooner  or  later  have 
been  accomplished  ;  not  by  any  of  the  present  material  results  which 
have  flowed  from  it,  great  as  they  unquestionably  are  ;  but  by  the  in- 
troduction of  a  system  which  has  rendered  our  present  manufacturing 
population  the  wonder  of  the  world.  Elsewhere  vice  and  poverty 
have  followed  in  the  train  of  manufactures  ;  an  indissoluble  bond  of 
union  seemed  to  exist  between  them.  Philanthropists  have  prophesied 
the  like  result  here,  and  demagogues  have  reechoed  the  prediction. 
These  wise  and  patriotic  men,  the  founders  of  Waltham,  foresaw  and 
guarded  against  the  evil.  By  the  erection  of  boarding-houses  at  the 
expense  and  under  the  control  of  the  factory,  putting  at  the  head  ma- 
trons of  tried  character,  and  allowing  no  boarders  to  be  received  except 
the  female  operatives  of  the  mill;  by  stringent  regulations  for  the 
government  of  these  houses — by  all  these  precautions  they  gained 
the  confidence  of  the  rural  population,  who  were  now  no  longer  afraid 
to  trust  their  daughters  in  a  maunfacturing  town.  A  supply  was  thus 
obtained  of  respectable  girls  ;  and  these,  from  pride  of  character  as 
well  as  principle,  have  taken  especial  care  to  exclude  all  others.  It 
was  soon  found  that  an  apprenticeship  in  a  factory  entailed  no  degra- 
dation of  character,  and  was  no  impediment  to  a  reputable  connection 
in  marriage. 

"  A  factory-girl  was  no  longer  condemned  to  pursue  that  vocation 
for  life,  and  it  soon  came  to  be  considered  that  a  few  years  in  a  mill 
were  an  honorable  mode  of  securing  a  dower.  The  business  could 
thus  be  conducted  without  any  permanent  manufacturing  population. 
The  operatives  no  longer  form  a  separate  caste,  pursuing  a  sedentary 
employment,  from  father  to  child,  in  the  heated  rooms  of  a  factory, 
but  are  recruited  in  a  circulating  current  from  the  healthy  and  virtu- 
ous population  of  the  country.  By  these  means,  and  a  careful  selec- 
tion of  men  of  principle  and  purity  of  life  as  agents  and  overseers,  a 
great  moral  good  has  been  obtained.  Another  result  has  followed, 
which,  if  foreseen,  as  no  doubt  it  was,  does  great  credit  to  the  sagacity 
of  these  remarkable  men.  The  class  of  operatives  employed  in  our 


33 

mills  has  proved  to  be  as  superior  in  intelligence  and  efficiency  to  the 
population  elsewhere  employed  in  manufactures  as  they  are  in  morals. 
They  are  selected  from  a  more  educated  class,  from  among  persons  in 
more  easy  circumstances,  where  the  mental  and  physical  powers  have 
met  with  fuller  development.  This  connection  between  morals  and  in- 
tellectual efficiency  has  never  been  sufficiently  studied.  The  result  is 
certain,  and  may  be  destined  in  its  consequences  to  decide  the  ques- 
tion of  our  rivalry  with  England  in  the  manufacture  of  cotton." 

I  have  quoted  thus  at  length  from  this  memoir,  written  nearly 
thirty  years  ago,  because  the  ideas  expressed  in  it  seem  to  me  to  be 
yet  worthy  of  careful  study  ;  although  the  special  manufacturing  pop- 
ulation, which  the  founders  of  Waltham  so  much  deprecated,  is  grow- 
ing up  among  us,  under  the  influence  of  competition,  combined  with 
an  enormous  foreign  immigration,  and  the  growth  of  our  manufactur- 
ing towns,  which  have  increased  so  as  to  form  the  homes  of  a  perma- 
nent population.  Under  the  circumstances,  the  policy  pursued  by  Mr. 
Lowell  and  his  associates  was  not  only  wise,  but  necessary.  The  wa- 
ter-powers which  it  was  proposed  to  use  in  developing  the  new  indus- 
try on  a  grand  scale  were  literally  "in  the  woods."  Dwellings  for  the 
operatives  were  to  be  constructed  in  these  solitudes,  and  the  operatives 
to  be  procured.  The  latter  were  readily  found  in  the  surplus  female 
population  scattered  all  over  New  England,  many  of  whom  had  learned 
to  spin  and  weave  on  the  hand-wheel  or  loom  ;  and  philanthropy  and 
economy  went  hand  in  hand  in  the  organization  of  the  new  system. 
The  church  and  factory  were  built  together,  and  the  school-house  soon 
followed. 

From  Waltham  this  mode  of  organization  spread  rapidly  to  the 
northern  district  of  New  England — Lowell,  Saco,  Dover,  etc. — which 
will  be  noticed  in  due  course  ;  but  chronological  order  compels  us  to 
return  to  Rhode  Island  and  its  vicinity  ;  and  in  this  connection  it  is 
but  proper  to  say  that  Slater  and  his  associates  also  established  Sun- 
day-schools, and  took  great  interest  in  the  moral  welfare  of  their  em- 
ployees, though  the  permanent  or  family  system  was  adopted  by  them 
in  the  small  way  in  which  their  mills  were  commenced  as  compared 
with  the  scale  of  operations  at  Waltham  and  afterward  at  Lowell. 
There  were  also  other  great  points  of  difference  between  what  we  may 
call  the  "  Waltham  "  and  the  "  Rhode  Island  "  systems.  At  Waltham 
the  wages  were  paid  in  cash,  no  children  were  employed,  and  the  oper- 
atives were  free  to  make  their  purchases  at  their  discretion.  In 
Rhode  Island  the  owners  of  the  mills  established  a  sort  of  "  factory 
store"  from  which  the  families  were  supplied  with  all  that  they 
needed  on  credit,  and  but  little  cash  was  used  in  the  daily  transactions, 
and  the  employees  were  kept  in  a  sort  of  dependence  on  their  employers. 


34 


CHAPTER  VI 

IN  1812  the  first  cotton  mill  in  Fall  River,  then  called  Troy,  was 
erected  at  what  was  known  as  Globe  Village  by  Colonel  Joseph  Dur- 
fee  and  others,  and  was  afterward  converted  into  the  Globe  Print 
Works  in  1829,  and  was  burned  in  December,  1838.  In  1813  the 
Troy  Manufacturing  Company  was  organized  and  built  their  first  mill. 
From  that  time  until  1840  the  growth  of  the  place  was  slow,  and  in 
the  latter  year  there  were  32,864  spindles  where  there  are  now  over 
1,200,000.  I  merely  note  its  commencement  here  in  due  order.  In 
1814  manufacturing  was  again  revived  at  Paterson,  as  noted  by  Mr. 
Roswell  L.  Colt,  the  son  of  Mr.  Peter  Colt ;  and  it  was  estimated  that 
Essex  County,  N.  J.,  contained  in  September  of  this  year  32,500  spin- 
dles. The  second  steam-engine  in  Providence,  of  24  horse-power,  was 
erected  in  this  year  by  Oliver  Evans,  for  the  Providence  Dyeing, 
Bleaching,  and  Calendering  Company. 

The  Bellingham  Cotton  and  Woolen  Factory,  on  Charles  River, 
and  the  H^mpden  Cotton  Manufacturing  Company,  on  Chicopee 
River,  at  Ludlow,  were  incorporated  by  Massachusetts.  The  first 
cotton  mill  in  North  Adams,  Mass.,  was  erected  in  1811  and  started 
in  1812.  The  cotton  was  received  here  as  it  was  picked  in  the  cotton- 
field.  It  was  put  out  in  families  and  picked  and  whipped,  then  sent 
back  to  the  mill  and  carded  and  spun  into  yarn.  This  yarn  was 
put  out  in  the  families  by  the  company,  and  woven  on  hand  looms 
into  blue  and  white  striped  cloth  for  pants,  also  another  style  for 
women's  dresses.  The  name  of  this  company  was  "The  Adams 
North  Village  Cotton  Factory  Company."  The  Eagle  Mill  was 
started  in  1814,  near  the  Eagle  Mill  of  the  Freeman  Manufacturing 
Company,  and  in  1819  the  first  power  loom  was  started  in  that  mill. 
The  first  power  loom  on  satinet  was  started  by  S.  Burlingame  in  1823. 
The  first  cotton  mill  at  Fishkill,  N.  Y.,  the  commencement  of  the 
Matteawan  Manufacturing  Company,  was  built  by  Messrs.  Schenck  & 
Dowling,  and  the  Lancaster  Manufacturing  Company,  of  Lancaster, 
Penn.,  commenced  operations,  but  failed  in  1818. 


35 

In  1815  William  Gilmore  came  from  Scotland  to  this  country, 
arriving  in  Boston  in  September.  He  was  met  in  Boston  by  Mr. 
Robert  Rogerson,  who  knew  that  he  had  been  employed  in  power- 
loom  weaving,  and  understood  the  construction  of  the  looms  and  dress- 
ing machinery,  and  who  took  him  to  Smithfield  and  introduced  him  to 
John  Slater.  He  proposed  to  Mr.  Slater  to  build  the  machinery  for 
power-loom  weaving,  receiving  nothing  for  his  labor  unless  he  suc- 
ceeded in  putting  the  looms  in  operation.  But  the  prospects  of  busi- 
ness were  at  that  time  so  discouraging  that  parties  were  not  willing  to 
enter  into  engagements,  and  he  went  to  work  as  a  machinist  at  Smith- 
field,  where  he  commenced  paying  rent  October  21,  1815.  Previous 
to  this  time  a  machinist  by  the  name  of  Blydenburg  had  been  em- 
ployed at  the  Lyman  Mills,  in  North  Providence,  in  the  attempt  to 
build  a  power  loom,  but  so  far  without  success.  Gilmore  was  em- 
ployed, in  the  early  part  of  1816,  to  build  twelve  looms,  and  also 
machinery  for  warping  and  dressing,  from  the  plans  and  drawings 
which  he  had  brought  with  him,  which  he  accomplished  to  the  satis- 
faction of  his  employer,  and  they  were  put  in  operation  early  in 
1817. 

For  the  compensation  of  ten  dollars  he  allowed  Messrs.  David 
Wilkinson  &  Co.  the  use  of  his  patterns  for  building  twelve  other 
looms  ;  and  they  got  their  looms  in  operation  nearly  as  soon  as  those 
built  by  Gilmore.  This  was  the  first  introduction  of  the  crank  loom 
in  this  country  ;  and,  to  manifest  their  gratitude  for  the  services  ren- 
dered by  Mr.  Gilmore,  the  manufacturers  subscribed  to  raise  a  fund  of 
$1,500,  and  one  of  the  subscribers  to  this  fund  refers  to  his  receipt  for 
payment  of  his  subscription,  which  he  has  preserved,  dated  May  31, 
1817,  thus  showing  the  time  when  the  crank  loom  was  put  in  opera- 
tion in  this  country. 

Mule  spinning  having  been  introduced  in  Rhode  Island,  the  build- 
ing of  the  power  loom,  as  noted,  completed  the  manufacturing  system 
of  that  State  within  about  three  years  after  the  power  loom  was  built 
at  Waltham. 

In  order  to  avoid  the  use  of  the  patented  machinery  used  at  Wal- 
tham, the  Rhode  Island  mills  adopted  the  crank  loom,  and  introduced 
various  roving  frames  copied  from  English  models,  among  them,  at  a 
later  date,  the  tube  speeder,  invented  by  George  Danforth,  of  Massa- 
chusetts, and  otherwise  known  as  the  "  Taunton  speeder."  This  was 
also  introduced  to  a  considerable  extent  in  Great  Britain  in  1825. 
Another  form  of  roving  frame  was  known  as  the  "  Brown  "  speeder, 
patented  in  1821  by  John  Brown,  of  Providence.  But  the  two  sys- 
tems differed  essentially  in  the  fact  that  the  Rhode  Island  district 
adopted  the  "  live  "  spindle,  the  Waltham  and  Northern  district  the 


36 

"  dead  "  one  ;  the  first,  the  mule,  Scotch  dresser,  and  crank  loom  ;  the 
other,  the  filling  frame,  Waltham  dresser,  and  cam  loom. 

An  important  addition  to  the  loom  was  made  in  1816  by  the  inven- 
tion of  the  "  rotary  temple  "  by  Ira  Draper,  of  Weston,  which  was 
introduced  in  this  country  many  years  before  it  was  adopted  in  Eng- 
land, where  they  clung  for  a  long  time  to  the  use  of  the  old  hand 
"  temple,"  for  keeping  the  cloth  extended  after  leaving  the  reed.  This 
temple  was  afterward  improved  by  his  son,  George  Draper,  who  car- 
ries on  the  only  manufactory  of  temples  in  the  United  States,  and  to 
whom  we  shall  again  have  occasion  to  refer  in  connection  with  other 
valuable  inventions. 

Cotton  machinery  as  perfect  as  any  in  existence  was  now  fairly 
introduced  into  America,  and  during  the  war  the  number  of  spindles 
in  New  England  had  increased  to  over  120,000.  A  statement  com- 
piled by  Samuel  Green,  of  Woonsocket,  which  I  copy  from  Mr.  Batch- 
elder,  and  which  was  made  for  "  The  Rhode  Island  Society  for  the 
Encouragement  of  Domestic  Industry,"  gives  the  statistics  as  follows 
in  1815  : 


Rhode  Island 99  mills,  68,142  spindles. 

Massachusetts 52     "       34,468 

Connecticut..  14     "       11,700         « 


165  119,310 

This  says  nothing  about  Maine  or  New  Hampshire. 

I  also  copy  the  following  table  from  a  report  of  the  Committee  on 
Manufactures  to  Congress  in  1815  : 

Capital $40,000,000 

Males  employed,  of  the  age  of  seventeen  and  upward 10,000 

Boys  under  seventeen 25,000 

Women  and  female  children 66,000 

Wages  of  100,000,  average  $1.50  per  week $7,800,000 

Cotton  manufactured,  90,000  bales,  or  Ibs =  27,000,000 

No.  yards  cloth 81,000,000 

Cost,  averaging  30  cents  per  yard $24,300,000 


The  close  of  the  war  in  1815,  and  the  consequent  enormous  increase 
of  importations,  threatened  ruin  to  this  newly  born  and  imperfectly 
developed  interest,  and  in  1816,  after  a  long  struggle,  the  tariff  act  of 
that  year  was  passed,  recognizing  the  principle  of  "protection  to 
American  industry."  A  duty  of  25  per  cent,  ad  valorem  was  levied 
on  all  cotton  cloths,  and  the  minimum  valuation  at  the  port  of  expor- 


37 

tation  was  fixed  at  25  cents  per  square  yard,  thus  amounting  to  a  spe- 
cific duty  of  6J  cents  per  square  yard.  This  rate  was  to  be  leviable 
for  three  years,  after  which  it  was  to  be  reduced  to  20  per  cent,  ad 
valorem,  and  the  same  rates  were  to  be  applied  to  cotton  twist,  yarn, 
or  thread,  unbleached  costing  less  than  60  cents  per  lb.,  and  bleached 
or  colored  less  than  75  cents  per  lb. 

With  the  help  of  this  protection  by  Government,  and  the  introduc- 
tion at  the  same  time  of  the  power  loom,  the  cotton  manufacture  be- 
came established  as  a  national  industry,  and  has  continued  to  thrive, 
though  subject  to  great  fluctuations,  from  the  uncertain  and  varying 
policy  of  Congress  in  regard  to  the  tariff  on  imported  goods. 

Mr.  Appleton  says  :  "  By  degrees  the  manufacturers  woke  up  to 
the  fact  that  the  power  loom  was  an  instrument  which  changed  the 
whole  character  of  the  manufacture,  and  that,  by  adopting  the  other 
improvements  which  had  been  made  in  machinery,  the  tariff  of  1816 
was  sufficiently  protective." 

The  Legislature  of  New  Jersey  in  1815  abolished  the  tax  on  spin- 
dles employed  in  the  cotton  manufacture.  Twelve  hundred  spindles 
are  said  to  have  been  in  operation  in  Cincinnati  this  year.  There 
was  one  manufactory  of  fustians  and  cotton  velvets  at  Hudson,  N.  Y., 
and  one  about  to  be  started  at  Frankfort,  Penn: 

In  1816,  Mr.  Seth  Bemis,  of  Watertown,  Mass.,  applied  the  power 
loom  to  the  manufacture  of  cotton  duck,  which  he  had  commenced 
with  the  hand  loom  in  1809,  and  which  was  made  from  Sea  Island 
cotton,  costing  then  from  20  to  25  cents  per  lb.  ;  and  in  this  year 
also  Jephtha  Wilkinson,  of  Otsego,  N.  Y.,  patented  a  machine  for 
making  loom  reeds.  In  1817  "  societies  for  promoting  American 
manufactures  "  were  formed  in  a  number  of  the  States.  In  1818  the 
first  cotton  factory  in  North  Carolina  was  established  at  the  Falls  of 
Far  River,  in  Edgecombe  County,  and  was  followed  by  another  near 
Lincolnton,  on  the  Catawba,  in  1822.  "  In  1819  the  first  cotton  mill 
in  Manayunk,  Philadelphia,  was  built  by  Captain  John  Towers,  and 
afterward  passed  into  the  hands  of  Joseph  Ripka,  to  whose  enter- 
prise the  growth  of  that  place  is  principally  due."  (Bishop,  vol.  ii., 
p.  253.) 

During  these  years,  1817-'20,  the  cotton  manufacture  had,  how- 
ever, been  in  a  declining  condition,  and  urgent  and  incessant  endeavors 
had  been  made  to  secure  further  legislation  by  Congress,  but  without 
success.  The  report  of  a  committee  of  that  body,  based  on  the  census 
of  1820,  shows  the  pounds  of  cotton  actually  spun  in  that  year  to  have 
been  9,945,609,  being  a  decrease  of  63  per  cent,  on  the  amount  con- 
sumed in  1815,  .and  distributed  as  follows  : 


38 


No.  Spindles. 

Lbs.  Cotton  spun. 

Maine  

3070 

56  500 

New  Hampshire  

13,012 

412  100 

Massachusetts. 

30  304 

1  611  796 

Rhode  Island  

63372 

1  914  220 

Connecticut                    .  .                   .  . 

29  826 

897  335 

Vermont  

3  278 

117  250 

New  York  

33,160 

1  412  495 

New  Jersey  

18  124 

648  600 

Pennsylvania  

13  776 

1  062  753 

Delaware        ...      .            .  . 

11  784 

423  800 

Maryland  .                .. 

20245 

849  000 

Virginia  

3  000 

288 

18000 

South  Carolina         ...                        ... 

588 

46  449 

Kentucky  

8097 

360  951 

Ohio..  

1,680 

81  360 

Total         

250572 

9  945  609 

In  1821  the  cotton  crop  of  the  United  States  had  increased  to 
180000,000  Ibs.,  of  which  124,000,000  Ibs.  were  exported.  Secretary 
Woodbury  estimated  the  amount  consumed  in  the  United  States  to 
have  been  20,000,000  Ibs.,  which,  compared  with  the  census  returns 
just  quoted,  leaves  about  10,000,000  Ibs.  to  have  been  manufactured 
by  hand  labor. 

Despite  this  general  prostration  of  the  manufacturing  interest, 
arising  from  a  variety  of  causes,  into  which  I  have  neither  space  nor 
time  to  inquire,  the  factory  at  Waltham,  which  was  the  largest  one  in 
the  country,  had  been  uniformly  successful,  whether  from  its  size  and 
ample  capital,  or  its  more  perfect  organization  and  the  great  business 
talent  of  its  owners,  is  not  for  me  to  say  ;  and  is  said  to  have  paid 
twelve  per  cent,  annually  during  this  period  of  depression,  and  its  princi- 
pal owners,  Messrs.  Jackson  &  Appleton,  began  inquiries  in  1821  for  a 
water  privilege  where  they  could  commence  the  manufacture  and 
printing  of  calicoes  on  a  large  scale.  And  to  the  result  of  their  search 
and  the  foundation  of  Lowell  I  will  devote  another  chapter,  having 
in  this  given  all  the  statistics  which  I  can  procure  of  the  progress  of 
the  manufacture  up  to  this  time. 


39 


CHAPTER  VII. 

THE  year  1821  is  a  memorable  one  in  the  annals  of  American  man- 
ufactures as  witnessing  the  inception  of  a  larger  enterprise  than  had 
yet  been  attempted,  and  which,  in  view  of  its  full  results,  may  be  fair- 
ly termed  "  gigantic  " — the  foundation  of  the  city  of  Lowell.  Mr. 
Nathan  Appleton  says  :  "  I  was  of  opinion  that  the  time  had  arrived 
when  the  manufacture  and  printing  of  calicoes  might  be  successfully 
introduced  into  this  country.  In  this  opinion  Mr.  Jackson  coincided, 
and  we  set  about  discovering  a  suitable  water-power.  At  the  sugges- 
tion of  Mr.  Charles  H.  Atherton,  of  Amherst,  N.  H.,  we  met  him  at  a 
fall  of  the  Souhegan  River,  a  few  miles  from  its  entrance  into  the 
Merrimac  ;  but  the  power  was  insufficient  for  our  purpose.  This  was 
in  September,  1821.  In  returning  we  passed  the  Nashua  River,  with- 
out being  aware  of  the  existence  of  the  fall  which  has  since  been  made 
the  source  of  so  much  power  by  the  Nashua  Company.  Soon  after 
our  return,  I  was  at  Waltham.  one  day,  when  I  was  informed  that  Mr. 
Moody  had  lately  been  at  Salisbury,  when  Mr.  Ezra  Worthen,  his  for- 
mer partner,  said  to  him, '  I  hear  that  Messrs.  Jackson  &  Appleton  are 
looking  out  for  water-power.  Why  don't  they  buy  up  the  Pawtucket 
Canal?  That  would  give  them  the  whole  power  of  the  Merrimac, 
with  a  fall  of  over  thirty  feet.'  On  the  strength  of  this,  Mr.  Moody 
had  returned  to  Waltham  by  that  route,  and  was  satisfied  of  the  ex- 
tent of  the  power  which  might  thus  be  obtained,  and  Mr.  Jackson  was 
making  inquiries  on  the  subject." 

Mr.  Jackson  a  day  or  two  after  called  on  Mr.  Appleton  and  ex- 
plained his  plans,  which  were  carried  out  by  associating  with  them- 
selves Mr.  Kirk  Boott,  a  merchant  of  Boston  who  had  been  educated 
in  England,  and  had  some  knowledge  of  engineering,  and  who  was  de- 
sirous of  engaging  in  the  active  management  of  the  enterprise.  Mr. 
Thomas  M.  Clark,  of  Newburyport  (the  father  of  the  present  Bishop 
of  Rhode  Island,  and  the  agent  of  the  Pawtucket  Canal  Company), 
was  employed  by  these  gentlemen  jointly  to  buy  up  all  the  lands 
about  the  falls  and  canal,  and  such  shares  of  the  Canal  Company  as 
were  within  his  reach  ;  while  Mr.  Henry  M.  Andrews  was  employed 


40 

to  purchase  all  the  shares  owned  in  Boston.  All  this  was  done  very 
quietly  in  order  to  prevent  attempts  at  extortion  or  speculation  ;  and 
in  November,  1821,  Messrs.  Jackson,  Appleton,  Boott,  Dutton,  and 
Moody  visited  the  spot.  Formal  articles  of  association  were  then 
drawn  up,  bearing  date  December  1,  1821,  and  in  1822  the  Merrimac 
Manufacturing  Company  was  incorporated,  on  the  5th  of  February. 
On  the  27th  of  February  the  first  meeting  of  stockholders  took  place, 
and  a  board  of  directors  was  chosen,  to  whom  was  transferred  the 
property  which  had  been  purchased,  and  for  which  had  been  paid,  viz., 
for  lands,  $18,339,  and  for  339  canal  shares,  $30,217.  The  Pawtucket 
canal  had  been  originally  built  to  facilitate  the  navigation  of  the  Mer- 
rimac River,  and  its  enlargement  and  the  renewal  of  the  locks  was 
the  first  thing  to  be  done.  This  was  commenced  in  1822,  and  com- 
pleted in  1823  at  a  cost  of  $120,000,  and  was  estimated  to  furnish 
fifty  "mill-powers."  This  term  of  "mill-power,"  or  "mill-privilege," 
used  in  Lowell,  Lawrence,  and  all  the  northeastern  district,  is  derived 
as  follows  :  "  The  second  mill  built  at  Waltham  contained  3,584  spin- 
dles, with  all  the  apparatus  necessary  to  spin  No.  14  yarn,  and  convert 
it  into  cloth,  which  was  taken  as  a  standard,  and  the  necessary  water- 
power  was  estimated  and  established  as  the  right  to  draw  twenty-five 
cubic  feet  per  second  on  a  fall  of  thirty  feet,  or  a  gross  horse-power  of 
85.05,  supposed  to  net  about  60  horse-power.  The  price  for  this  was 
fixed  at  Lowell  at  $4  per  spindle,  or  $14,336  for  a  mill-power  and  the 
necessary  land,  of  which  $5,000  were  to  remain  unpaid,  subject  to  an 
annual  rent  of  $300,  or  $5  per  horse-power."  This  quantity  of  water, 
or  its  equivalent,  according  to  the  height  of  the  fall  used,  has  been 
ever  since  adopted  as  the  standard  in  the  towns  which  have  followed 
Lowell,  and  the  water  rent  has  also  been  substantially  the  same.  An 
arrangement  was  made  with  the  Waltham  company  to  equalize  the  inter- 
est of  the  stockholders  in  both  companies,  by  mutual  transfers  at  rates 
agreed  on,  and  to  pay  the  Waltham  company  $75,000  for  all  their  pat- 
terns and  pattern-rights,  and  the  release  of  Mr.  Moody  from  their  ser- 
vice, as  he  was  indispensable  to  the  new  company. 

Houses  for  Mr.  Boott,  Mr.  Moody,  and  the  operatives  were  built, 
as  well  as  the  first  Merrimac  Mill,  and  a  church,  and  the  first  water- 
wheel  was  started  September  1,  1823.  Mr.  Worthen  was  the  first  su- 
perintendent of  the  mills,  and  Mr.  Moody  moved  from  Waltham,  and 
took  charge  of  the  machine-shop.  Print-works  were  also  commenced 
in  1823,  and  at  the  same  time  were  begun  by  the  Dover  Manufacturing 
Company  at  Dover,  N.  H.,  and  also  at  Taunton,  Mass.  The  Great 
Falls  Manufacturing  Company,  at  Somers worth,  N.  H.,  was  also  incor- 
porated this  year,  as  well  as  the  Newmarket  Manufacturing  Company 
at  Newmarket,  N.  H.  Mr.  Worthen,  who  was  a  man  of  great  mechan- 


41 

ical  skill  and  ingenuity,  died  very  suddenly  in  1824,  deeply  regretted 
by  all  with  whom  he  had  been  connected,  and  was  succeeded  by  War- 
ren Colburn,  the  mathematician. 

"  The  original  capital  of  $600,000  was  increased  to  $1,200,000  in 
1823,  and  in  October,  1824,  a  new  subscription  of  600  shares  was 
voted,  and  a  committee  appointed  to  consider  the  expediency  of  or- 
ganizing the  Canal  company  by  selling  them  all  the  land  and  water- 
power  not  required  by  the  Merrimac  Manufacturing  Company.  This 
committee  reported  on  the  28th  of  February,  1825,  in  favor  of  the 
measure,  which  was  adopted,  and  at  the  same  time  a  subscription  was 
opened  by  which  1,200  shares  in  the  locks  and  canals  were  allotted  to 
the  holders  of  that  number  of  shares  in  the  Merrimac  Company,  share 
for  share." 

In  1821  Mr.  Paul  Moody  had  taken  out  patents  for  improvements 
in  spinning-frames,  and  two  patents  for  roving-frames  ;  one  of  them 
being  the  "  double-speeder."  These  and  other  improvements  were  in- 
troduced into  the  new  factories  with  great  advantage.  The  business 
of  printing  calicoes  was  entirely  new  in  this  country,  and  required  some 
time  to  establish  in  a  satisfactory  manner.  The  print  works  of  the 
Merrimac  Company  were  at  first  placed  under  the  charge  of  Mr.  Allen 
Pollock,  but  in  1826  Mr.  John  D.  Prince,  of  Manchester,  England,  was 
induced  to  come  out  to  this  country  and  take  the  charge  of  them, 
bringing  with  him  from  England  the  knowledge  of  the  art  of  printing 
by  engraved  copper  cylinders,  by  machinery,  then  just  introduced 
there  by  Robert  Peel,  and  which  was  taking  the  place  of  the  old 
method  of  printing  by  hand  with  wooden  blocks.  Dr.  Samuel  L. 
Dana,  of  Waltham,  the  distinguished  chemist,  was  also  engaged  by 
the  company  ;  and  by  the  joint  skill  and  talent  of  Messrs.  Boott, 
Prince,  and  Dana  the  success  and  reputation  of  the  Merrimac  Com- 
pany were  established. 

The  first  mills  built  by  them  were  about  150  feet  long  by  45  wide, 
and  five  stories  high,  containing  about  6,000  spindles  each,  with  the 
necessary  preparation  and  looms,  and  of  these  there  were  five,  making 
about  30,000  spindles,  which  was  their  full  complement  for  some 
twenty  years.  Two  of  the  original  mills  have  been  destroyed  by  fire, 
and  the  others  torn  down  and  rebuilt  on  a  larger  scale  ;  so  that  the 
five  mills  now  standing  contain,  by  the  Lowell  statistics  of  1876,  158,- 
464  spindles  and  3,941  looms,  with  a  capital  of  $2,500,000,  and  em- 
ploy 900  male  and  1,800  female  operatives. 

The  Locks  and  Canals  company  now  organized,  taking  the  machine- 
shop  as  part  of  their  property,  and  built  the  necessary  new  canals  to 
improve  the  remaining  water-power,  and  in  1825  made  their  first  sale 
to  the  Hamilton  Manufacturing  Company,  who  secured  the  services  of 


42 

Mr.  Samuel  Batchelder,  of  New  Ipswich,  N.  H.,  who  had  shown  great 
manufacturing  skill,  as  their  first  agent,  and  under  his  management 
the  power  loom  was  applied  with  great  success  to  the  weaving  of 
twilled  and  fancy  goods.  In  1828  the  Hamilton  Company  commenced 
calico  printing,  under  the  charge  of  Mr.  William  Spencer,  who  came 
out  here  from  England  for  that  purpose. 

In  1828  the  Appleton  Company  was  organized,  and  their  mills  con- 
tained various  later  improvements  by  Mr.  Moody,  and  are  believed  to 
have  been  the  first  in  which  the  system  of  driving  the  whole  mill  by 
"  main  belts "  instead  of  geared  shafting  was  put  in  operation,  and 
which  was  the  suggestion  of  Mr.  Moody,  who  thereby  saved,  not  only 
in  first  cost,  but  in  power. 

All  these  early  mills  in  Lowell  were  of  about  the  same  size,  i.  e., 
5,000  to  6,000  spindles,  and  I  will  now  only  enumerate  the  order  in 
which  the  remaining  companies  were  organized,  giving  their  present 
statistics  in  their  proper  order  in  my  summary.  The  Lowell  Manufac- 
turing Company,  for  coarse  cottons,  negro  cloths,  and  carpets,  was  in- 
corporated in  1828  ;  the  Suffolk  and  Tremont  Mills,  now  united,  in 
1830,  commencing  the  manufacture  of  heavy  drills,  which  experiments 
by  Mr.  Batchelder  at  the  Hamilton  Company  had  shown  to  be  very 
profitable.  With  these  mills  commenced  the  connection  of  Messrs. 
Amos  and  Abbott  Lawrence  with  the  manufacturing  interest,  and  in 
1831  the  Lawrence  Manufacturing  Company  was  incorporated,  com- 
mencing operations  in  1833.  The  Boott  Cotton  Mills,  on  a  somewhat 
larger  scale,  followed  in  1835,  and  the  Massachusetts  Cotton  Mills  in 
1839  ;  succeeded  by  the  Prescott  Mills  (now  united  with  the  Massa- 
chusetts) in  1844. 

The  Lowell  Bleachery  was  incorporated  in  1832,  and  the  Lowell 
Machine-Shop  was  also  incorporated  as  a  separate  establishment  in 
1845,  when  the  Locks  and  Canals  Company  sold  out  the  remainder  of 
their  real  estate,  and  was  reorganized  as  a  water-power  company  only, 
under  the  charge  of  James  B.  Francis,  Esq.,  the  eminent  hydraulic 
engineer,  who  had  been  for  a  long  while  the  engineer  of  the  old  com- 
pany. The  proceeds  of  the  sales  of  the  shop  and  real  estate  were  di- 
vided among  the  old  stockholders,  and  the  new  stock  was  taken  pro 
rata  by  the  different  manufacturing  companies,  working  under  the 
original  charter  of  1792,  as  "  the  Proprietors  of  the  Locks  and  Canals 
on  Merrimac  River." 

The  Middlesex  Company  for  the  Manufacture  of  Woolen  Goods, 
incorporated  1830,  completes  the  list  of  the  larger  corporations  in 
Lowell. 

The  old  canals  proving  insuificient  for  the  proper  supply  of  water 
to  the  mills,  a  new  and  much  larger  one  was  constructed  by  Mr.  Fran- 


43 

cis,  in  1846,  by  the  erection  of  a  massive  stone  wall  for  a  long  dis- 
tance parallel  with  the  old  bank  of  the  river,  and  founded  on  its  rocky 
bed  ;  then  turning,  was  excavated  through  the  ledge,  and  carried  into 
the  heart  of  the  city.  The  cost  of  this  work  was  about  $500,000. 
During  the  past  year  a  massive  and  permanent  stone  dam,  laid  in  ce- 
ment, has  been  built  by  Mr.  Francis  just  below  the  original  one,  and 
the  water-power  of  Lowell  may  be  considered  as  completed.  In 
March,  1826,  the  town  of  Lowell  was  set  off  from  Chelmsford,  and  in 
1836  it  was  incorporated  as  a  city. 

Meanwhile,  there  had  been  growth  elsewhere.  In  1822  the  manu- 
facture of  cotton  sail-duck  was  commenced  in  Paterson,  N.  J.,  by 
John  Colt,  with  hand  looms,  for  which  Mr.  Bemis's  power  loom  was 
substituted  in  1824,  and  the  business  was  rapidly  extended,  and  was 
established  in  Baltimore  in  1823  by  Charles  Crook,  Jr.,  &  Brother, 
who  were  themselves  unsuccessful  in  business,  but  the  manufacture  of 
duck  has  remained  and  become  prosperous  in  Baltimore.  In  1822  the 
first  "Texas"  cotton  appeared  in  market.  In  1823  the  Nashua  Manu- 
facturing Company  was  incorporated  in  New  Hampshire,  and  the  Do- 
ver Manufacturing  Company,  at  Dover,  incorporated  in  1822,  which 
failed,  and  was  merged  in  the  Cocheco  Manufacturing  Company  in 
1827,  had  commenced  operations,  besides  mills 'at  Exeter  and  Pem- 
broke, N.  H.;  while  in  Massachusetts  the  Boston  and  Springfield 
Manufacturing  Company,  with  a  capital  of  $500,000,  was  chartered, 
and  commenced  operations  on  the  Chicopee  River,  in  the  town  of 
Springfield.  The  name  of  this  company  was  changed  in  1828  to  that 
Chicopee  Manufacturing  Company. 

It  is  now  impossible  to  trace  the  exact  progress  in  different  locali- 
ties— it  was  so  rapid  and  various.  The  Blackstone  Manufacturing 
Company  in  Massachusetts  commenced  about  this  time,  as  well  as  the 
Coventry  Manufacturing  Company  in  Rhode  Island,  according  to 
Bishop  (vol.  ii.,  p.  284). 

In  1824,  after  a  long  and  tedious  struggle,  a  new  tariff  bill  was 
passed  by  Congress,  which  raised  the  minimum  valuation  on  cotton 
cloths  from  twenty-five  to  thirty-five  cents  the  square  yard,  and  also 
levied  a  duty  of  three  and  three  quarters  cents  per  square  yard  on  cot- 
ton bagging,  for  the  benefit  of  Kentucky  and  the  Western  States.  A 
report  of  the  Secretary  of  State,  in  answer  to  a  resolution  of  the  Sen- 
ate, this  year,  gives  the  manufacturing  capital  authorized  by  State 
laws  since  1820  as,  in  New  Hampshire,  $5,830,000  ;  in  Massachusetts, 
$6,840,000  ;  in  Connecticut,  $1,300,000 ;  and  New  York,  $797,000— 
making  a  total  in  seven  States,  with  the  amount  authorized  in  1820,  of 
$70,636,500.  This,  however,  includes  other  industries  besides  cotton. 
A  bleaching  and  print  works  was  incorporated  at  Belleville,  N.  J.,  this 


44 

year,  and  Philadelphia  was  estimated  to  contain  thirty  cotton-mills, 
averaging  1,400  spindles  each.  The  Ware  Manufacturing  Company 
was  also  incorporated  at  Ware,  Mass. 

Numbers  of  patents  for  improvements  in  cotton  machinery  had 
also  been  issued  since  the  establishment  of  power-loom  weaving  at 
Waltham,  one  of  the  most  important  of  which  was  that  of  the  appli- 
cation of  the  "  compound  gear,"  "  differential  box,"  or  "  equation 
box  "  to  the  roving-frame.  This  motion,  which  has  been  adopted  uni- 
versally in  all  roving-frames  or  speeders,  and  which  was  patented  in 
England  in  1826,  by  Henry  Houlds worth,  Jr.,  was  the  invention,  ac- 
cording to  Mr.  Zachariah  Allen,  of  Providence,  of  Aza  Arnold,  a  na- 
tive of  Rhode  Island,  who  first  applied  it  in  1822,  but  took  no  measures 
to  secure  his  patent  till  January  7, 1823.*  A  model  was  taken  to  Eng- 
land by  an  American  in  1825,  and  it  was  seized  upon  eagerly  and  came 
into  general  use  ;  English  writers  giving  the  credit  of  the  invention  to 
Mr.  Houldsworth.  This  beautiful  invention  for  regulating  the  different 
velocities  of  the  spindle  and  bobbin,  so  that  the  surface  of  the  bobbin, 
while  constantly  increasing  in  size,  still  preserves  the  same  relation  to 
the  speed  of  the  rollers,  consisted  of  a  train  of  bevel  gears,  one  of 
which  was  set  in  the  web  of  another  gear,  and,  while  possessing  a  ro- 
tary motion  of  its  own,  also  revolved  bodily  around  another  center  ; 
thus  either  retarding  or  accelerating  the  motion  transmitted  through 
it,  according  to  the  direction  given  to  the  intermediate  gear.  A  sim- 
ple change  of  a  single  pinion,  which  gave  this  regulating  motion,  at 
once  adapted  the  frame  to  any  size  of  roving,  without  the  great  cost 
which  attended  the  alteration  of  the  old  speeder  to  different  numbers 
from  those  for  which  it  was  originally  geared.  Mr.  Arnold's  neglect 
in  asserting  his  patent  led  to  tedious  and  expensive  litigation  ;  so  that 
he  reaped  no  proper  reward  for  his  ingenuity,  while  the  parties  who 
appropriated  it  in  England  are  said  to  have  derived  great  profit. 

The  year  1825  is  marked  by  the  invention  by  Richard  Roberts,  of 
Manchester,  England,  of  the  self-acting  mule,  which  was  not,  however, 
introduced  into  the  United  States  until  some  years  later. 

The  amount  of  cotton  grown  this  year  in  the  United  States  is 
stated  at  255,000,000  Ibs.,  of  which  176,500,000  Ibs.  were  exported, 
and  the  number  of  spindles  in  the  country  is  given  as  800,000.  The 
first  commencement  of  operations  at  Saco,  Me.,  was  made  this  year  by 
a  company  of  Boston  gentlemen  who  bought  Cutts's  Island,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Saco  River,  and  formed  their  plans  for  a  cotton-mill  of 
12,000  spindles,  which  was  built  in  1826,  and  was  the  largest  mill  yet 
attempted  in  America. 

*  See  Appendix  B. 


45 

Bishop  (vol.  ii.,  pp.  308  and  309)  gives  an  estimate  for  1826  of 
400  cotton  factories  in  New  England,  averaging  700  spindles  each, 
and  consuming  98,000  bales  of  cotton.  These  were  distributed  as  fol- 
lows :  Massachusetts,  135 ;  Rhode  Island,  110 ;  Connecticut,  80 ; 
New  Hampshire,  50 ;  Maine,  15  ;  Vermont,  10.  The  larger  villages 
in  the  order  of  their  size  he  gives  as  follows  :  Lowell,  Mass. ;  Great 
Falls,  Dover,  and  Nashua,  N.  H.;  Pawtucket,  R.  L;  Fall  River, 
Mass.;  Blackstone,  Mass.;  Slatersville,  R.  I.;  Taunton,  Mass.;  Paw- 
tuxet,  R.  I.  (?);  Ware  and  Waltham,  Mass.;  New  Ipswich  and  New- 
market, N.  H.;  Springfield  and  Lancaster,  Mass.;  Norwich,  Conn. 
The  number  of  cotton  factories  in  the  other  States  was  estimated  at 
275,  of  the  same  average  size  ;  making  the  total  consumption  of  cot- 
ton 150,000  bales  per  annum. 

This  year  the  Hudson  Calico  Print-Works  were  established  at  Co- 
lumbiaville,  near  Hudson,  N.  Y.,  by  Joseph  and  Benjamin  Marshall,  and 
have  since  been  largely  increased  ;  and  the  Cohoes  Company  was  in- 
corporated, for  the  improvement  of  the  water-power  of  the  Mohawk 
River  where  it  falls  into  the  Hudson.  For  the  following  statistics  I 
am  indebted  to  D.  J.  Johnston,  Esq.,  of  the  Harmony  Mills.  The 
first  attempt  at  manufacturing  at  Cohoes  was  made  in  1811,  when  the 
Cohoes  Manufacturing  Company  was  incorporated  for  the  purpose  of 
manufacturing  cotton,  woolen,  and  linen  goods.  This  came  to  no- 
thing ;  and  in  1826  the  Cohoes  Company,  with  a  capital  of  $250,000, 
since  increased  to  $500,000,  was  formed,  as  noted.  They  built  a  dam 
and  canals,  making  the  whole  fall  of  103  feet  available  on  five  different 
levels.  The  Harmony  Manufacturing  Company  was  incorporated  in 
1835  by  a  company  of  gentlemen  from  Albany  and  New  York,  among 
whom  was  Peter  Harmony,  from  whom  the  company  received  its 
name.  They  erected  in  1837  Mill  No.  1,  which  still  stands,  enlarged 
and  improved.  Financially  this  concern  proved  unsuccessful,  and  in 
1850  it  passed  by  a  compulsory  sale  into  the  hands  of  the  present  com- 
pany ;  the  present  statistics  of  which  show  as  follows  :  Mill  No.  1, 
550  by  70  feet,  4  stories,  containing  42,000  spindles  and  900  looms  ; 
No.  2,  built  in  1857,  enlarged  in  1866,  is  660  by  75  feet  and  3  stories, 
containing  48,500  spindles  and  1,100  looms  ;  No.  3,  built  1866,  en- 
larged 1872,  1,250  by  76  feet,  5  stories,  containing  130,000  spindles, 
1,700  narrow  and  1,100  wide  looms  ;  No.  4,  formerly  the  "  Ogden 
Mill,"  is  500  by  50  feet,  5  stories,  containing  29,000  spindles,  650 
looms  ;  No.  5,  formerly  the  "Strong  Mill,"  330  by  50  feet,  4  stories, 
containing  19,000  spindles,  330  looms  ;  No.  6,  240  by  60  feet,  3  sto- 
ries high,  containing  4,000  spindles  and  100  looms.  This  latter  mill  is 
used  for  the  manufacture  of  jute  goods,  seamless  bags,  and  coarse 
yarns.  The  aggregate  amount  of  machinery  used  by  this  company  is 


46 

267,500  spindles  and  5,880  looms ;  more  than  the  whole  estimate  for 
the  United  States  in  1820. 

For  the  first  time  in  the  returns  of  exports,  manufactured  cotton 
goods  are  included  in  1826,  amounting  to  a  value  of  $1,138,125,  of 
which  $671,266  was  sent  to  Mexico  and  Central  and  South  America. 

The  manufacture  of  cotton  bagging  was  also  attempted  this  year 
(1826),  at  Nashville,  Tenn.  In  1827  the  Cocheco  Manufacturing 
Company  bought  for  $750,000  the  property  of  the  Dover  Company, 
which  had  cost  about  $2,000,000,  and  continued  operations  at  .Dover. 

The  cotton  manufactures  of  Philadelphia  and  vicinity  for  this  year 
are  stated  by  Dr.  Bishop  to  have  amounted  to  24,300,000  yards,  worth 
$3,888,000,  and  consuming  20,250  bales  of  cotton,  and  the  total  con- 
sumption of  cotton  for  the  United  States  is  estimated  at  103,482  bales. 
Six  thousand  bales  were  consumed  this  year  at  Paterson,  N.  J.  In 
1827  or  1828  subscriptions  were  made  for  the  first  cotton  factory  in 
Virginia ,  at  Petersburg,  and  a  company  was  also  projected  about  this 
time  at  Fredericksburg. 

The  year  1828  is  memorable  for  the  passage  of  a  positively  "  pro- 
tective tariff"  by  Congress,  which,  however,  especially  favored  the 
woolen  and  iron  interests. 

On  the  2d  of  September,  1828,  Charles  Danforth,  of  Paterson,  N. 
J.,  received  his  patent  for  the  "  cap  spindle,"  which  was  introduced 
into  England  in  1830,  and  extensively  used,  both  there  and  at  home, 
for  spinning  "  filling  "  before  the  great  improvements  in  and  general  in- 
troduction of  the  self-acting  mule,  and  is  now  being  adopted  success- 
fully for  spinning  worsted  "  filling  "  in  this  country. 


CHAPTER  VIII. 

ANOTHER  patent  was  granted  this  year  (1828)  to  John  Thorpe,  of 
Providence,  which  has  been  productive  of  such  enormous  results,  and 
so  changed  the  character  of  cotton  spinning  in  America,  that  it  de- 
serves to  head  a  chapter.  I  refer  to  the  "  ring  spindle,"  which  has 
driven  out  the  "  cap,"  and  almost  superseded  the  throstle  in  the  manu- 
facture of  cotton  warp-yarns. 

Dispensing  with  the  flier,  which  carried  the  yarn  around  the  bob- 
bin in  the  original  patent,  the  yarn  was  led  in  by  a  slot  in  the  outer 
one,  between  two  concentric  rings,  around  the  inner  one  of  which  it 
was  carried  by  the  revolutions  of  the  spindle,  one  or  two  modifica- 
tions of  which  were  shown  in  the  drawings. 

In  1829  a  patent  was  granted  to  Addison  &  Stevens,  of  New  York, 
for  a  "  traveler  "  or  wire  loop,  sliding  around  on  a  single  ring ;  and 
from  this  the  present  form  of  ring-spinning  has  been  derived.  The 
germ  of  the  idea  was  undoubtedly  in  Danf orth's  "  cap  "  ;  but  the  ring 
and  traveler  had  so  much  more  scope  and  took  so  much  less  power, 
that  it  became  the  favorite,  and  with  the  latest  improvements  seems 
likely  to  take  the  place  of  the  mule  for  spinning  "  filling  "  as  well  as 
warp-yarns.  Mr.  William  Mason,  of  Taunton,  Mass.,  writes  me  as 
follows  :  "  I  introduced  the  ring-spinning  frame  in  Connecticut  (at 
Killingly)  in  1833.  I  built  quite  a  number  there,  but  moved  to 
Taunton  with  all  my  patterns  in  the  spring  of  1836.  All  the  success- 
ful ring-frames  that  were  built  were  made  by  me  up  to  about  1840,. 
when  P.  Whitin  &  Sons  commenced  to  build  them.  I  built  ring- 
frames  for  their  mills  as  early  as  1833.  There  has  been  no  improve- 
ment in  the  ring  and  traveler  since  I  first  reduced  it  to  practice  in 
1833." 

This  system  was  finally  adopted  by  all  the  large  machine-makers 
in  the  United  States,  and  has  recently  received  great  developments,  of 
which  notice  will  be  taken  in  due  order. 

Among  other  noticeable  events  of  this  year  (1828)  are  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  Covington  Cotton  Factory  at  Covington,  Ky.,  of  mills 
at  Vincennes,  Ind.,  and  of  the  Norwich  Water-Power  Company,  on 
the  Shetucket  River  in  Connecticut,  at  what  is  now  called  Greeneville. 
12 


48 

A  substantial  stone  dam  280  feet  in  length  was  built,  and  several 
large  cotton  mills  were  erected  in  the  few  years  next  following.  The 
Columbian  Mills  at  Mason  Village,  ]ST.  H.,  also  started  this  year  (1828). 

In  1829  another  roving  frame  was  invented  by  Gilbert  Brewster, 
of  Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y.,  in  which  a  temporary  twist  was  given  to  the 
roving  during  its  passage  from  the  rolls  to  the  spool,  by  passing  it 
between  two  leather  bands  or  belts  moving  rapidly  in  opposite  direc- 
tions. This  was  used  for  a  considerable  time  to  some  extent,  on  ac- 
count of  the  small  cost  of  the  machine  and  the  great  quantity  of  work 
it  would  produce,  and  was  known  as  the  "  Eclipse  speeder."  It  was 
introduced  into  England  by  Messrs.  Sharp  Brothers  in  1835,  but  has 
now  given  place  to  the  roving  frame  with  the  "equation-box"  or 
"  compound "  movement,  as  it  is  generally  called,  either  in  the  form 
of  the  "  fly  frame  "  or  "  speeder,"  the  latter  name  being  given  to  those 
frames  in  which  the  arms  of  the  flier  are  connected  at  the  bottom  and 
are  independent  of  the  spindle. 

In  1830  the  quantity  of  cotton  goods  manufactured  in  the  United 
States  was  estimated  at  250,000,000  yards.  The  Exeter  Cotton  Fac- 
tory, at  Exeter,  N".  H.,  went  into  operation  in  March  of  this  year. 
The  mill  at  Saco,  Me.,  was  burned,  and  the  Lonsdale  Company  com- 
menced operations  at  Smithfield,  R.  I. 

In  1831  .the  York  Manufacturing  Company,  of  Saco,  secured  the 
services  of  Mr.  Samuel  Batchelder,  who  had  just  left  the  Hamilton 
Company,  at  Lowell,  and  built  a  new  four-story  mill  on  the  old  site. 
Here,  in  1832,  Mr.  Batchelder  introduced  the  stop  motion,  which  he 
applied  to  the  drawing  frame  ;  and  not  long  after  invented  the  "  bal- 
ance dynamometer,"  for  weighing  the  power  required  to  drive  ma- 
chinery. Mr.  Batchelder  remained  here  until  1846,  when  he  sold  out 
his  interest,  but  some  years  later,  at  upward  of  seventy  years  of  age, 
accepted  the  treasurership  of  the  company,  at  a  time  when  the  value 
of  the  stock  had  depreciated  from  $1,200  to  $600  per  share,  and  re- 
mained in  that  office  until  the  value  of  the  shares  had  again  risen  to 
$1,700,  when  he  finally  retired  from  business. 

A  Convention  of  the  Friends  of  American  Industry  was  held  in 
New  York  in  1831,  at  which  the  following  statistics  were  obtained  : 
The  cotton  crop  was  estimated  to  be  1,038,847  bales,  and  the  domestic 
consumption  to  be  more  than  one  fifth  of  the  crop  ;  and  the  condition 
of  the  manufacture  in  the  twelve  Eastern  and  Middle  States,  including 
Maryland  and  Virginia,  was  as  follows  : 

Capital  invested  (principally  in  fixtures) $40,614,984 

Number  of  spindles  in  operation 1,246,503 

Hands  employed 62,157 

Value  of  product,  annual $26,000,000 


49 

A  large  steam  cotton  factory  was  built  this  year  at  Olneyville, 
R.  I.,  and  another  at  Fall  River,  Mass.,  and  the  first  cotton  mill  was 
built  at  Amoskeag  Falls,  now  Manchester,  N.  H. 

Besides  the  larger  establishments  noted,  others  were  growing  up 
on  all  the  waterfalls  in  Rhocle  Island,  Southern  Massachusetts,  and 
Connecticut,  the  precise  data  of  which  I  am  unable  to  get.  The 
whole  valley  of  the  Blackstone  River,  from  Worcester  to  Providence, 
and  those  of  the  Mumford,  Quinebaug,  and  Shetucket,  furnished  nu- 
merous mill  sites,  which  were  rapidly  appropriated,  for  cotton  and 
woolen  factories.  Eighteen  hundred  and  thirty-two  will  never  be  for- 
gotten as  the  "  nullification  year,"  the  Legislature  of  South  Carolina 
having  passed  a  resolution  declaring  the  tariff  act  of  that  year  "  null 
and  void."  The  Southern  States,  who  were  at  first  advocates  of  pro- 
tection, on  account  of  their  "  cotton,"  while  New  England  was  gen- 
erally opposed  to  it,  on  account  of  her  "  commerce,"  had  changed 
front  with  their  old  adversaries  entirely  ;  and,  while  the  Eastern  and 
Middle  States,  having  embarked  heavily  in  manufactures,  were  desirous 
of  continuance  of  the  system,  the  South  had  begun  to  think  it  advisa- 
ble to  ship  their  cotton  to  Europe,  and  under  free  trade  have  it  manu- 
factured there  and  returned  to  her,  with  such  other  manufactured 
articles  as  might  balance  the  account.  The  excitement  and  disturbance 
consequent  on  this  action  of  the  State  of  South  Carolina  led  to  the 
introduction  and  passage  of  the  celebrated  "  Compromise  Act "  of 

1833,  by  which  the  duties  on  imports  were  to  be  gradually  reduced. 
The  statistics  for  1833  show  the  capital  invested  at  Lowell  to  have 

been  $6,150,000,  with  19  mills,  84,000  spindles,  3,000  looms,  5,000 
laborers,  using  200,000  bales  of  cotton. 

Fall  River  contained  13  mills,  with  31,500  spindles  and  1,050 
looms,  employing  1,276  hands.  The  York  Manufacturing  Company 
started  their  new  mill  this  year,  with  8,000  spindles. 

The  cotton  crop  of  the  United  States  was  estimated  the  next  year, 

1834,  at  460,000,000  Ibs.,  of  which  384,000,000  were  exported.    At  this 
time,  says  Dr.   Bishop,  "the  ports  of  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Aux  Cayes, 
Malta,  Smyrna,  and  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  were  overstocked  with 
unbleached  American  cotton,  to  the  exclusion  of  British  goods,  which 
they  undersold."     I  also  quote  from  the  same  authority,   that  "  the 
manufacture  of  cotton  gins  was  commenced  on  an  extensive  scale  at 
this  time  in  Autauga  County,  Ala.,  by  Daniel  Pratt,  a  native  of  New 
Hampshire,  who  in  1846  added  a  cotton  factory.     The  Jackson  Manu- 
facturing Company,  at  Nashua,  N.   H.,  was  incorporated  this  year 
(1834),  and  the   Lonsdale  Company,  of   Rhode  Island,   commenced 
operations. 

Eighteen  hundred  and  thirty-five  shows  112  cotton  mills  in  the 


50 

State  of  New  York,  with  157,316  spindles  and  a  capital  of  $3,669,500, 
employing  12,954  hands  and  producing  21,000,000  yards  of  cloth.  The 
year  is  also  marked  by  the  death  of  Samuel  Slater  on  the  20th  of 
April.  Mr.  Samuel  Batchelder  obtained  a  patent  this  year  for  the 
application  of  a  steam-drying  cylinder  to  the  dressing  machine,  and  the 
Boston  and  Lowell  Railroad  was  opened  for  communication  between 
those  two  cities.  In  1836  the  capital  invested  in  manufacturing  in  the 
United  States  was  estimated  at  $80,000,000,  the  consumption  of  cotton 
at  100,000,000  Ibs.,  and  the  number  of  spindles  at  1,750,000,  the  value 
of  the  product  being  from  $45,000,000  to  $50,000,000.  The  speed  of 
spindles  had  also  been  materially  increased  by  the  various  improve- 
ments which  had  been  made,  making  the  production  per  spindle  much 
greater  than  in  1813. 

This  year  the  Patent  Office  was  organized  into  an  independent 
bureau,  and  the  Hon.  Henry  L.  Ellsworth  was  appointed  the  first 
Commissioner  of  Patents  on  the  4th  of  July.  On  the  same  date  a 
cotton  factory  of  1,000  spindles  was  put  in  operation  at  Fayetteville, 
N.  C. 

Another  manufacturing  company  was  incorporated  this  year  at 
Chicopee,  Mass.,  with  a  capital  of  $400,000,  under  the  name  of  the 
"  Perkins  Manufacturing  Company  "  ;  and  the  Mauchaug  Manufactur- 
ing Company,  at  Sutton,  Mass.,  and  the  Fiskdale  Manufacturing  Com- 
pany, at  Sturbridge,  Mass.,  were  incorporated.  In  1836  the  Gray 
Manufacturing  Company,  and  in  1837  the  Laurel  Manufacturing  Com- 
pany, of  Maryland,  commenced  operations. 

Bishop  (vol.  ii.,  p.  411)  says  :  "  There  were  at  this  date  four  cotton 
mills  in  North  Carolina,  viz.,  at  Greensborough,  Mocksville,  Haw 
River,  and  Cane  Creek.  Two  or  three  spinning  factories,  of  100  or 
200  spindles  each,  carried  by  animal  power,  were  in  operation  in  Illi- 
nois, producing  yarn  successfully  from  material  grown  in  the  State." 
One  or  two  manufacturing  companies  were  chartered  this  year  in  the 
State  of  New  York. 

In  1838  the  Bartlett  Steam  Mills,  at  Newburyport,  Mass.,  were 
chartered.  Mr.  Bartlett,  the  chief  owner  and  projector,  conceived  the 
idea  that  a  cotton  factory  in  that  town  would  give  employment  to  the 
families  of  the  sailors  and  fishermen  who  were  residents  of  the  town, 
and  who  were  themselves  absent  the  greater  part  of  the  year. 

The  transfer  of  commerce  to  the  cities  of  New  York  and  Boston 
had  seriously  crippled  the  prosperity  of  Newburyport,  Salem,  and 
other  towns  along  the  coast  of  New  England,  and  it  was  hoped  that 
the  introduction  of  manufactures  would  aid  in  restoring  them  to  their 
former  prosperity.  These  towns  contained  a  large  unemployed 
female  population,  and  it  was  believed  that  the  abundance  of  labor 


51 

and  the  saving  in  freight  of  coal  and  cotton  would  compensate  for  the 
additional  cost  of  steam-power  over  that  of  water  ;  but  these  hopes 
have  proved  fallacious,  so  far  as  all  the  steam  mills  on  the  seacoast 
northeast  of  Boston  are  concerned.  The  "  James  "  Mill,  at  Newbury- 
port,  started  in  1843,  the  "  Globe  "  Mill,  at  the  same  place,  in  1846, 
and  the  Portsmouth  Steam  Mill,  at  Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  the  same  year, 
are  notable  examples. 

I  will  endeavor  in  an  appendix  to  give  some  data  as  to  the  actual 
relative  cost  of  the  two  modes  of  obtaining  power. 

The  Amoskeag  Manufacturing  Company,  of  Manchester,  N.  H., 
incorporated  in  1831,  and  which  had  acquired  by  purchase  all  the  wa- 
ter rights  on  Merrimac  River,  from  Nashua  to  Concord,  commenced 
in  1838  to  greatly  extend  and  develop  their  water-power,  by  the  con- 
struction of  an  extensive  system  of  canals  on  the  east  side  of  the  river, 
opposite  to  the  site  of  the  original  mill  built  in  1810,  and  erected  a 
large  shop  for  the  construction  of  machinery.  In  1839  the  Stark 
Mills  and  the  Manchester  Print  Works  were  incorporated,  the  former 
commencing  operations  at  once,  although  the  latter  did  not  begin 
till  1845. 

In  1841  and  '42  the  Amoskeag  Company  built  two  mills,  which  were 
known  as  the  "  Amoskeag  New  Mills  "  until  the  destruction  of  the  old 
mill  by  fire  some  years  later,  and  have  since  gradually  increased  to 
135,000  spindles,  besides  building  machinery  of  various  kinds  and 
further  developing  their  water-power.  The  present  statistics  of  Man- 
chester will  be  given  at  the  close  of  this  memoir,  in  connection  with 
those  of  Lowell,  Lawrence,  Lewiston,  and  other  distinctively  manu- 
facturing towns. 

Another  important  event  of  the  year  1838  was  the  invention  by 
Erastus  B.  Bigelow  of  an  improvement  on  the  loom  for  weaving- 
knotted  counterpanes. 

The  close  of  the  decade  in  1840  shows  a  capital  of  over  $50,000,000 
invested  in  cotton  manufactures,  and  2,285,000  spindles  in  operation, 
working  113,059,000  pounds  of  cotton,  and  with  over  70,000  people 
employed  in  its  various  branches. 

The  introduction  of  the  self-acting  mule,  which  occurred  at  this 
time,  is  an  event  of  sufficient  consequence  to  deserve  a  new  chapter. 


52 


CHAPTER  IX. 

I  HAVE  spent  a  long  time  in  endeavoring  to  trace  accurately  the  "his- 
tory of  the  introduction  of  the  self-acting  mule  into  America,  and 
met  with  some  conflicting  statements,  from  which,  however,  I  am 
enabled  to  extract  the  following  facts  : 

Mr.  Ira  Gay,  of  the  firm  of  Pitcher  &  Gay,  of  Pawtucket,  R.  L, 
went  to  Nashua,  N.  H.,  as  the  mechanical  superintendent  of  the 
Nashua  Company,  in  1824.  A  self-acting  mule  was  then  built  by  him 
in  1825-'26  at  the  Nashua  Mills,  and  others  of  the  same  pattern  were 
built  by  his  successors,  Pitcher  &  Brown,  in  1828,  for  Edward  Wal- 
cott,  of  Pawtucket.  "  Messrs.  Pitcher  &  Brown  afterward  built  the 
1  Sharp  &  Roberts  '  mule  in  1840,  and  in  1868  built  the  <  Parr,  Curtis 
&  Madely '  pattern."  For  this  information  I  am  indebted  to  the 
Hon.  Zachariah  Allen,  late  Governor  of  Rhode  Island,  and  through 
him  to  Mr.  James  Brown,  of  Pawtucket,  one  of  the  firm  of  Pitcher  & 
Brown. 

This  information  as  to  the  early  attempts  at  mule  spinning  in  the 
United  States  is  confirmed  by  William  A.  Burke,  Esq.,  Treasurer  of 
the  Lowell  Machine  Shop,  who  writes  me  as  follows  : 

"  Mr.  Ira  Gay  was  the  superintendent  of  the  Nashua  Manufactur- 
ing Company's  machine  shop,  at  Nashua,  N.  H.,  when  I  began  to  learn 
my  trade  in  December,  1826.  The  job  I  was  working  on  had  no  part 
of  the  mule  work,  but  I  recollect  very  well  that  they  were  a  promi- 
nent machine  in  the  shop,  and  caused  no  little  discussion  with  us  boys. 

"  1  believe  the  old  Nashua  Mill  No.  2  was  supplied  with  them  for 
making  filling,  and  I  remember  very  well  the  tin  quill  or  bobbin,  with 
its  wooden  cone  on  the  lower  end,  and  the  raised  rings  on  the  tin  part, 
for  holding  the  yarn  from  pulling  off.  As  you  may  now  well  suppose, 
these  tin  tubes  were  giving  trouble  enough  in  keeping  straight,  for 
they  reached  nearly  to  the  top  of  the  spindle.  I  left  off  working  in 
the  Nashua  Company's  shop  in  1828,  and  the  mules  were  in  a  few 
years  abandoned  and  broken  up." 

The  next  attempt  was  made  by  William  Mason,  of  Taunton,  who 
writes  me  as  follows  : 


53 

"  I  commenced  to  experiment  on  the  self -actor  mule  in  1837,  and 
from  that  time  to  1843  I  continued  to  persevere  and  improve  it.  I 
produced  several  patterns  which  were  more  or  less  successful,  but  the 
last  pattern,  the  one  that  we  are  now  building,  was  put  in  operation 
for  the  first  time  at  the  old  Essex  Mill,  at  Newburyport,  Mass.,  early 
in  1843." 

Mr.  Thomas  J.  Hill,  of  Providence,  says  :  "  I  made  mules  after 
Mason's  patent  in  1840." 

Mr.  Mason  has,  however,  introduced  many  improvements  in  strength- 
ening the  parts  of  his  mules  since  1843,  and  the  "  Mason  mule  "  is 
now  well  known  throughout  the  country,  as  doing  more  work  with  the 
same  power  than  any  other  mule  built. 

Up  to  1840,  however,  mule  spinning  in  this  country  was  only  an 
experiment,  and  its  successful  practical  introduction  was  due  to  Brad- 
ford Durfee  and  William  C.  Davol,  of  Fall  River,  who,  on  March  9, 
1839,  signed  a  contract  with  Messrs.  Sharp,  Roberts  &  Co.,  of  Man- 
chester, England,  for  the  mutual  benefit  of  the  aforesaid  parties,  and 
William  C.  Davol  acted  as  agent  to  procure  letters  patent  for  the 
United  States,  under  the  name  of  Richard  Roberts,  the  original  in- 
ventor of  the  mule.  These  letters  patent  are  dated  October  11,  1841. 

Owing  to  the  rigidness  of  the  English  export  laws  at  that  time, 
the  first  mule  was  obliged  to  be  shipped  via  France,  and  was  received 
at  Fall  River  in  1840.  This  mule  was  set  up  and  put  in  operation  the 
same  year  at  the  Annawan  Mill,  Fall  River,  under  the  superintendence 
of  William  C.  Davol.  The  mule  being  considered  an  entire  success, 
several  orders  were  at  once  given  to  Hawes,  Marvel  &  Davol  to  build 
them,  and  the  firm,  being  anxious  to  complete  the  orders  as  rapidly  as 
possible,  employed  Messrs.  Pitcher  &  Brown,  of  Pawtucket,  who  had 
been  experienced  in  building  jacks,  to  make  the  carriages  from  pat- 
terns furnished  by  Messrs.  Hawes,  Marvel  &  Davol. 

From  this  date  forward  the  progress  of  mule  spinning  in  the 
"  Southern  district "  of  Massachusetts  and  Rhode  Island  was  very 
rapid,  though  it  was  many  years  before  it  was  introduced  to  any  great 
extent  farther  to  the  North  and  East,  where  the  prejudice  was  strong 
in  favor  of  the  hard-twisted  and  wiry  yarn  made  by  the  throstle. 

Many  experiments  were,  however,  made,  the  first  one  being  the 
introduction  of  the  Smith  or  "  Scotch  "  mule  by  the  Matteawan  Com- 
pany, of  Fishkill  Landing,  N.  Y.,  soon  after  1840,  and  letters  patent  were 
secured  by  W.  B.  Leonard,  agent  of  that  company.  This  pattern  was 
much  liked  for  a  time,  and  a  small  number  of  them  were  built  by  the 
Amoskeag  Company  for  a  mill  owned  by  them  at  Hooksett,  N.  H., 
and  later  for  one  of  their  own  mills  at  Manchester,  and  also  by  the 
machine  shop  of  the  Locks  and  Canals  Company,  at  Lowell,  for  a  mill 


54 

at  Great  Falls,  N.  H.  In  1844  the  "  Parr,  Curtis  &  Madely  "  mule, 
an  outgrowth  from  the  Sharp  &  Roberts,  was  imported  for  a  mill  at 
Spring  Gardens,  in  Philadelphia,  and  in  1845  the  Franklin  Foundry 
Company,  of  Providence,  commenced  their  construction. 

The  Potter  mule  was  also  introduced  in  1845  by  the  Manchester 
Print  Works,  then  going  into  operation,  for  the  purpose  of  spinning 
delaine  filling,  to  which  the  "  Smith  "  mules  were  applied  at  Hooksett ; 
and  were  afterward  imported  for  the  mill  built  for  the  manufacture  of 
lawns  at  Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  in  1848,  and  about  the  same  time  for  a 
mill  in  East  Greenwich,  Conn. 

Still  later,  about  1853,  the  "  Higgins  "  or  "  low-head  "  mule  was 
introduced  by  the  Franklin  Foundry  Company,  and  became  well 
known  in  the  country  under  their  name,  and  was  soon  afterward 
adopted  and  built  by  the  Saco  Water-Power  Company. 

This  mule,  the  original  "  Sharp  &  Roberts "  pattern,  and  the 
"  Mason,"  were  the  ones  mainly  used  in  the  United  States  up  to  the 
period  immediately  succeeding  the  civil  war,  when  the  extraordinary 
demand  for  fabrics,  and  the  impossibility  of  procuring  machinery  ex- 
cept at  an  exorbitant  cost,  if  at  all,  from  any  American  machine- 
builder,  led  to  the  importation  of  a  great  number  of  English  mules  of 
two  kinds  nominally  :  one,  the  "  Parr,  Curtis  &  Madely  "  before  men- 
tioned ;  the  other,  the  "  Platt,"  built  by  the  Platt  Brothers,  of  Old- 
ham,  Lancashire  ;  but  both,  in  all  essential  features,  lineal  descendants 
of  the  Sharp  &  Roberts  mule. 

Of  these  two  patterns,  that  of  the  Platt  Brothers  was  adopted  by 
the  Lowell  Machine  Shop,  and  the  Parr  &  Curtis  by  the  Saco  Water- 
Power  Company,  both  of  which  establishments  have  been  largely  en- 
gaged in  their  manufacture  since  the  close  of  the  war  ;  and  these,  with 
the  Mason  arid  a  few  of  the  Sharp  &  Roberts  pattern,  are  the  only 
kinds  now  built ;  the  Smith  &  Potter  being  quite  obsolete,  and  the 
Higgins,  though  an  excellent  machine,  not  able  to  compete  in  speed 
or  production,  on  coarse  numbers,  such  as  are  generally  spun  in  this 
country,  with  these  improved  and  more  powerful  rivals. 

Another  American  mule,  invented  by  Wanton  Rouse,  of  Taunton, 
which  formed  the  cop  by  an  enormous  eccentric  cam  or  "  builder,"  was 
also  introduced  in  1853,  but  has  never  been  used  to  any  great  extent. 

The  English  fly  frame  or  roving  frame,  differing  from  the  American 
speeder  in  having  the  flier  attached  to  the  top  of  the  spindle,  and  revolv- 
ing with  it,  while  the  bobbin  was  headless,  and  carried  independently 
by  the  differential  motion  of  Aza  Arnold,  already  spoken  of,  which 
was  adopted  in  England  by  Houldsworth,  was  introduced  in  this  coun- 
try about  1845,  and  has  since  been  generally  adopted,  though  the 
prejudice  against  it,  on  account  of  the  delay  in  "  doffing,"  was  for  a 


55 

time  very  strong.  The  first  frames  were  sent  to  Rhode  Island  by 
Messrs.  William  Higgins  &  Sons,  of  Manchester,  who  have  supplied  a 
great  number  to  American  mills,  as  have  also  Messrs.  Howard  &  Bal- 
lough,  of  Accrington,  particularly  during  the  period  following  the 
war ;  but  the  manufacture  of  these  machines  was  soon  taken  up  by 
the  Providence  Machine  Company  and  the  Saco  "Skater-Power  Com- 
pany and  others,  and  there  are  now  very  few  imported. 

The  Lowell  Machine-Shop  has  built  an  improved  speeder,  combin- 
ing the  headless  bobbin  and  wind  of  the  fly  frame  with  the  long  flyer, 
which  is  in  use  to  a  great  extent,  and  with  entire  satisfaction,  on 
coarse  rovings. 

The  year  1844  is  memorable  for  the  introduction  of  the  turbine 
wheel,  one  of  which,  of  seventy-five  horse-power,  after  the  Fourneyron 
plan,  with  improvements,  was  introduced  at  the  Appleton  Mills  at 
Lowell  by  Uriah  A.  Boyden,  an  eminent  engineer  of  Boston.  Atten- 
tion had  been  previously  called  to  this  matter,  and  Mr.  Elwood  Morris, 
of  Philadelphia,  had  in  1843  published  a  translation  of  a  French  work 
on  the  subject  of  turbines,  by  Morin,  with  notes  of  the  operation  of 
some  turbines  of  his  own  design  at  Philadelphia  ;  but  the  success  of 
the  system  may  be  said  to  date  from  the  results  obtained  by  Mr.  Boy- 
den  at  Lowell ;  seventy-eight  per  cent,  of  the'  gross  power  of  the 
water,  besides  that  required  for  driving  the  bevel-gears  and  "jack- 
shaft,"  having  been  obtained  on  the  test  of  the  first  wheel,  and  eighty- 
eight  per  cent,  at  the  test  of  more  perfectly  constructed  wheels,  built 
afterward  from  the  designs  of  Mr.  Boyden.  From  this  time  forward 
the  turbine  in  some  form  or  another  has  been  introduced,  till  it  has  now 
entirely  superseded  the  old  "  breast "  or  "  overshot "  wheel,  giving  a 
much  higher  percentage  of  effect  from  the  water,  and  enabling  mill- 
owners  to  run  some  portion  of  their  machinery  in  times  of  freshets  or 
back-water,  when  the  old  wheels  were  entirely  useless. 

Another  American  invention  of  about  the  same  date  was  the  cloth- 
shear  or  trimmer,  which  is  now  in  universal  use  in  cotton  mills,  al- 
though the  intention  of  its  inventor,  Milton  D.  Whipple,  of  Lowell, 
was  confined  to  trimming  the  ends  and  threads  from  the  cloth  in  the 
calico  print  works  ;  but  the  machine  proved  so  useful  that  it  has  been 
generally  adopted  in  all  mills  as  a  necessary  operation  in  preparing 
the  cloth  for  market. 

The  growth  of  the  cotton  manufacture,  under  the  stimulating  in- 
fluences of  protection,  and  the  favor  with  which  American  goods 
were  received  in  China,  was  now  very  rapid,  and  in  1845  plans  were 
made  for  a  further  development  of  the  water-power  of  the  Merrimac 
River,  at  North  Andover,  by  the  construction  of  a  dam  across  it,  at 
the  rapids  at  that  place,  which  should  give  a  fall  of  twenty-six  feet, 


56 

and  set  back  the  water  in  the  pond  above  the  dam  to  the  foot  of 
Hunt's  Falls,  just  below  Lowell.  The  Essex  Company  was  incorpo- 
rated for  that  purpose,  and  the  work  commenced  ;  and  in  1847  the 
dam  and  canal  were  completed,  and  the  town  which  had  sprung  up  in 
consequence  of  the  operations  was  called  Lawrence,  from  the  name  of 
the  gentlemen  in  Boston  who  had  been  the  leaders  in  the  enterprise. 

The  Atlantic  Cotton  Mills  were  the  first  to  commence  operations, 
but  were  soon  followed  by  others,  until  a  flourishing  and  populous 
city  occupies  the  site  which  thirty  years  ago  was  a  barren  sand-bank, 
and  of  which  particulars  will  be  given  in  the  proper  appendix. 

The  Dwight  Manufacturing  Company,  of  Chicopee,  had  been  in- 
corporated in  1841,  and  eventually  absorbed  both  the  Cabot  and  Per- 
kins Mills,  of  the  same  place. 

Another  special  industry  was  inaugurated  by  E.  B.  Bigelow,  of 
Lancaster,  in  1844,  by  the  commencement  of  the  Lancaster  Mills,  at 
Clinton,  Mass.,  for  the  manufacture  of  ginghams,  which  were  to  be 
woven  by  machinery  instead  of  by  hand  loom,  as  had  formerly  been 
the  practice,  and  resulted  in  entire  success,  proving  the  scheme  to  be 
practicable  and  profitable,  and  serving  as  the  pioneer  to  various  other 
successful  establishments  of  a  similar  character. 

The  Ocean  Mills,  of  Newburyport,  Mass.,  were  commenced  in 
1845,  the  Boston  Duck  Company,  of  Palmer,  in  1843,  and  the  Ply- 
mouth Cotton  Company  in  the  same  year  ;  and  in  1847  the  Wamsutta 
Mills,  of  New  Bedford,  the  Agawam  Canal  Company,  of  West  Spring- 
field, and  the  Annisquam  Mills,  of  Rockport,  all  in  Massachusetts, 
were  started.  In  1848  the  Glasgow  Company,  of  South  Hadley,  fol- 
lowed the  Lancaster  Mills  on  ginghams.  The  Massasoit  and  Metaco- 
met  Mills,  of  Fall  River,  commenced  respectively  in  1845  and  1846, 
and  the  Naumkeag  Mills,  of  Salem,  commenced  in  1839,  and  the  Otis 
Manufacturing  Company,  of  Ware,  1840,  should  also  be  included  in 
the  growth  of  Massachusetts  for  this  decade. 

Nor  were  the  other  New  England  States  behind  in  developing  their 
resources.  The  Saco  Water-Power  Company,  in  Maine,  by  means  of 
new  dams  and  canals  on  the  west  side  of  the  river,  opposite  the  York 
Mills,  utilized  the  whole  power  of  the  Saco  River,  and  built  the  Pep- 
perell  Mills  in  1844,  and  the  Laconia  Mills  in  1845,  with  a  large  ma- 
chine shop,  which  has  been  successfully  operated  since  by  the  Water- 
Power  Company,  and  as  a  necessary  result  the  city  of  Biddeford  grew 
up  around  these  establishments.  The  Hallowell  Manufacturing  Com- 
pany, at  Hallowell,  was  also  commenced  in  1845. 

Neither  can  the  growth  of  the  cotton  manufacture  at  this  time  be 
estimated  fairly  by  the  number  of  mills  built.  The  original  mills  of 
4,000  to  6,000  spindles  had  given  place  to  larger  and  more  convenient 


57 

structures  containing  from  10,000  to  15,000  spindles  each,  and  these 
were  in  time  to  give  place  to  still  larger  ones,  or  to  be  connected  by 
intermediate  buildings,  bringing  30,000  or  40,000  spindles  under  one 
roof  and  one  system  of  superintendence,  as  experience  and  practice  de- 
veloped overseers  of  skill  sufficient  to  take  the  charge  of  so  large  an 
amount  of  machinery,  with  its  complement  of  operatives. 

In  New  Hampshire  the  Amoskeag  and  Great  Falls  companies  were 
extending  their  operations  and  adding  to  their  machinery,  and  in  1845 
the  Monadnock  Mills  at  Claremont  were  commenced,  using  the  water- 
power  of  Sugar  River. 

Large  numbers  of  mills  were  also  built  in  Rhode  Island,  among 
which  were  those  of  the  Groton  Company,  at  Woonsocket,  in  1840,  the 
Hope  Company,  at  Scituate,  in  1845,  the  Warren  Company,  at  Warren, 
in  1847,  and  the  Quidnick  Company,  at  Anthony,  in  1848. 

In  Connecticut  the  Falls  Company,  of  Norwich,  and  the  Chestnut 
Hill  Mill,  at  Killingly,  commenced  operations  in  1844 ;  the  Granite 
Mill,  at  Stafford  Springs,  and  the  Greenwood  Company,  at  New  Hart- 
ford, in  1845  ;  the  Uncasville  Manufacturing  Company,  at  Montville, 
in  1848  ;  and  the  Moodus  Manufacturing  Company,  at  East  Haddam, 
in  1849. 

The  Victory  Manufacturing  Company,  of  Saratoga,  N.  Y.,  com- 
menced in  1846,  and  the  Utica  Steam  Mills  in  1848. 

I  -have  no  statistics  by  which  to  mark  the  exact  progress  of  the 
manufacture  at  this  period  in  the  States  farther  South  and  West,  but 
it  is  certain  that  there  was  a  large  increase  in  and  around  Philadel- 
phia, which  has  always  been  a  great  manufacturing  center,  though  the 
individual  enterprises  have  been  on  a  smaller  scale  than  those  of  the 
great  incorporated  companies  of  the  New  England  States. 

The  census  of  1850  gives  no  reliable  information  as  to  the  amount 
of  machinery  then  in  operation  or  the  number  of  operatives  employed, 
but  the  production  of  cotton  fabrics  is  given  as  263,190,642  Ibs. 

The  business  of  cotton  manufacture  was  by  this  time  so  firmly 
established  as  to  be  little  affected  by  changes  in  legislation  in  regard 
to  duties  on  the  coarser  fabrics  required  for  domestic  consumption,  to 
which  American  machinery  had  been  adapted  ;  and  its  progress  was 
constant  and  steady  for  the  next  ten  years,  with  constant  improve- 
ments in  the  mechanical  and  economical  appliances,  and  successive 
enlargements  of  the  scale  of  operations  ;  and  its  growth  from  1850  to 
1860  will  fill  our  next  chapter. 


58 


CHAPTER  X. 

THE  earlier  years  of  the  next  decade,  until  1857,  were  marked  by 
a  continual  and  steady  growth  of  the  cotton  manufacture  ;  the  Amer- 
ican manufacturers  and  mechanics  who  visited  the  first  International 
Exhibition  in  London  in  1851  extended  their  tours  to  the  manufactur- 
ing districts,  and  brought  home  many  valuable  ideas  and  economical 
improvements,  which  were  rapidly  introduced  in  all  parts  of  the  coun- 
try. The  boldness  of  the  scheme  which  created  a  waterfall  at  Law- 
rence, by  the  erection  of  a  dam  twenty-five  feet  in  height  and  the 
formation  of  a  mill-pond  ten  miles  long,  had  stimulated  an  enterprise 
on  a  still  larger  scale — that  of  rendering  available  in  a  similar  manner 
the  enormous  power  of  the  Connecticut  River  at  South  Hadley,  where 
there  was  a  fall  of  sixty  feet  extending  over  some  two  miles,  in  a  series 
of  continuous  rapids.  To  accomplish  this  purpose  the  Hadley  Falls 
Company  was  incorporated  by  the  Legislature  of  Massachusetts  in 
1848,  with  a  capital  of  $4,000,000,  and  operations  were  commenced  by 
the  purchase  of  about  1,200  acres  of  land  on  the  west  side  of  the  river, 
near  the  principal  fall,  where  a  dam  of  timber,  loaded  with  stone,  with 
massive  stone  bulkheads,  was  constructed,  1,019  feet  long  and  30  feet 
high.  The  first  attempt  was  unsuccessful,  and  the  dam  gave  way 
under  the  pressure  of  the  water  as  it  was  being  completed  ;  but  a  sec- 
ond attempt  fared  better,  although  the  wearing  away  of  the  sandstone 
bed  of  the  river  below  the  fall  necessitated  a  reconstruction  of  the 
work  in  1868,  when  an  apron  was  built  below  the  dam,  so  as  to  give 
the  whole  structure  the  form  of  a  triangle,  with  a  base  of  ninety  feet 
and  a  perpendicular  of  thirty,  consisting  of  a  heavy  timber  crib  frame, 
bolted  to  the  rock,  filled  with  stone  and  covered  with  plank,  while  the 
crest  was  "  armor-plated  "  with  boiler  iron.  In  the  western  bulkhead, 
operated  by  a  turbine  wheel,  were  placed  the  gates  which  admitted 
to  the  upper  canal,  and  from  this  the  water  was  taken  to  a  second, 
and  then  to  a  third,  which  discharged  into  the  river  at  the  lower  end 
of  the  town. 

The  fall  from  the  upper  to  the  middle  canal  was  20  feet,  from  the 


59 

middle  one  to  the  lower  one  12  feet,  and  20  feet  to  the  river  at  the 
upper  end,  where  part  of  the  water  was  discharged,  while  it  was  from 
23  to  28  feet  on  the  lower  one,  and  the  whole  system  was  over  four 
miles  in  total  length,  rendering  available  in  all  about  30,000  horse- 
power. 

The  first  dam  was  completed  in  1849,  and  a  machine  shop  (since 
converted  into  a  cotton-thread  mill)  was  constructed,  in  imitation  of 
the  original  plan  of  Lowell,  where  a  shop  to  build  the  machinery  for 
the  mills  was  an  absolute  necessity  and  an  integral  part  of  the  sys- 
tem, from  the  entire  absence  in  the  country  at  that  time  of  any  shops 
of  sufficient  capacity  for  the  purpose.  A  machine  shop  (also  since 
converted  into  a  cotton  mill)  had  been  built  at  Lawrence,  and  it  was 
the  first  thing  done  at  the  new  town,  now  a  city,  of  Holyoke. 

In  1852  the  Hampden  Mill,  of  16,000  spindles,  was  built,  and  in 
1853  the  Lyman  Mills,  now  containing  75,000  spindles,  commenced 
operations.  The  crash  of  1857  ruined  the  original  company  which 
built  the  dam  and  laid  out  the  town,  and  the  water-power  passed  into 
the  possession  of  the  Holyoke  Water-Power  Company,  and  has  since 
been  largely  utilized  for  the  manufacture  of  paper  and  other  indus- 
tries, Holyoke  being  now  the  great  headquarters  of  the  writing-paper 
business. 

At  about  the  same  date  another  company  commenced  the  develop- 
ment of  the  water-power  of  the  Androscoggin  River  at  Lewiston,  Me., 
where  a  high  fall  and  a  solid  rock  foundation  rendered  operations 
much  less  expensive,  and  where  manufacturing  has  been  very  suc- 
cessful. 

The  first  cotton  mills  to  start  here  were  those  of  the  Bates  Manu- 
facturing Company,  in  1852,  since  followed  by  others,  the  statistics 
of  which  will  be  given  at  length  later  in  this  memoir. 

In  addition  to  these  larger  enterprises,  the  following  establishments 
commenced  operations  between  1850  and  1860  :  In  Maine,  the  Cabot 
Manufacturing  Company,  of  35,000  spindles,  at  Brunswick,  in  1857,  and 
the  Westbrook  Manufacturing  Company,  at  Saccarapa,  16,000  spindles, 
in  1858.  In  Massachusetts,  the  mills  of  the  Hebron  Manufacturing 
Company,  at  Attleboro,  37,000  spindles,  in  1852 ;  the  Monument 
Mills,  at  Great  Barrington,  the  same  year  ;  the  Lawrence  Duck  Com- 
pany, 7,500  spindles,  at  Lawrence,  the  Phoenix  Company,  6,000  spin- 
dles, at  Shirley,  and  the  American  Linen  Company,  at  Fall  River, 
originally  projected  for  a  flax  mill,  but  changed  to  cotton,  now  con- 
taining 83,000  spindles,  in  1853  ;  the  Warren  Cotton  Mills,  13,500 
spindles,  at  West  Warren,  and  the  Ward  Manufacturing  Company, 
since  changed  to  the  Indian  Orchard  Mills,  16,000  spindles,  at  Spring- 
field, in  1854 — all  on  cotton  exclusively,  besides  the  Pacific  Mills  at 


60 

Lawrence,  started  in  1852  partially  on  cotton  and  worsted  goods,  as 
well  as  on  calicoes,  originally  on  a  magnificent  scale,  and  now  one  of 
the  largest  manufacturing  establishments  in  the  world. 

In  Rhode  Island  during  the  same  time  were  commenced  the  mills  of 
the  Franklin  Company,  at  Olneyville,  in  1850,  34,500  spindles  ;  the 
Valley  Falls  Company,  at  Lincoln,  35,000  spindles,  and  the  Lippitt 
Company,  7,500  spindles,  at  Phoenix,  in  1853 ;  the  Dyerville  Compa- 
ny, 18,000  spindles,  at  Centredale,  and  the  Clinton  Mill,  16,000  spin- 
dles, at  Woonsocket,  in  1854  ;  together  with  the  Social  Mills,  since 
burnt  and  rebuilt,  now  50,000  spindles,  at  Woonsocket,  in  1855. 

Connecticut  also  shows  a  long  list  of  mills,  commencing  with  the 
Quinebaug  Company,  34,000  spindles,  at  West  Killingly,  in  1851  ;  the 
Smithville  Manufacturing  Company,  at  Willimantic,  17,000  spindles, 
and  the  Atlantic  Duck  Company,  at  Haddam,  the  same  year  ;  the 
East  Haddam  Duck  Company  and  the  Wauregan  Mills,  now  contain- 
ing 56,000  spindles,  were  begun  in  1853  ;  and  the  Williams  Duck 
Company,  at  Haddam,  in  1854,  the  duck  manufacturing  companies 
being  all  small  establishments.  In  1856  the  A.  &  W.  Sprague  Manu- 
facturing Company  built  their  great  Baltic  Mill,  of  75,000  spindles, 
for  the  manufacture  of  print  cloths,  at  the  village  of  Sprague  ;  and  in 
1857  the  Willimantic  Linen  Company,  so  called,  but  devoted  to  the 
manufacture  of  sewing-cotton,  commenced  operations,  and  now  em- 
ploys 45,000  spindles  on  that  product.  The  Dunham  Company,  of 
Willimantic,  with  6,000  spindles,  was  started  in  1858,  and  the  Wil- 
liamsville  Manufacturing  Company,  with  12,500  spindles,  at  West 
Killingly,  and  the  Elliottville  Manufacturing  Company,  at  East  Kil- 
lingly, 3,800  spindles,  in  1859.  The  Attawaugan  Company,  also  at 
Killingly,  17,000  spindles,  began  in  1860. 

A  part,  however,  of  the  above  named  establishments  commenced 
operations  with  a  smaller  number  of  spindles  than  they  are  now  cred- 
ited with,  having  received  large  additions  since  the  date  of  starting. 

The  Newburgh  Steam  Mills,  at  Kewburgh,  N.  Y.,  were  commenced 
in  1850,  and  the  Harmony  Mills,  at  Cohoes,  reorganized,  as  before 
noted. 

The  Indiana  Cotton  Mills,  at  Cannelton,  Ind.,  with  10,800  spindles, 
commenced  in  1855,  and  the  St.  Louis  Cotton  Factory,  at  St.  Louis, 
Mo.,  with  10,500  spindles,  in  1857. 

The  financial  difficulties  of  the  latter  year  checked  any  further 
rapid  development  until  after  the  close  of  the  civil  war  in  1865,  and 
proved  fatal  to  the  great  enterprise  at  Holyoke,  causing  a  great  loss  of 
capital  to  the  original  projectors,  as  well  as  to  those  of  many  of  the 
other  new  establishments  which  had  just  commenced  operations. 

The  great  mechanical  invention  of  the  period  was  that  of  the  "  self- 


61 

stripping  "  card,  which  was  brought  into  successful  use  about  the  year 
1857.  Various  experiments  had  been  made  both  in  this  country  and 
in  Europe  to  accomplish  the  object  of  cleansing  the  "  top-flats  "  or 
cards  from  the  constantly  accumulating  waste,  consisting  of  short  cot- 
ton, bits  of  seed-husk,  leaf,  etc.,  by  some  automatic  process  while  the 
card  was  in  operation,  thus  avoiding  loss  of  time  and  securing  more 
systematic,  regular,  and  perfect  cleaning,  while  dispensing  with  a  large 
amount  of  hand  labor.  This  result  was  finally  accomplished  by  two 
inventors,  working  separately,  but  whose  patents  were  finally  united 
in  1867,  forming  the  card  as  in  ordinary  use  to-day. 

George  Wellman,  of  Lowell,  Mass.,  received  letters  patent  Decem- 
ber 6,  1853,  for  a  system  of  mechanism  for  elevating,  cleaning,  and 
returning  to  their  places  the  top-cards  or  flats,  and  also  for  moving  the 
vibrating  frame,  which  accomplished  this  purpose  from  flat  to  flat,  or 
from  one  to  the  second  flat  from  it  in  the  series. 

Horace  Woodman,  of  Biddeford,  Me.,  received  letters  patent  on  the 
1st  of  August,  1854,  for  a  system  of  mechanism  for  the  same  purpose, 
but  differing  somewhat  from  that  of  Wellman. 

Wellman  took  out  a  second  patent,  for  an  improved  machine, 
March  18,  1856,  and  a  third  one  January  27,  1857. 

Woodman  also  received  a  second  patent  July  8,  1856,  and  a  third 
December  1,  1857.  As  might  naturally  be  expected,  where  the  object 
to  be  effected  was  so  positive  and  confined,  these  different  patents  in- 
terfered with  each  other  essentially,  and,  after  much  litigation,  the 
matter  was  compromised  oy  a  union  of  the  two  in  1867,  as  noted. 
This  invention  has  come  into  general  use,  and  has  not  only  proved 
more  effectual  in  producing  perfect  work,  but  more  economical  in 
wear  and  tear  of  card  clothing,  as  well  as  in  labor. 

Another  valuable  invention,  but  of  less  general  application,  was  the 
seamless  bag  loom,  invented  by  Cyrus  W.  Baldwin,  of  Manchester, 
N.  H.,  in  1851,  in  which,  after  weaving  the  necessary  length  of  bag  in 
a  tubular  form,  by  a  simple  automatic  change  of  cams,  the  harnesses 
were  shifted  in  such  a  manner  as  to  weave  an  inch  or  more  of  solid 
double  cloth,  thus  forming  the  bottom  of  the  bag,  and  then  returned 
to  their  original  position  in  the  same  manner,  without  stoppage  or  dis- 
arrangement of  the  machinery  or  need  of  manual  assistance. 

The  parallel  motion  for  the  picker-staffs  of  looms  was  also  brought 
into  use  about  this  time,  the  first  one  having  been  invented  by  W.  W. 
Dutcher,  of  Hopedale,  Mass.,  in  1853,  soon  followed  by  several  others. 
This  was  a  valuable  invention,  as  saving  a  large  expenditure  for 
"  pickers  "  and  "  picker-strings,"  and  in  some  form  or  another  is  in 
general  use. 

The  "  shuttle-guard  "  of  H.  D.  Bobbins,  patented  in  1852,  and  the 


62 

improved  oiler  of  I.  R.  Scott,  afterward  improved  by  W.  H.  Thomp- 
son, are  also  deserving  of  notice. 

In  connection  with  the  improvement  in  cards  should  be  mentioned 
the  railway  evener,  invented  by  D.  W.  Hayden,  of  Willimantic, 
Conn.,  in  1850,  and  afterward  improved  by  Newell  Wyllis,  of  Glas- 
tonbury,  and  still  later  by  Messrs.  George  Draper  &  Sons,  of  Hope- 
dale,  Mass.  This  valuable  invention,  applied  to  the  railway-head, 
which  receives  the  sliver  from  a  system  of  six  or  more  cards,  being 
driven  by  a  belt  working  on  a  pair  of  cone-pulleys,  changed  the 
draught  of  the  rolls  in  the  head  whenever  the  sliver  was  broken  down 
from  any  of  the  cards,  by  means  of  a  "  trumpet,"  through  which  the 
combined  sliver  passed,  and  which  operated  a  lever,  shifting  the  belt 
on  the  pulleys,  thus  causing  the  sliver  delivered  to  be  of  uniform  size. 

In  1860  the  large  machine  shop  at  Lawrence,  Mass.,  built  by  the 
Essex  Company,  and  afterward  known  as  the  Lawrence  Machine  Shop, 
was  converted  into  a  cotton  mill,  and  has  since  been  known  as  the 
Everett  Mills  ;  and  the  Pemberton  Mills,  at  the  same  place,  originally 
built  in  1853,  which  had  been  destroyed  by  an  accident,  with  horrible 
loss  of  life,  the  previous  year,  were  rebuilt ;  and  both  these  mills  were 
applied  to  the  manufacture  of  colored  fabrics,  such  as  cottonades  and 
dress-goods. 

These  are  the  principal  enterprises  of  this  period,  during  which  the 
number  of  spindles  had  increased,  as  shown  by  the  census  of  1860,  to 
5,035,798,  and  the  pounds  of  cotton  worked  to  450,877,823,  while  the 
crop  of  cotton  raised  in  1859  had  reached  the  enormous  amount  of  over 
4,000,000  bales,  or  1,850,000,000  pounds,  of  which  we  consumed  about 
one  quarter,  while  the  rest  found  a  ready  market  at  high  prices  in 
Europe,  and  the  enormous  profits  realized  by  its  cultivation  gave  rise 
to  political  results  which  for  a  time  convulsed  the  world  and  bid  fair 
to  destroy  the  republic. 


63 


CHAPTER  XI. 

IT  is  not  within  the  purposes  of  this  article  to  enter  on  the  discus- 
sion of  political  questions,  but  this  enormous  and  rapid  growth  of  the 
cotton  manufacture  was  unquestionably  one  of  the  principal  causes 
which  brought  about  the  great  American  Civil  War. 

The  superiority  of  the  staple  of  American  cotton  had  made  it  the 
favorite  in  the  markets  of  the  world,  and  the  demand  for  it  seemed  to 
be  practically  unlimited.  The  profits  of  its  cultivation  were  great, 
and  every  acre  of  the  cotton-growing  States  that  could  be  made  avail- 
able was  devoted  to  this  purpose.  "  Cotton  is  king  "  was  the  watch- 
word of  the  planters,  and  so  fully  were  they  convinced  of  the  truth  of 
this  fallacy  that  they  dreamed  of  a  new  empire  to  be  devoted  to  the 
cultivation  of  cotton  by  slave  labor,  and  to  be  attained  by  the  disrup- 
tion of  the  existing  union  with  the  manufacturing  and  food-growing 
States  of  the  North  and  West. 

The  question  of  slavery  had  long  been  a  serious  difficulty  between 
the  North  and  the  South,  and,  as  it  was  fully  believed  in  the  latter 
region  that  this  important  staple  could  only  be  raised  by  slave  labor, 
the  planters  regarded  any  opposition  to  the  system  or  its  extension  as 
an  attack  upon  their  most  vital  interests,  while  the  North,  regarding 
it  as  both  morally  and  economically  wrong  and  injurious,  had  planted 
itself  firmly  against  its  introduction  into  the  unorganized  territories 
belonging  to  the  nation. 

The  election  of  a  president  on  this  basis,  of  opposition  to  the  fur- 
ther extension  of  slavery,  served  the  South  as  a  casus  belli,  and,  be- 
lieving that  cotton  must  be  had,  and  that  they  were  sure  of  the 
support  and  assistance  of  European  manufacturers,  the  cotton-growing 
States  took  the  responsibility  of  attempting  the  dissolution  of  the 
Union. 

It  is  needless  to  say  that  the  result  has  been  very  different  from 

the  anticipation,  and  that  the  crop  of  cotton  cultivated  by  free  labor 

is  now  greater  than  before  the  war,  having  reached  4,500,000  bales, 

and   continually   increasing,   although    the   whole   system   has  been 

13 


64 

changed,  and  the  crop  is  now  raised  by  small  land-holders  or  tenants 
of  land,  in  connection  with  food-crops,  as  a  staple  "  money-article," 
for  the  supply  of  their  clothing  and  other  wants  beyond  their  own  pro- 
duction, instead  of  in  large  lots  by  the  owners  of  great  plantations, 
who  depended  on  the  profits  of  their  cotton  to  supply  all  their  other 
wants,  even  buying  much  of  the  food  consumed  by  their  families  and 
laborers.  The  greatest  increase  in  the  crop  has  been  in  the  State  of 
Texas,  where  the  most  white  labor  has  been  employed,  and  the  "  farm 
system,"  as  in  contrast  to  the  "  plantation,"  most  fully  developed, 
amounting  to  over  80  per  cent,  more  than  before  the  war,  the  last 
crop  of  the  State  having  been  nearly  700,000  bales. 

The  introduction  of  the  new  system  has  of  course  been  attended 
with  more  or  less  difficulty  to  the  .manufacturer,  wno  can  not  now  go 
into  the  market  and  purchase  one  or  two  hundred  bales  of  cotton  of 
the  growth  of  one  plantation  and  of  uniform  quality  ;  but  care  on  the 
part  of  the  buyer  and  skill  in  mixing  his  cotton  on  that  of  the  manu- 
facturer render  it  one  of  no  very  great  importance. 

The  outbreak  of  the  war  in  1861  stopped  all  further  extension  of 
the  manufacture  for  a  time,  and  utterly  prostrated  the  business. 
Many  cotton  mills  sold  their  stock  on  hand,  and  put  in  more  or  less 
woolen  machinery,  to  supply  the  anticipated  demand  for  army  cloth- 
ing, or  in  doubt  whether  they  should  ever  see  any  more  cotton  ;  while 
other  shrewder  manufacturers  bought  the  cotton  thus  sold,  and  piled 
it  up,  until  the  demand  for  cotton  cloths  rendered  its  manufacture 
enormously  profitable  ;  but  it  was  a  long  time  before  matters  resumed 
their  normal  condition. 

The  necessities  of  the  South,  however,  drove  them  into  manufac- 
turing to  a  small  extent,  and  in  1864  the  Augusta  Cotton  Factory,  of 
23,000  spindles,  was  commenced  ;  and  since  the  close  of  the  war  the 
number  of  spindles  at  the  South  has  been  increasing,  although  the  de- 
ficiency of  capital  and  skilled  labor  prevents  very  rapid  progress. 
Still  Virginia,  North  and  South  Carolina,  and  Georgia  have  begun  to 
utilize  their  valuable  water-powers  to  some  extent,  and  something  has 
been  done  in  Alabama,  Kentucky,  and  Mississippi. 

After  about  two  years  of  uncertainty,  the  manufacturing  districts 
began  to  take  courage,  and  business  was  again  resumed  partially  ;  to 
be  revived  with  increased  vigor  at  the  close  of  the  war  in  1865,  when 
the  country  had  become  pretty  thoroughly  drained  of  its  stock  of  cot- 
ton fabrics  ;  and  while  many  of  the  existing  mills  increased  their 
number  of  spindles  to  a  great  extent,  the  following  new  enterprises  of 
note  were  commenced — one  or  two  of  them  during  the  war,  but  the 
greater  number  after  its  close.  In  1861  the  Webster  Mills,  at  Sun- 
cook  village  in  Pembroke,  N.  H.,  which  had  been  previously  planned, 


65 

were  started,  with  30,000  spindles,  in  1862  the  Coventry  Company,  at 
Anthony,  B.  I.,  with  10,700  spindles,  and  the  Grafton  Mills,  at  Graf- 
ton,  Mass.,  with  12,400  spindles  ;  in  1863  the  Ashland  Company, 
20,000  spindles,  at  Jewett  City,  Conn. ;  the  Central  Mills,  10,600  spin- 
dles, at  Southbridge,  Mass. ;  and  the  Oriental  Mills,  at  Providence,  B. 
I.,  with  15,000  spindles  ;  while  the  machine  shop  of  the  Hadley  Falls 
Company,  at  Holyoke,  was  converted  into  a  mill  for  the  manufacture 
of  spool  cotton,  and  reorganized  as  the  Hadley  Company,  with  30,000 
spindles.  In  1864  the  Providence  Steam  Mill,  at  Providence,  B.  I., 
began  with  21,000  spindles  ;  the  Reynolds  Manufacturing  Company, 
at  Bristol,  B.  I.,  with  10,750  spindles ;  the  Augusta  Factory,  at  Au- 
gusta, Ga.,  23,000  spindles  ;  and  the  Indianapolis  Manufacturing  Com- 
pany, of  Indiana,  with  4,000  spindles.  The  year  1865  saw  the  start 
of  the  Whitestone  Company,  at  East  Killingly,  Conn.,  with  8,000 
spindles  ;  the  Danielsonville  Company,  at  West  Killingly,  16,000  spin- 
dles ;  the  Putnam  Mills,  at  Putnam,  Conn.,  18,600  spindles  ;  the  Mer- 
rick  Thread  Company,  at  Holyoke,  Mass.,  12,000  spindles  ;  the  Harris 
Manufacturing  Company,  Coventry,  B.  I.,  14,000  spindles  ;  the  Orion 
Manufacturing  Company,  East  Greenwich,  B.  I.,  15,000  spindles  ;  the 
Bockville  Manufacturing  Company,  Bockville,  B.  I.,  8,000  spindles  ; 
the  United  States  Flax  Manufacturing  Company  (on  cotton  goods, 
however),  at  Pawtucket,  30,000  spindles  ;  the  Fletcher  Manufacturing 
Company,  at  Providence,  17,000  spindles  ;  and  the  Warren  Manufac- 
turing Company,  at  Warren,  Md.,  6,000  spindles.  In  1866  the  Wil- 
liston  Mills,  at  East  Hampton,  Mass.,  went  into  operation,  with  30,000 
spindles  ;  the  Williamstown  Manufacturing  Company,  at  Williams- 
town,  Mass.,  14,600  spindles  ;  and  the  Empire  Manufacturing  Com- 
pany, Paterson,  K  J.,  3,000  spindles.  In  1867  the  A.  &  W.  Sprague 
Manufacturing  Company  built  a  large  mill  at  Augusta,  Me.,  making, 
with  the  old  mill  on  the  spot,  which  they  purchased,  a  total  of  40,000 
spindles  ;  and  the  dam  across  the  Kennebec  Biver  at  that  point  was 
rebuilt,  affording  a  magnificent  water-power,  which  has  not  as  yet 
been  further  developed.  The  Benfrew  Manufacturing  Company,  at 
South  Adams,  Mass.,  with  27,000  spindles,  was  commenced  the  same 
year,  and  the  Smithfield  Manufacturing  Company,  11,000  spindles,  at 
Hyde  Park,  Mass.  In  Vermont  the  Vermont  Mills  at  Benningtoh, 
7,000  spindles,  and  the  Burlington  Cotton  Company,  at  Winooski 
Falls,  were  started.  Another  large  Southern  enterprise  also  dates 
from  this  year — the  Eagle  and  Pho3nix  Manufacturing  Company,  at 
Columbus,  Ga.,  with  22,000  spindles  ;  and  in  1868  the  Frankfort  Cot- 
ton Mills,  at  Frankfort,  Ky.,  were  commenced.  The  year  1869  records 
the  beginning  of  the  Lowell  Hosiery  Company,  10,400  spindles,  at 
Lowell,  Mass.;  the  China  Mills,  50,000  spindles,  at  Suncook,  N.  H.; 


66 

the  Mt.  Vernon  Manufacturing  Company,  at  Alexandria,  Va.,  4,000 
spindles  ;  and  the  Marshall  Manufacturing  Company,  with  6,000  spin- 
dles, at  Manchester,  V-a.  In  1870  the  Slater  Cotton  Company,  at 
Pawtucket,  R.  I.,  20,000  spindles;  the  Whitin  Manufacturing  Com- 
pany, Northbridge,  Mass.,  16,000  spindles  ;  the  Morse  Mills,  Putnam, 
Conn.,  10,000  spindles  ;  and  the  gigantic  Ponemah  Mill,  of  72,000 
spindles,  at  Taftville,  in  Norwich,  Conn.,  were  commenced. 

This  closes  the  list  of  the  more  important  manufacturing  establish- 
ments commenced  during  the  decade,  during  which  the  increase  of 
spindles,  as  shown  by  the  census  of  1870,  was  very  great,  and  was  to 
continue  for  three  years  longer,  although,  owing  to  the  substitution  of 
lighter  fabrics,  on  account  of  the  scarcity  and  high  price  of  cotton, 
the  number  of  pounds  worked  was  slightly  less  than  in  1860,  being 
447,216,000  pounds,  while  the  spindles  had  increased  to  7,114,000. 

There  is  no  American  invention  of  any  remarkable  importance  till 
the  close  of  this  period  ;  but  a  very  great  advance  had  been  made  by 
the  adoption  of  the  "slasher"  dresser,  which  was  introduced  from 
England  at  the  Androscoggin  Mills,  Lewiston,  by  Mr.  A.  D.  Lock- 
wood,  in  1867.  The  distinctive  feature  in  this  machine  consisted  in 
the  use  of  hot  size,  through  which  the  warp  was  passed,  and  then 
dried  at  once  over  large  cans  or  cylinders,  made  of  copper  or  galvan- 
ized iron,  instead  of  being  passed  through  cold  starch,  usually  fer- 
mented, and  dried  by  the  air  as  it  passed  to  be  wound  on  the  beam  for 
the  loom.  Previous  trials  of  machines  on  this  principle  had  been  made 
in  this  country,  one  known  as  the  "tape-dressing"  machine  having 
been  imported  by  Mr  William  A.  Burke,  then  superintendent  of  the 
Lowell  Machine  Shop,  in  1851 ;  but  whether  from  imperfection  in  the 
yarn,  or  prejudice  on  the  part  of  the  operatives,  none  of  the  experi- 
ments were  successful  until  the  arrival  of  the  machine  imported  by 
Mr.  Lockwood. 

One  of  these  machines,  as  built  by  Messrs.  Howard  &  Bullough,  of 
Accrington,  Lancashire,  proved  capable  of  doing  the  work  of  ten  of 
the  old  style  of  dressers,  or  from  300  to  500  pieces  per  day ;  while  the 
expense  per  yard  was  only  about  one  fifth  of  that  of  the  old  manner, 
and  the  warp  was  more  thoroughly  sized,  so  that  the  new  "  slashers," 
as  they  were  called,  were  soon  introduced  in  every  direction. 

There  had  been  many  minor  improvements  in  warpers,  spoolers, 
and  looms,  but  spinning  had  remained  without  any  essential  change 
since  the  introduction  of  the  ring  spindle,  in  1836,  by  Wm.  Mason, 
and  of  the  self-acting  mule  in  1840,  by  the  importation  of  the  Sharp 
&  Roberts  mule,  and  the  invention  by  Mr.  Wm.  Mason,  of  an  essen- 
tially different  machine  in  construction,  but  capable  of  accomplishing 
the  same  purpose,  about  the  same  time.  The  ring  spindle  had  taken 


67 

the  place  of  the  flier  throstle,  in  nearly  all  the  new  mills,  and  with  a 
saving  of  20  per  cent,  of  the  power,  but  had  not  been  materially 
changed  from  its  first  form,  unless  to  make  it  heavier  so  as  to  run 
steadier,  until  1870,  when  a  great  alteration  was  made  in  it  by  Oliver 
Pearl,  of  Lawrence,  Mass.,  producing  very  important  results  and  ma- 
terially reducing  the  cost  of  production.  This  may  perhaps  be  best 
understood  by  Mr.  Pearl's  own  description,  in  his  patent  issued  May 
3,  1870,  viz.  : 

"  My  invention  relates,  first,  to  certain  improvements  in  the  construc- 
tion of  bobbins  having  frictional  or  adhesive  bearings  uniting  them  to 
the  spindle  and  carried  by  it,  the  object  of  this  part  of  my  invention 
being  to  make  a  very  light  bobbin,  and  strengthen  its  various  parts  so 
that  it  will  not  be  easily  crushed  or  broken  ;  second,  to  an  improved 
construction,  and  combination  of  both  the  bobbin  and  the  ring-spindle, 
so  that  they  can  be  successfully  used  with  greater  advantages  of 
length  of  traverse,  speed,  and  steadiness  of  rotation  than  heretofore 
attained,  and  at  the  same  time  be  much  lighter,  the  object  of  this  part 
of  my  invention  being  to  greatly  diminish  the  amount  of  power  re- 
quired to  drive  the  spindle  at  any  given  speed,  and  increase  its  effi- 
cient operation  at  the  same  time." 

After  describing  the  ordinary  spindle  and  bobbin,  he  says  of  his 
own  :  "  This  bobbin  is  made  with  a  thin  and  light  shell  or  barrel  of 
wood,  and  has  a  lower  adhesive  or  frictional  bearing,  &,  and  a  middle 
one,  i,  and  is  also  bushed  at  the  upper  end  by  a  plug,  re-inforce,  or 
bushing,  I;  and  the  bearings,  k  and  «,  and  the  bushing,  £,  are  united  to 
and  combined  with  the  shell  of  the  bobbin,  and  strengthen  it  in  all 
directions  from  being  broken.  The  adhesive  or  frictional  bearings,  k 
and  i,  are  made  to  sustain  the  bobbin  on  the  spindle  in  one  position 
with  relation  to  the  latter,  and  so  as  to  enable  the  spindle  to  carry  the 
bobbin  with  it  in  its  rotation. 

"  My  improved  spindle,  instead  of  extending  substantially  to  the 
upper  end  of  the  bobbin,  as  heretofore,  is  only  made  long  enough 
above  the  upper  bolster  to  enable  the  adhesive  bearing  i  at  the  center 
of  the  bobbin  to  hold  the  latter  firmly  upon  it.  I  am  thus  enabled  to 
remove  a  large  portion  of  the  blade  of  the  spindle  above  the  bolster ; 
and  the  tube  of  the  bobbin  projecting  beyond  the  shortened  blade  of 
the  spindle,  resting,  by  its  adhesive  central  bearing,  upon  the  latter, 
and  being  both  light  and  rigid,  retains  its  length  and  the  position 
which  it  had  before  the  spindle  blade  was  shortened,  while  the 
traverse  of  the  frame  and  the  length  of  the  bobbin  remain  as  before. 

"  By  thus  dispensing  with  the  length  and  weight  at  the  top  of  the 
spindle  above  the  bolster,  while  the  length  of  bobbin  and  the  traverse 
of  the  frame  remain  as  before  relatively,  I  am  enabled  to  lighten  the 


68 

lower  part  of  the  spindle  and  wheel  below  the  bolster  many  times  the 
weight  taken  from  its  blade  above,  without  destroying  the  proper 
balance  of  the  spindle  and  its  consequent  steadiness  of  motion  ;  arid  by 
these  means  I  accomplish  the  ultimate  effect,  which  is  the  purpose  of 
this  improvement,  of  enabling  the  spindle  to  be  run  steadily  at  high 
speed  with  much  less  power  than  heretofore,  thus  diminishing  the 
expense  and  increasing  the  production  at  the  same  time." 

I  have  been  thus  particular  in  giving  Mr.  Pearl's  own  description  of 
his  invention,  as  he  was  soon  followed  by  others,  who  aimed  at 
accomplishing  the  same  result  by  different  methods,  but  the  claims  of 
some  of  whom,  infringing  more  or  less  on  those  of  Mr.  Pearl,  are  now 
the  subject  of  legal  adjudication.  The  effect  of  the  improvement  was 
decided  and  positive,  the  new  spindle  ran  at  the  same  speed  with  the 
old  one,  with  a  saving  of  one  third  of  the  power  required  to  carry  it, 
and  was  also  capable  of  being  run  at  a  higher  speed  than  had  been 
possible  before  this  invention. 

The  old  spindle  was  limited  to  a  speed  of  about  6,000  revolutions  per 
minute,  and  was  seldom  used  at  even  that  speed,  probably  averaging 
about  5,500  revolutions  in  ordinary  practice,  while  the  new  one  was 
capable  of  being  driven  to  6,500  or  even  to  7,000^  revolutions  without 
extra  vibration  or  loss  of  power. 

Part  of  this  saving  was  due  to  the  diminution  in  weight  of  the 
spindle,  which  had  been  reduced  from  12  ozs.  to  about  5  ozs.,  but 
more  to  its  smaller  diameter,  giving  a  shorter  length  of  frictional  sur- 
face in  the  bearings,  opposed  to  the  lateral  tension  of  the  driving 
band  ;  but  a  great  deal  of  it  was  due  to  the  improvement  in  the  bob- 
bin, which  was  reduced  from  1  oz.  or  1J  oz.  in  weight  to  about 
J  oz.;  thus,  with  the  shortening  of  the  top  of  the  spindle,  materially 
reducing  the  vibratory  weight,  carried  above  the  upper  bearing  or 
"bolster." 

The  new  bobbin  was  more  expensive  than  the  old  one,  but,  from  the 
peculiarities  of  its  construction,  was  necessarily  more  accurately  and 
carefully  made,  and  more  mathematically  "  true,"  and  less  liable  to 
warp,  and  spring  from  its  form  of  a  true  cylinder. 

As,  according  to  the  mathematical  law,  the  vibration  of  a  spindle  is 
as  the  cube  of  its  length  above  the  point  of  support,  divided  by  the 
cube  of  its  diameter,  this  disturbing  element,  which  caused  much  of 
the  friction,  and  thereby  absorbed  a  large  proportion  of  the  power, 
was  materially  reduced  by  the  new  invention. 

Mr.  Pearl  commenced  his  experiments  on  this  spindle  and  bobbin  in 
1868,  but  did  not  take  out  his  patent  until  1870. 

He  was  soon  followed  by  Jacob  H.  Sawyer,  of  Lowell,  who,  on  the 
llth  of  April,  1871,  received  letters  patent  for  an  improved  spindle, 


69 

which  was  a  further  step  in  carrying  out  the  same  mechanical  law,  by 
placing  his  upper  bearing  or  "  bolster  "  at  the  top  of  a  tube,  supported 
from  the  "bolster-rail,"  and  chambering  out  the  lower  half  of  the 
bobbin,  so  that  it  would  drop  freely  over  this  tube  ;  thus  placing  the 
point  of  support  very  nearly  in  the  center  of  the  bobbin  vertically, 
and  still  further  diminishing  the  length,  and  consequent  vibration, 
above  the  point  of  support. 

In  both  cases,  the  "  blade  "  of  the  spindle  or  that  part  above  the 
bolster  was  slightly  tapered,  and  in  Mr.  Pearl's  case  the  bobbin  was 
driven  by  the  adhesion  to  it  of  two  bushings,  one  at  the  bottom,  and 
one  half  way  up  the  bobbin,  while  in  Mr.  Sawyer's  spindle  the  bush- 
ings were  respectively  at  the  center  and  the  top,  or  entirely  in  the 
upper  half  of  the  bobbin,  which  in  Mr.  Pearl's  invention  projected 
above  the  top  of  the  spindle. 

A  difficulty  was  soon  found  with  the  Sawyer  spindle,  from  the  in- 
ability to  oil  the  bolster  bearing  while  in  operation,  which  was 
obviated  by  Mr.  George  Draper — who  purchased  the  patent,  or  a  part 
of  it — by  the  application  of  a  bolster  tube  having  a  spiral  groove  cut 
internally,  so  as  to  carry  up  the  oil  steadily  and  constantly  from  a  sup- 
ply at  the  bottom,  to  the  bearing  at  the  top,  while  the  spindle  was  in 
revolution.  This  spiral  bolster  was  patented  January  14,  1873,  and 
proved  successful. 

The  natural  result  of  Mr.  Sawyer's  invention  was  to  make  a  still 
further  increase  in  the  capability  of  speed  attainable  by  the  spindle, 
and  reduction  of  the  power  required,  over  that  reached  by  Mr.  Pearl, 
although  the  spindle,  including  its  bearings,  was  necessarily  more  ex- 
pensive in  construction;  but  both  forms  are  being  very  extensively  in- 
troduced, as  might  be  expected,  when  we  consider  that  one  half,  or 
nearly  so,  of  the  whole  power  of  a  cotton  mill  was  required  for  the 
spinning,  and  that  of  this  power  one  third  was  saved  over  the  old 
style  of  Ring  spindle,  and  one  half  over  the  Flier  spindle  by  their 
adoption,  the  saving  being  rather  greater  with  the  Sawyer  spindle  than 
with  the  Pearl  spindle,  for  the  reason  that  its  diameter  is  usually 
less. 

Another  form  of  light  spindle,  invented  by  Richard  Garsed,  of  Phila- 
delphia, was  introduced  by  the  Bridesburg  Manufacturing  Company, 
in  1872.  It  consisted  like  the  others  of  a  short  spindle,  but  the  bob- 
bin had  no  adhesive  bearings,  being  driven  by  a  clutch  at  the  bottom, 
which  engaged  on  a  square  shoulder  cut  on  the  spindle  just  above  the 
bolster  ;  and,  the  spindle  being  straight,  the  bobbin  was  so  bored  as 
just  to  drop  freely  on  it  to  its  bearings. 

Another  feature  about  this  spindle  was  the  use  of  a  "loose 
bolster,"  patented  by  Barton  H.  Jenks,  of  Philadelphia,  which  was 


70 

held  by  a  screw  from  turning  around  in  the  "  rail,"  but  had  just 
enough  play  to  allow  it  to  align  itself  to  the  spindle. 

This  not  only  prevented  the  spindle  from  being  cramped  between 
the  upper  and  lower  bearings,  but  avoided  the  friction  caused  by  the 
revolution  of  a  body  liable  to  vibration,  in  a  rigid  bearing,  to  some  ex- 
tent. This  form  of  spindle,  although  not  possessing  the  advantages  of 
the  Sawyer  plan,  where  a  very  large  and  heavy  bobbin  of  yarn  was  to 
be  carried,  has  proved  itself  very  useful  with  light  bobbins,  especially 
for  weft  or  filling,  as  there  can  be  no  loss  of  twist  in  the  yarn,  from 
the  bobbins  working  loose  upon  the  spindle,  and  as  the  size  of  the 
weft  bobbin  is  limited  by  the  capacity  of  the  shuttle.  The  saving  of 
power  within  the  range  of  its  capacity  is  about  the  same  as  with  the 
Sawyer  spindle. 

Still  another  pattern,  the  "  Rabbeth  "  spindle,  is  a  modification  of  a 
spindle  patented  in  1867  by  Messrs.  Rabbeth  &  Atwood,  of  Birming- 
ham, Conn. 

The  original  spindle  was  intended  for  use  in  the  manufacture  of 
silk,  and  had  a  sleeve  or  shield,  extending  downward  below  the  flange 
on  which  the  bobbin  was  set,  and  by  means  of  pins  in  which  it  was 
driven,  for  the  purpose  of  protecting  the  silk  from  any  oil  which 
might  be  thrown  out  from  the  bolster  by  the  revolution  of  the 
spindle. 

The  spindle  itself  was  dropped  into  a  tube  filled  with  oil,  at  the  bot- 
tom of  which  was  the  step,  or  lower  bearing.  The  spindle  thus  re- 
volved in  oil,  which  was  prevented  from  getting  on  the  silk  by  the 
sleeve  or  shield  above  mentioned.  As  this  tube  prevented  the  applica- 
tion of  the  whorl  to  the  spindle  in  the  usual  manner,  it  was  attached 
to  the  bottom  of  the  sleeve. 

This  form  of  spindle  was  modified  by  Mr.  Rabbeth  in  1872,  by  the 
use  of  a  bolster  similar  to  Mr.  Sawyer's,  and  the  reduction  of  the 
sleeve  in  diameter,  so  as  to  permit  the  chambered  bobbin  to  drop 
down  upon  and  be  driven  by  it. 

This  brings  the  bobbin,  spindle,  and  bolster  in  relatively  the  same 
mechanical  position  as  in  the  Sawyer  patent,  but  differs  in  having  the 
lower  part  of  the  spindle  constantly  immersed  in  and  revolving  in  oil, 
thus  needing  less  frequent  attention.  This  spindle  has  also  been  in- 
troduced to  a  considerable  extent,  with  nearly  the  same  results  in 
economy  of  power  as  the  others. 

Several  other  light  spindles  have  been  experimented  with,  but  have 
proved  to  be  an  infringement  on  one  or  the  other  of  the  above  forms, 
the  rights  of  which  as  among  themselves  have  not  yet  been  entirely 
adjudicated,  but  of  which  in  all  almost  2,000,000  have  been  put  in 
operation,  the  Sawyer  spindle  so  far  showing  the  greatest  number. 


71 

The  saving  of  power  resulting  from  their  use  has  proved  of  great 
value  to  mills,  where  steam  was  employed  for  that  purpose,  as  well  as 
to  those  driven  by  water,  on  the  many  privileges  where  the  supply  was 
short  during  the  summer  months. 

The  subject  of  opening  and  picking  cotton  also  received  much  at- 
tention about  this  time.  Various  machines  had  been  employed  for 
this  purpose,  the  most  of  them  of  English  origin,  prominent  among 
which  was  the  one  known  as  the  Creighton  Willow,  which  opened  the 
cotton  very  successfully  but  delivered  it  in  loose  masses,  on  the  floor, 
and  was  very  liable  to  accident  from  fire. 

Messrs.  Lord,  of  Todmorden,  England,  and  others,  and  Kitson,  of 
Lowell,  Mass.,  turned  their  attention  to  machines  which  should  not 
only  open  the  cotton  from  the  bale,  but  form  it  at  one  operation  into 
a  preparatory  lap,  for  the  second  machine.  These  machines  came  into 
general  use,  on  account  of  the  thorough  way  in  which  they  did  the 
work,  and  their  immunity  from  fire,  but  were  objectionable  from 
the  great  amount  of  power  required  to  operate  them,  and  were  also 
supposed  by  some  to  injure  the  staple  of  the  cotton. 

This  form  was  originally  introduced  in  England  during  our  Civil 
War,  when  the  English  spinners  had  to  depend  largely  on  short- 
stapled  and  dirty  East  Indian  cotton,  and  answered  their  purpose 
admirably,  but  did  not  seem  to  be  so  well  suited  to  the  longer  stapled 
American  varieties.  I  have  referred  to  their  operation  in  the  supple- 
mentary chapter,  in  the  notice  of  Kitson's  improvements.  On  the  20th 
of  December,  1870,  an  improved  opener  was  patented  by  Messrs.  Palmer 
&  Jillson  of  Willimantic,  Conn.,  in  which  the  rigid  beater  blade  was 
replaced  by  a  series  of  hinged  fingers,  hung  on  rods  parallel  with  the 
axis  of  the  beater,  and  which,  while  striking  the  cotton  with  a  blow 
like  a  flail,  as  it  was  delivered  by  the  feed  rolls,  would  yield  partially 
to  the  resistance  of  an  unusually  heavy  clot  or  mass  due  to  dampness 
in  the  cotton,  and  great  pressure  in  the  packing.  There  were,  how- 
ever, objections  to  the  operation  of  this  machine,  as  the  points  of  the 
fingers  which  struck  the  cotton  tended  to  draw  it  out  into  "  strings," 
so  called,  and  this  difficulty  was  obviated  by  the  improvement  of 
Messrs.  Whitehead  &  Atherton,  of  Lowell.  Patented  in  1871,  1872, 
1873,  1874  and  1875. 

This  improvement  consisted  in  uniting  the  ends  of  every  pair  of 
fingers  by  a  cross-bar,  thus  forming  a  continuous  line  of  short  beaters, 
each  about  five  inches  long,  and  hinged  on  the  above-mentioned  rods. 
This  "  Whipper  "  as  it  was  called  avoided  the  objection  to  the  Jillson 
&  Palmer  "  finger,"  cleaned  the  cotton  from  seeds  as  thoroughly  as 
the  rigid  beater,  or  even  more  so,  required  much  less  power  in  opera- 
tion, and  caused  less  injury  to  the  staple.  This  machine  of  Messrs. 


Whitehead  &  Atherton  has  been  very  widely  and  successfully  intro- 
duced, and  has  led  to  the  improvements  already  mentioned  by  Mr. 
Kitson,  in  which  the  lumps  or  masses  of  cotton  are  torn  apart  or 
loosened  before  reaching  the  beater,  whose  office  it  is  to  remove  the 
seed.  Both  the  improved  opener  of  Mr.  Kitson  and  the  Whipper 
opener  of  Whitehead  &  Atherton  are  now  being  introduced  in  Eng- 
land, and  giving  entire  satisfaction,  the  Whitehead  &  Atherton  ma- 
chine having  proved  itself  especially  adapted  to  long-stapled  cotton, 
or  to  cotton  which  has  been  previously  dyed. 

Another  variation  introduced  by  Kitson  was  the  substitution  of  a 
series  of  toothed  feed  rolls,  increasing  in  speed,  like  those  in  a  drawing 
frame,  by  which  the  cotton  was  torn  apart,  and  then  blown  through  a 
dust-trunk,  before  reaching  the  regular  "feed-rolls  of  the  beater. 

In  either  way,  the  improvement  in  the  manner  of  opening  cotton 
from  the  bale  has  been  very  great. 

The  city  of  Fall  River  made  its  great  increase  in  manufacturing 
at  this  period,  and  a  number  of  new  and  large  mills  were  erected, 
almost  entirely  devoted  to  the  manufacture  of  print-cloths,  the  demand 
for  which  was  very  great,  and  the  price  of  which  had  risen  to  8  cts. 
per  yard,  or  50  cts.  per  lb.,  giving  a  very  large  profit.  These  mills 
were,  to  some  extent,  filled  with  English  machinery,  the  roving  frames, 
mules  and  dressers  being  generally  imported,  but  the  cards  and 
looms  were  of  American  manufacture.  A  reference  to  the  table  of 
statistics  of  Fall  River  will  show  the  date  at  which  these  new  mills 
were  built,  and  the  rapidity  of  their  increase,  which,  with  that  of 
other  places,  resulted  in  1873  in  overstocking  the  home  market  with 
cotton  goods.  Another  result  also  followed  from  the  large  increase 
in  mule  spindles. 

These  machines  were  usually  accompanied  by  foreign  operatives, 
who  brought  with  them  all  their  foreign  prejudices,  as  well  as  their  skill 
at  their  trade,  and  soon  attempted,  by  trades-union  management,  to  fix 
the  price  of  labor  and  dictate  to  the  mill  owners,  by  means  of  a 
"  strike  " ;  in  which,  as  usual,  the  operatives  came  out  the  losers,  after 
stopping  the  mills  for  many  weeks.  The  labor  of  these  weeks  was 
not  only  lost,  but  the  attention  of  manufacturers  has  been  turned  to 
the  production  of  weft  as  well  as  warp  yarns,  by  the  improved 
light  ring  spindle  instead  of  the  mule.  This  is  now  the  subject  of  ex- 
periment by  various  inventors,  and  has  nearly  passed  the  stage  where 
it  can  be  called  experimental.  It  has  been  satisfactorily  proved  that 
a  soft  weft  yarn  can  be  spun  on  either  the  Sawyer,  Pearl,  Garsed,  or 
Rabbeth  spindles,  at  as  low  a  cost  as  on  the  mule,  by  a  more  docile 
and  manageable  class  of  operatives,  and  with  the  advantage  of  pro- 
ducing an  equal  amount  of  yarn,  with  one  half  the  quantity  of  room 


IB 

in  the  mill.  Many  large  establishments  are  trying  one  or  more  of 
these  different  spindles,  and  it  seems  very  probable  that  their  substitu- 
tion for  the  mule  will  be  gradually  effected,  when  the  best  form  of 
spindle  is  decided  upon. 

Besides  the  great  increase  at  Fall  River,  the  following  manufac- 
turing establishments  of  note  commenced  operations  during  this 
period,  1871,  in  Massachusetts.  The  Potomska  Mill  at  New  Bedford, 
44,000  spindles ;  the  Freeman  Manufacturing  Company,  17,000 
spindles,  at  North  Adams,  in  1874  ;  and  the  Johnson  Company  at  the 
same  place  with  6,000  spindles.  In  Connecticut,  in  1872,  the  Powhat- 
tan  Manufacturing  Company,  17,000  spindles,  and  the  Mawhansett 
Company,  12,400  spindles,  at  Putnam  ;  and  the  Fitchville  Manufactur- 
ing Company,  13,000,  at  Bozrah ;  in  Rhode  Island,  the  Green  Manu- 
facturing Company,  23,000  spindles,  at  Phoenix  ;  in  1872,  the  Man- 
ville  Mill,  of  70,000  spindles,  at  Manville ;  the  Moss's  Manufacturing 
Company  at  Westerly,  10,000  spindles  ;  and  the  Ballou  Mill  of  50,000 
spindles  at  Woonsocket,  in  1873. 

In  New  York,  the  Lake  George  Manufacturing  Company,  10,000 
spindles  at  Ticonderoga,  in  1872. 

In  Maine,  the  Barker  Mill,  at  Auburn,  18,000  spindles  in  1872,  fol- 
lowed by  the  Lockwood  Mill  of  32,000  spindles,  at  Waterville,  in  1875. 

In  Vermont,  the  North  Pownal  Manufacturing  Company,  16,000 
spindles  in  1873.  In  New  Jersey,  the  Millville  Manufacturing  Com- 
pany, 30,000  spindles  in  1873,  and  Messrs.  R.  &  H.  Adams  &  Com- 
pany, 24,000  spindles  at  Paterson  in  1872. 

Michigan,  the  Jonesville  Manufacturing  Company,  5,000  spindles 
in  1872. 

Illinois,  the   Chicago  Manufacturing  Company,  5,000  spindles  in 

1871,  and  the  Rock  Island  Manufacturing  Company,  5,000  spindles  in 

1872.  • 

Tennessee,  the  Brownsville  Manufacturing  Company,  3,600  spindles 
in  1874,  and  the  Tennessee  Manufacturing  Company  at  Nashville, 
14,000  spindles  in  1875. 

Wisconsin,  the  Janesville  Manufacturing  Company  of  10,000  spin- 
dles in  1874. 

North  Carolina,  the  Oakdale  Manufacturing  Company,  4,000  spin- 
dles at  Greensboro  in  1873,  and  the  Rockfish  Manufacturing  Company 
at  Fayetteville  the  same  year,  4,500  spindles. 

South  Carolina  shows  the  Graniteville  Manufacturing  Company  of 
23,000  spindles,  commenced  at  an  earlier  date,  the'Langley  Manufac- 
turing Company  at  Langley,  10,000  spindles,  and  the  Camperdown 
Manufacturing  Company  at  Greenville,  in  1875,  14,000  spindles. 

In  Georgia,  the  Arkwright  Manufacturing  Company  of  Savannah, 


74 

4,000  spindles  in  1873,  and  some  additions  of  spindles  to  other  pre- 
viously built  mills. 

Alabama — the  Tallassee  Mauufacturing  Company  of  18,000  spin- 
dles. 

At  the  present  moment  efforts  are  being  made  for  a  further  exten- 
sion of  manufactures  at  the  South,  but  the  want  of  capital  renders  it 
very  difficult  to  make  much  progress. 

A  large  mill  has  been  projected,  and  commenced  at  Atlanta,  and 
the  Eagle  and  Phoenix  Company  of  Columbus,  Ga.,  are  building  a  new 
mill,  and  other  projects  are  under  discussion,  but  at  the  North  the  gen- 
eral feeling  is  that  there  are  spindles  enough  to  supply  the  present  de- 
mand for  home  consumption,  and  that  further  increase  must  depend  on 
the  natural  growth  of  the  country,  and  the  further  development  of  our 
export  trade,  which  was  severely  crippled  during  the  Civil  War,  and 
to  the  revival  of  which  the  serious  attention  of  our  manufacturers  and 
merchants  is  now  being  turned. 


CHAPTER  XII. 


THE  number  of  spindles  in  the  United  States  in  1874  had  reached 
to  9,415,383,  distributed  as  follows  : 

TOTAL  NUMBER  OF  COTTON  SPINDLES  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES,  JULY  1,  1874. 

Maine 609,898 

New  Hampshire I...  855,189 

Vermont 58,948 

Massachusetts... 3,769,692 

Connecticut 908,202 

Rhode  Island 1,336,843 

New  York 580,917 

New  Jersey 150,000 

Pennsylvania 452,064 

Delaware 47,976 

Maryland 110,000 

Ohio 20,000 

Indiana 22,988 

Minnesota. . . . . 3,400—    8,927,754 

Alabama. 57,594 

Arkansas 1,256 

Georgia 137,380 

Kentucky 10,500 

Louisiana 15,000 

Mississippi 15,150 

Missouri 18,656 

North  Carolina 55,498 

South  Carolina 62,872 

Tennessee 47,658 

Texas 10,225 

Virginia... 56,490—       487,629 

Total  number  of  spindles 9,415,383 

Number  of  mills 847 

Number  of  looms 186,975 

Number  of  spindles,  1874 9,415,383 

Number  of  spindles,  1870 7,114,000 

Increase  in  four  years 2,301,383 

and  the  cotton  consumed  to  1,220,000  bales,  or  567,583,873  Ibs.,  which 
was  divided  among  the  following  products,  viz. :     Threads,  yarns  and 


76 

twines,  149,000,000  Ibs.;  sheetings  and  shirtings,  707,000,000  yards; 
drills,  jeans,  flannels,  etc.,  306,000,000  yards  ;  print  cloths,  588,000,000 
yards  ;  ginghams,  33,000,000  yards  ;  duck,  30,000,000  yards  ;  bags, 
6,000,000. 

As  print-cloths,  as  before  stated,  .had  been  for  a  few  years  an  arti- 
cle of  great  demand,  it  must  be  inferred  that  there  had  been  a  corre- 
sponding increase  in  printing  machinery,  although  a  portion  of  the 
cloths  were  finished  as  bleached  and  dyed  cambrics,  and  a  large 
amount  consumed  for  various  purposes,  such  as  lining  trunks,  cheese- 
boxes,  etc.,  etc.,  and  the  following  table,  taken  from  the  New  York 
"  Journal  of  Commerce,"  is  believed  to  be  correct : 

PRINT  WORKS  AND  NUMBER  OF  PRINTING  MACHINES  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES,  JANUARY  1, 

1876. 

Woonsocket  Co.,  Providence,  R  1 12 

American,  Fall  River,  Mass 16 

Bay  State,  Fall  River,  Mass 6 

Albion,  Coneschocken,  Pa 6 

Ancona,  Gloucester,  N.  J  . . 10 

A.  &  W.  Sprague,  Cranston,  R.  1 30 

Cocheco,  Dover,  N.  H 13 

Clyde,  River  Point,  R.  I. 7 

Dunnell,  Pawtucket,  R.I 11 

Dundee  (Reed  &  Barry),  Passaic,  N.  J 7 

Freeman,  North  Adams,  Mass 7 

Garner  &  Co.,  Haverstraw,  N.  J 20 

Garner  &  Co.,  Wappinger's  Falls,  N.  Y 20 

Gloucester,  Gloucester,  N.  J 12 

Greenwich,  East  Greenwich,  R.  I 7 

Hamilton,  Lowell,  Mass 8 

Hunter 8 

Hartel,  Holmesdale,  Pa 6 

Hamilton  Woolen  Co.  (Knickerbocker),  Southbridge 6 

Harvey,  Arnold  &  Co.,  North  Adams,  Mass 8 

Wm.  H.  Locke,  Passaic,  N.  J 7 

Lodi,  Lodi,  N.  J 3 

Manchester,  Manchester,  N.  H 14 

Mystic,  Medford,  Mass 2 

Merrimack,  Lowell,  Mass 18 

Oriental,  Apponaug,  R.  I * 9 

Pacific,  Lawrence,  Mass 22 

Richmond,  Providence,  R.  1 7 

Simpson,  Philadelphia,  Pa 13 

Scott  (Franklin),  Paterson,  N.  J 7 

Saunders,  Southbridge,  Mass 4 

Smith,  Philadelphia,  Pa 1 

William,  Bustleton,  Pa 4 

Total..  .  331 


Allowing  each  machine  to  produce  200  pieces  per  day,  a  fair  aver- 
age, for  40  weeks  in  the  year,  this  would  give  a  total  of  14,400,000 
pieces  printed  annually,  of  which  almost  the  whole  has  been  used  at 
home,  our  exports  of  prints  being  very  small. 

Within  the  last  two  years  a  portion  of  the  Fall  River  production 
of  cloths  has  been  sent  to  England,  where  they  have  probably  been 
printed,  and  distributed  to  other  markets,  with  which  we  have  not 
established  an  export  trade,  or  with  which  our  commerce  was  inter- 
rupted during  the  war. 

The  American  calicoes  at  the  Exhibition  were  very  highly  com- 
mended by  the  Foreign  Judges,  and  were  considered  to  be  fully  equal 
in  design,  color  and  execution  to  those  exhibited  by  any  other  country, 
although  there  was  no  representation  of  the  higher  grades  of  more  ex- 
pensive goods  from  France. 

The  manufacture  of  ginghams,  cottonades,  and  other  cotton 
fabrics  dyed  in  the  yarn,  has  also  been  very  widely  extended,  and  the 
goods  of  the  York,  Amoskeag,  Lancaster,  Bates,  Everett,  Pemberton, 
Whittenton,  Renfrew,  and  Glasgow  Companies,  in  New  England,  are 
well  known  and  appreciated,  as  are  also  those  of  a  number  of  smaller 
establishments  in  the  Philadelphia  district. 

Fine  lawns  and  muslins  have  been  made  to  soine  extent,  although, 
as  has  been  stated  previously,  the  great  bulk  of  cotton  manufactures 
have  been  of  yarns  between  No.  14  and  No.  40.  The  manufacture  of 
cotton  duck  for  sails  and  tents  is  an  American  invention,  and  received 
great  extension  during  the  Civil  War,  and  is  widely  scattered  over  the 
Eastern  and  Middle  States. 

Spool  cotton  is  also  made  in  great  quantities,  the  more  notable 
brands  being  those  of  the  Willimantic  Company,  at  Willimantic, 
Conn. ;  the  Hadley  Company  and  Merrick  Company  at  Holyoke, 
Mass.;  the  Coats  Thread  Company  at  Pawtucket,  R.  L,  Green  & 
Daniels  of  the  same  place  ;  the  Clark  Thread  Company  of  Newark, 
N.  J.,  and  Samuel  Semple  &  Sons,  of  Mount  Holly,  Burlington  County,. 
N.  J. ;  the  Coats  and  Clark  companies  being  originally  offshoots 
from  the  parent  establishments  in  Scotland. 

Cotton  bags,  woven  without  seam  in  the  loom,  are  also  of  Ameri- 
can introduction,  and  are  made  from  the  waste  left  in  the  manufacture 
of  finer  fabrics,  mixed  with  stained  or  lower  grades  of  cotton. 

Small  wares,  such  as  tapes,  braids,  lamp-wicking,  suspender  web- 
bing, etc.,  etc.,  are  extensively  made,  principally  in  Massachusetts, 
Rhode  Island,  and  in  and  about  Philadelphia. 

The  accompanying  table  shows  the  statistics  in  a  condensed  form 
of  several  of  the  larger  towns  and  cities,  which  owe  their  prosperity, 
and  in  most  cases  their  origin  and  existence,  to  the  cotton  manufacture, 


having  been  first  established  in  situations  where  a  natural  waterfall 
rendered  a  great  amount  of  power  available  ;  and  in  addition  to  these, 
the  whole  area  of  the  New  England  States  is  studded  with  cotton 
mills,  some  of  them  of  great  size  and  importance,  wherever  suitable 
water  power  was  to  be  found,  in  many  cases  compensating  for  the 
droughts  of  summer  by  the  addition  of  steam. 

STATISTICS  OF  LOWELL,  1876. 


Merrimack  Mfg  Co 

1823 
1825 
1828 
1830 
1831 
1835 
1839 

cs  or  I 
1846 

1852 

1860 
1858 

1860 
1853 

p  MANC 

1831 
1838 

1873 
1857 

)F  LEW 

1846 
1850 
1850 
1866 

1853 

1860 
1870 

158,464 
56,080 
42,488 
93,528 
92,000 
112,752 
101,720 

AWRENCE, 

86,880 
5135,000 
worsted 
25,000 
28,000 

20,000 

33,280 
7,500 

HESTER,    N. 

135,000 
45,000 

75,000 
33,056 

tsiON,  MAII 

21,740 
56,196 
51,000 
70,000 

25,000 

58,450 
18,576 

2,700 
1,225 
600 
1,400 
1,750 
1,875 
1,475 

MASS. 
1,000 

6,000 

675 
300 

775 
225 

H.,  IS'i 

4,000 
1,200 

2,940 
500 

ns,  187( 

407 
1,250 
1,000 
1,200 

850 

1,100 
250 

6,344,000 
3,900,000 
4,992,000 
7,280,000 
9,100,000 
6,760,000 
9,256,000 

8,800,000 
6,000,000 

1,710,000 
675,000 

2,250,000 
1,500,000 

6. 

13,000,000 
6,760,000 

4,160,000 
1,560,000 

>. 

1,040,000 
2,023,114 
2,500,000 
6,000,000 
{2,800,000 
jute, 
1,011,000 

4,350,000 
855,000 

37,700,000 
14,040,000 
12,480,000 
19,760,000 
22,100,000* 
23,920,000 
27,768,000 

24,500,000 
42,000,000 

3,000,000 
j    warps, 
(  5,200,000 
7,000,000 
1,700,000 

36,400,000 
12,376,000 

28,600,000 
4,940,000 

3,000,000 
8,151,000 
8,000,000 
15,000,000 

Hamilton          "     

Appleton          " 

Tremont  &  Suffolk  Mfg.  Co,. 

Lawrence                        "     

Boott  Cotton  Mills  

Massachusetts  Cotton  Mills  

STATISTI 
Atlantic  Cotton  Mills. 

Pacific  Mills  (also  worsted)  
Pemberton  Mills  (also  woolens)  

Washington  "         "          "       
Everett          "     

STATISTICS  o 
Amoskeag  Mfg.  Co  

Stark  Mills       

Manchester  Mills  (also  worsted),  re- 
organized 

Langdon  Mfg.  Co  

STATISTICS  < 
Lincoln  Mill      .  .         ... 

Bates  Mfg.  Co  

Hill           "     

Continental  Mills  

Lewiston        "    (also  jute)  

Androscoggin  Mills  

57,000,000 
bags, 
2,000,000 
2,000,000 

Barker  Mill  (Auburn).. 

*  Lawrence  Company  also,  780,000  dozen  hosiery  and  46,800  shirts  and  drawers. 


79 


STATISTICS  OP  FALL  RIVER,  1876. 


NAME  OF  ESTABLISHMENT. 

Date  of 
Incorpo- 
ration. 

iNo.  of 
Spindles. 

No.  of 
Opera- 
tives. 

Lbs.  Cotton 
consumed 
annually. 

Yards  Cloth 
produced  an- 
nually. 

American  Linen  Co          . 

1852 

82  512 

1  000 

3  825  000 

21  000  000 

Annawam  Manufactory 

1815 

10  116 

140 

450  000 

2  150  000 

Barnard  Mfg  Co 

1874 

28  400 

340 

1  575  000 

9  000  000 

Border  City  Mills 

1872 

72  144 

900 

3712  500 

20  500  000 

Chase              "     

1871 

43480 

425 

2  025  000 

12  000  000 

Crescent          "     

1871 

33,280 

340 

1,462,500 

5,750,000 

Davoe              u                .  . 

1867 

30496 

375 

1  575  000 

5  000  000 

Durfee             "       ...                 .... 

1866 

87424 

950 

4  275  000 

23  000  000 

Fall  River  Manufactory  

1813 

25,902 

330 

1  350,000 

7  000  000 

"        "      Print  Works.      . 

1848 

13  600 

175 

607  500 

3  500  000 

Flint  Mills  

1872 

45  360 

450 

2  137  500 

12  500  000 

Granite  Mills  

1863 

76  920 

900 

4  050  000 

21  500,000 

King  Philip  Mills   

1871 

37440 

425 

1,350,000 

5,500,000 

Mechanics'       "... 

1868 

53  712 

550 

2  587  500 

14  000  000 

1867 

85  570 

800 

4,162  500 

22  500,000 

1847 

23  840 

325 

1,125,000 

6,500,000 

Montauk          "           ... 

1871 

7  200 

125 

1  1  25  000 

2  000  000 

Mount  Hope   "           

1867 

9*024 

135 

303,750 

1  225  000 

Narra^ansett  u   .... 

1871 

27920 

326 

1,462,500 

8,250,000 

Osborn            "  

1871 

37,232 

425 

1,912,500 

11,000,000 

Pocasset  Mfg  Co 

1822 

36  744 

5&0 

1  417  500 

7  500  000 

Richard  Borden  Mfg.  Co. 

1871 

42  528 

450 

2,025,000 

12  000,000 

Robeson  Mills  

1867 

21,632 

275  " 

1,125,000 

6,500,000 

Sagamore    '         .  . 

1872 

37672 

425 

1  800  000 

10  500  000 

Shove          '     

1872 

37  504 

425 

1,912,500 

11,500,000 

Slade           '     

1871 

37,040 

350 

1,800,000 

10,000,000 

Stafford       ' 

1871 

34  928 

350 

1  800  000 

10  000  000 

Tecumseh    ' 

1866 

42  156 

400 

2  025,000 

12,000,000 

Troy  Cotton  &  Wool  Manufactory.  . 
Union  Mill  Co  . 

1814 
1859 

38,928 
44  784 

400 
475 

1,800,000 
2  250  000 

10,250,000 
12  000  000 

Wampanoag  Mills  

1871 

27  920 

325 

1  462,500 

8,250,000 

1871 

34080 

350 

1,800,000 

10,000,000 

Fall  River  Merino  Co     ... 

1875 

1  560 

60 

337  500 

9  000,000 

Total  

1,269,048 

14,270 

62,628,750 

343,375,000 

The  question  of  the  comparative  economy  of  steam  and  water- 
power  has  often  been  discussed,  and  results  drawn  which  have  proved 
erroneous,  for  want  of  correct  data  in  the  premises. 

As  before  stated,  many  cotton  mills  were  started  in  the  seaboard 
towns  of  New  England,  in  the  belief  that  steam  was  as  cheap  a  motor 
as  water,  and  nearly  if  not  all  of  those  east  of  Fall  River  have  proved 
unsuccessful  as  investments. 

The  writer  had  occasion  to  make  a  careful  examination  of  the  cost 
of  power  at  some  of  these  mills  a  few  years  since,  and  arrived  at  the 
following  results  : 
14 


80 


Mill  No.  1, 
NewburypH. 

Mill  No.  2, 
Eockport. 

Mill  No.  8, 
Newburyp't. 

Mill  No.  4, 
Fall  Eiver. 

Number  of  spindles  

17,040 

17,904 

26,976 

34,848 

Horse-power  required 

275.75 

291 

327  5 

450 

Tons  of  coal  per  annum  

1,612 

1,873.5 

2,213 

2,632 

Cost  of     "         "              .  .                   f 

$10  823  24 

$12486  78 

$14  560  00 

$18  766 

Engineer,  fireman,  oil,  etc.,  includ-  | 
ing  delivery  of  coal  4 

2,074.28 

3,556.92 

2,701.29 

2,500 

Total  cost.         .        ^ 

$12,987.52 

$16,053.70 

$17,261.29 

$21,266 

Cost  per  horse-power  per  annum 

47  10 

55  12 

52  70 

45  27 

Including  the  Fall  River  Mill,  which  agrees  with  two  other  mills 
there  very  closely,  the  average  cost  of  the  4  mills  for  fuel,  oil,  and 
labor  per  annum  per  horse  power  is  $50.04,  or  for  the  mills  east  of 
Boston,  where  coal  was  higher,  $51.64 — to  which  must  be  added  about 
$20  per  horse  power  for  interest  and  depreciation  on  plant,  or  20  per 
cent,  of  a  fair  average  cost  of  $100  per  horse  power  for  engine,  boilers, 
and  setting,  engine  house  and  chimney  ;  of  which  the  engine  would 
cost  ^  at  10  per  cent,  depreciation  ;  boilers,  J  at  20  per  cent. ;  and 
buildings  and  chimney  J  at  6  per  cent.,  making  an  average  of  about  12 
per  cent.,  which,  with  interest,  etc.,  would  bring  the  whole  allowance  up 
to  about  20  per  cent.  This  would  give  a  total  cost  for  steam  power  of 
$70  per  horse  power  per  annum,  which  may  be  assumed  as  the  average 
cost  in  quantities  of  from  2  to  500  horse  power  near  the  sea  coast  of 
New  England.  This  would,  of  course,  be  increased  or  lessened  in 
different  localities  by  the  cost  of  coal.  Mr.  George  H.  Corliss,  of  Provi- 
dence, R.  I.,  the  eminent  steam-engine  builder,  estimates  the  cost  with 
his  improved  engines,  including  20  per  cent,  as  above,  to  be  16.22 
cents  per  day  per  horse  power,  which,  for  300  working  days,  would 
give  $48.66  per  annum. 

The  above  figures  were,  however,  taken  from  the  actual  running 
accounts  of  mills,  in  ordinary  years.  Now  at  Lowell  and  Lawrence, 
the  annual  water  rent  per  horse  power  paid  to  the  Water  Power  Com- 
panies is  $5.00  per  annum  ;  and  if  the  cost  of  wheels,  pits,  and  flumes 
be  estimated  at  $100  per  horse  power,  there  is  to  be  added  $7.00  per 
annum  for  interest,  and  $5.00  per  annum  for  depreciation,  making  in 
all,  for  power,  $17.00  per  annum.  To  this  should  be  added  the  further 
sum  of  $3.00  per  annum,  for  heating  and  dressing,  giving  a  total  ex- 
penditure of  $20.00  per  annum  per  horse  power  of  water,  as  against 
$70.00  for  steam. 

At  the  Androscoggin  Mills,  Lewiston,  Me.,  the  cost  of  water 
power  and  heating  is  made  up  as  being  $14.10  per  horse  power  per 


81 

annum  ;  that  of  steam,  as  being  $67.92  ;  interest  and  repairs  not 
being  included  in  either  case.  In  this  account  the  coal  was  taken  at 
$8.50  per  ton.  There  are  many  mills  in  the  New  England  States, 
where  the  whole  cost  of  water  power,  including  dam,  wheels  and 
canals,  has  not  been  over  $100  per  horse  power  ;  and  allowing  $12.00 
per  annum  for  interest  and  depreciation,  and  $3.00  more  for  heating 
and  dressing,  the  cost  in  these  cases  would  be  only  $15.00  per  horse 
power  yearly. 

Against  this  positive  difference  in  the  cost  of  power,  we  must  set 
off  the  less  cost  of  freight  in  such  localities  as  Fall  River,  which,  how- 
ever, owes  much  of  its  success  to  the  general  system  of  management 
pursued  there,  and  to  various  causes  which  are  not  within  the  scope  of 
this  article,  and  the  discussion  of  which  would  occupy  much  time  and 
space,  and  involve  opposing  arguments. 

Steam  .power  in  smaller  quantities,  say  less  than  100  horse  power, 
would  cost  more  than  the  above  rates,  while  water  power  would 
usually  decrease  in  cost,  from  the  need  of  less  expensive  dams  and 
wheels. 

The  average  cost  of  steam  engines  may  be  taken  as  being  : 

For  800  to  1,000  horse  power $20  per  horse  power 

For  500  to    600          " 30     "       "          " 

For  200  to    300          " 40     "       "          " 

For    50  to     100          "  50     "       "          " 

Boilers  and  setting,  30  to  40  "          " 

Engine  and  boiler  house,  chimney,  etc 30  "         " 

\ 

"The  Engineer"  gives  the  cost  in  England  for  100  horse-power 
engine,  with  boilers  and  "plant"  complete,  as  being  $75  per  horse 
power,  and  the  cost  of  fuel,  etc.,  per  annum,  at  $50  per  horse  power. 
The  cost  of  a  first-class  turbine  wheel  is  given  by  the  same  authority 
as  $3,500  for  100  horse-power,  or  $35  per  horse-power. 

The  turbine  has  almost  entirely  taken  the  place  of  the  cumbrous 
over-shot  or  breast  wheels,  and  may  be  procured  at  very  reasonable 
prices. 

While  the  Fourneyron  wheel,  as  improved  by  Mr.  Boyden,  has 
been  generally  used  in  the  large  manufacturing  establishments  of  New 
England,  the  attention  of  engineers  and  inventors  has  been  turned  to 
the  production  of  a  less  expensive  wheel,  of  equal  efficiency,  and  there 
are  now  a  number  in  the  market  giving  excellent  results,  which  are 
cast  in  one  piece,  instead  of  being  "  built  up  "  with  bronze  or  other 
sheet  metal  buckets  riveted  into  cast-iron  plates  or  flanges.  Several  of 
these  were  tested  at  the  Centennial  Exhibition,  and 


82 

The  Risdon  wheel,  which  gave  over 87  per  cent. 

The  National  wheel     "         "       "     83       " 

The  Geyelin  wheel      "         u      "     83       " 

The  Tait  or  Centennial  wheel  which  gave  over 82       " 

The  Tyler  wheel  which  gave  over 81       " 

and  the  Hunt  wheel  which  gave  over 80      " 

are  all  well  made  and  reliable  wheels. 

Besides  these  there  were  several  others  giving  over  75  per  cent., 
which  may  be  considered  as  the  maximum  effect  of  the  old  style  of 
wheels. 

Of  these  wheels,  the  Geyelin  was  of  the  Jonval  pattern,  with  a 
direct  downward  discharge  of  the  water  ;  the  others  were  all  inward 
and  downward,  as  is  also  the  case  with  the  Swain  wheel,  which  was 
not  on  exhibition,  but  which  is  very  largely  used  in  New  England, 
and  the  form  of  bucket  of  which  is  the  progenitor  of  those  of  several 
of  the  above-named  wheels. 

Mr.  James  B.  Francis,  of  Lowell,  has  obtained  with  this  wheel  a 
result  of  over  83  per  cent,  of  effect,  but  the  wheel  is  like  the  Boyden, 
a  "built  "  and  expensive  one,  compared  with  those  mentioned. 

This  method  of  central  discharge  of  the  water  is  believed  to  be  of 
American  origin,  the  type  of  this  class  having  been  the  "Howd 
wheel,"  patented  by  Samuel  B.  Howd,  of  Geneva,  N.  Y.,  July  26, 
1838. 

.  Water  wheels  can  not  be  strictly  considered  as  parts  of  "  Cotton 
Machinery,"  but  their  common  use  and  economy  as  motors  in 
America  seem  to  excuse  the  above  digression. 

I  have  aimed  to  trace,  as  concisely  as  possible,  the  growth  of  the 
cotton  manufacture  in  the  United  States  up  to  the  present  time,  and 
the  dates  of  the  more  important  American  inventions  which  have  con- 
tributed to  its  success,  and  have  endeavored  to  omit  nothing  which 
could  be  condensed  within  the  space  I  have  allowed  myself  for  this 
memoir  ;  and  I  cannot  bring  it  to  a  close  better  than  by  the  insertion 
of  the  following  article  from  the  New  York  "  Herald,"  which  I  am  per- 
mitted to  use  by  the  kindness  of  the  author,  Edward  Atkinson,  Esq., 
of  Boston,  which  states  clearly  our  present  position,  as  a  Nation,  in 
regard  to  the  production  of  the  raw  material  ;  and  also  the  admirable 
analysis  of  the  cost  of  manufacture  in  1838  and  1876,  prepared  for  me 
by  Mr.  William  A.  Burke,  of  Lowell,  the  treasurer  of  the  Lowell  Ma- 
chine Shop,  and  read  by  him  before  the  New  England  Cotton  Manu- 
facturers' Association,  which  is  inserted  in  the  Appendix  : 


83 

EXTRACT  FROM  LETTER  OF  EDWARD  ATKINSON  TO  THE  " 
YORK  HERALD." 

"  The  commanding  position  of  the  United  States  in  respect  to  the 
production  of  cotton  has  long  been  admitted,  but  it  seems  probable 
that  few  even  of  the  manufacturers  themselves  have  been  fully  aware 
of  the  strong  position  in  which  the  cotton  manufactures  of  the  United 
States  now  stand  in  relation  to  other  countries. 

"  A   HISTORY    OF    COTTON. 

"  The  subject  of  the  production  of  cotton  opens  so  wide  a  field  that 
it  is  hard  to  know  where  to  begin  or  end.  There  is  no  other  product 
that  has  had  so  potent  and  malign  an  influence  in  the  past  upon  the 
history  and  institutions  of  the  land,  and  perhaps  no  other  on  which  ita 
future  material  welfare  may  more  depend.  Cotton  belongs  to  this 
continent.  When  the  Spaniards  first  entered  Mexico  the  natives  were 
found  to  be  clothed  in  cotton,  and  the  art  of  weaving  and  dyeing  had 
been  carried  to  a  high  state  of  perfection  for  that  time  among  them. 
Then,  as  now,  the  best  and  most  prolific  varieties  of  the  cotton  plant 
existed  there,  and  the  plant  is  doubtless  indigenous  in  Mexico.  In  the 
United  States,  a  century  ago,  cotton  was  scarcely  known  as  an  im- 
portant production,  and  not  until  the  invention  of  the  saw  gin,  by  Eli 
Whitney,  in  1792,  did  it  become  so  ;  that  invention  renewed  the  life 
of  slavery.  To-day  the  United  States  furnish  all  the  cotton  used  in 
their  own  limits  and  in  Canada,  and  nearly  three  fourths  the  quantity 
consumed  in  their  own  limits  and  in  Europe  combined.  There  are  no 
data  by  which  the  quantity  produced  and  consumed  elsewhere  can  be 
determined  accurately,  the  production  of  Asia  and  Africa  being  un- 
known ;  but  the  inhabitants  of  these  two  continents  are  clothed  in 
cotton  to  a  very  large  extent  of  their  own  production  and  manu- 
facture. 

"  COTTON   MANUFACTURE. 

"In  respect  to  the  cotton  manufacture  the  world  may  be  divided 
into  two  sections — that  which  still  adheres  to  the  hand  work,  and  which 
is  by  far  the  largest  and  most  populous  section,  and  that  which  uses 
complex  machinery  worked  by  water  or  steam  power.  It  is  common 
to  name  the  divisions  "civilized"  and  "uncivilized";  but,  if  there  had 
been  no  previous  reason  for  hesitating  to  apply  these  terms,  the  won- 
derful exhibition  from  China  and  Japan  at  Philadelphia  might  well 
teach  us  a  lesson  in  modesty. 

"Among  the  machine-using  nations  it  may,  perhaps,  be  rightly 
claimed  that  the  United  States  takes  the  lead  ;  not  that  we  can  assert 
superiority  in  all,  or  perhaps  in  any,  special  machines,  but  that  our 


84 

people  adopt  machinery  more  quickly  than  others,  and  adapt  it  to  a 
greater  variety  of  purposes.  The  object  of  this  paper  is  to  mark  the 
progress  we  have  made  in  the  cultivation  of  cotton  and  in  the  applica- 
tion of  machinery  to  its  manufacture,  and  also  to  forecast  the  work  we 
may  have  yet  to  do. 

"COMPARATIVE  IMPORTANCE  TO  FABRICS. 

"  Among  the  three  common  fibers — wool,  flax  and  cotton — which 
constitute  the  principal  materials  for  the  clothing  of  the  human  race, 
cotton  is  the  most  important,  because  it  is  ready  for  treatment  by  ma- 
chinery as  soon  as  it  is  gathered  ;  because  its  conversion  into  cloth  is 
least  costly,  and  because  its  use  for  clothing  is  most  conducive  to 
health  in  respect  to  the  largest  portion  of  the  population  of  the  world. 
It  is  a  non-conductor  of  heat  and  of  electricity,  while  flax  is  the  re- 
verse ;  it  is  easy  to  spin  because  Nature  begins  to  twist  it  in  the  boll,  and 
each  fiber  is  like  a  twisted  ribbon,  a  little  thicker  at  the  edges  than  in 
the  middle  ;  hence  the  fibers  interlock  and  adhere  to  each  other  to 
their  very  points.  The  great  inventions  in  cotton  spinning  have  not 
been  in  the  twisting,  which  is  a  comparatively  simple  matter  whether 
compassed  upon  one  spindle  or  many,  but  in  the  extension  of  the  strand 
both  before  and  after  the  twisting  begins. 

"  PROCESSES    OI?   PREPARATION. 

"  The  processes  applied  to  the  fiber  in  order  to  convert  the  bale  of 
cotton  into  yarn  for  weaving  are  of  three  kinds — first,  to  clean  and 
straighten  the  fibers  and  lay  them  alongside  each  other  in  a  thick  and 
heavy  strand  ;  second,  to  extend  that  strand  with  a  constant  doubling 
of  two  or  more  ends  into  one  in  order  to  get  the  strand  even  ;  and 
third,  to  combine  the  further  extension  and  doubling  of  the  strands 
with  the  twisting.  The  extreme  accuracy  required  in  the  working  of 
the  machinery  will  be  best  appreciated  from  the  fact  that  the  No.  14 
yarn,  of  which  the  coarse  standard  sheeting  is  made,  weighs  sixty 
hundredths  of  a  grain  to  one  yard,  while  the  yarn  in  a  common  lawn 
of  which  a  woman's  summer  dress  is  made,  No.  70,  weighs  twelve 
hundredths  of  a  grain.  It  follows  that  all  the  complex  machinery  and 
the  twelve  to  fifteen  processes  through  which  the  cotton  must  pass 
from  the  bale  to  the  spindle  are  worked  within  the  limit  of  about  half 
a  grain  in  the  result,  the  two  numbers  named  representing  substantially 
the  whole  cotton  spinning  of  the  United  States.  The  number  indicates 
the  number  of  skeins  or  hanks  of  840  yards  each  in  one  pound  avoir- 
dupois, or  7,000  troy  grains,  the  cotton  spinners'  tables  being  based 
on  troy  grains  and  avoirdupois  ounces  and  pounds. 

"  If  we  consider  our  production  of  cotton  in  the  light  of  a  service 


85 
» 

rendered,  we  then  find  that  it  stands  first  in  rank  among  the  material 
services  which  we  render  to  humanity.  In  the  cotton  factories  of 
Europe  and  the  United  States  there  are  a  little  over  68,000,000 
spindles,  worked  by  about  1,000,000  men,  women  and  children.  In  the 
operation  of  these  spindles  a  little  more  than  6,000,000  bales  of  cotton, 
of  the  average  weight  of  American  bales,  are  annually  converted  into 
10,000,000,000  yards  of  cloth,  averaging  one  yard  wide  and  four  yards 
to  the  pound,  or  10  pounds  to  a  piece  of  forty  yards,  or  into  the  equiva- 
lent of  such  cloths  in  other  fabrics.  As  nearly  as  the  writer  can  ascer- 
tain, the  fabric  called  by  the  trade  a  four-yard  sheeting  is  about  the 
average  fabric  made  on  the  cotton  spindles  of  the  world.  In  this 
country  the  average  would  be  heavier  ;  in  Great  Britain  lighter.  The 
fabric  made  by  the  Lawrence  Manufacturing  Company,  known  as  LL, 
is  a  representative  of  this  average. 

"This  quantity  of  cloth  would  furnish  500,000,000  persons  five 
pounds  or  twenty  yards  each  annually.  Of  the  6,000,000  bales  of  cot- 
ton the  United  States  now  furnishes  about  4,500,000  in  each  year,  and 
our  proportion  is  year  by  year  increasing.  The  eight  last  crops,  raised 
by  the  labor  of  freemen,  exceed  the  eight  last  crops  before  our  civil 
war,  then  raised  mainly  by  the  labor  of  slaves,  in  the  number  of  more 
than  1,500,000  bales.  If,  then,  it  is  a  service  to'  men  to  provide  for 
them  the  largest  quantity  of  the  material  that  best  meets  their  need  for 
clothing,  in  this  one  respect  our  rank  is  assured. 

"  AMEKICAN    CAPABILITIES. 

"  Then  let  us  mark  the  extent  to  which  we  have  yet  trenched  upon 
our  resources.  In  this  production  less  than  2  per  cent,  of  the  area  of 
the  cotton  States  is  now  used.  What  we  may  yet  accomplish  may  be 
better  comprehended  by  considering  the  condition  of  a  single  State. 
We  will  select  Texas  as  being  the  State  now  making  the  most  rapid 
progress  in  population,  production  and  wealth.  Few  persons  can 
realize  the  facts  in  regard  to  this  great  State  except  by  comparison. 
In  area  it  exceeds  the  German  Empire  by  about  60,000  square  miles  ; 
it  has  land  and  climate  fitted  for  the  growing  of  almost  all  the  products  of 
the  temperate  zone  ;  it  is  underlain  to  a  large  extent  with  coal.  But, 
in  respect  to  cotton,  on  less  than  one  half  of  one  per  cent,  of  its  area  it 
last  year  produced  one  half  of  all  the  cotton  consumed  in  the  United 
States,  and  4  per  cent,  of  its  area  would  be  capable  of  producing  all  the 
cotton  now  consumed  in  Europe  and  the  United  States,  or  6,000,000 
bales.  Whenever  the  fertile  land  of  Texas,  which  constitutes  nearly 
three  fourths  its  area,  is  settled  with  the  same  density  of  population  as 
Massachusetts,  one  person  to  each  three  acres,  it  will  contain  nearly 
40,000,000  people. 


86 

"  Under  what  conditions  is  this  work  of  cotton  production  now  ac- 
complished or  yet  to  be  done  ?  No  longer  by  the  forced  labor  of  the 
slave  upon  the  plantation,  but  by  the  labor  of  freemen  and  largely  of 
freeholders  on  the  farm.  In  most  of  the  States  where  it  is  now  grown, 
cotton  constitutes  the  salable  or  money  crop  of  the  farmer,  who,  in 
other  respects,  is  becoming  entirely  independent  as  to  his  subsistence. 
Raising  food  and  meat  to  a  greater  extent  than  ever  before,  the 
Southern  farmer  still  finds  in  cotton  the  means  wherewith  to  furnish 
himself  with  money  for  other  purchases.  Cotton  being  therefore  more 
and  more  the  surplus  crop  or  profit  of  the  farmer  as  distinguished  from 
the  planter  of  old  time,  it  becomes  more  difficult  to  determine  its  cost, 
its  annual  quantity  until  each  year's  crop  has  been  actually  delivered, 
or  the  price  at  which  its  production  will  be  checked.  In  Texas,  the 
State  that  has  increased  its  crop  about  80  per  cent,  over  the  largest 
ante- war  crop,  by  far  the  largest  portion  is  now  raised  by  farmers 
owning  their  own  lands.  Her  last  crop  was  nearly  700,000  bales,  and 
within  one  or  two  years  at  farthest  it  will  be  1,000,000,  mostly  culti- 
vated by  white  labor. 

"  COST    OF    PRODUCTION. 

"  In  answer  to  a  very  extended  inquiry  lately  made,  the  writer  has 
received  estimates  of  the  cost  of  the  production  of  cotton  ranging  from 
six  to  fifteen  cents  per  pound,  the  latter  cost,  however,  having  been 
given  by  one  who  on  600  acres  of  land  made  only  four  bales  the  pre- 
vious year.  The  general  range  of  the  estimates  of  cost  were  six  to  ten 
cents.  But  one  answer  to  the  question  of  cost  was  the  most  signifi- 
cant. One  said  :  "  I  have  a  nephew  twenty  years  of  age  who,  with- 
out the  least  detriment  to  his  schooling,  and  working  Saturdays,  pro- 
duced 4  bales  of  cotton."  It  may  be  asked  what  did  this  lad's  cotton 
cost  to  produce  ?  The  average  estimate  of  cost  is  nine  and  six  tenths 
cents  per  pound ;  those  who  give  the  higher  rates  basing  their  esti- 
mates upon  the  purchase  of  provisions  at  present  prices  ;  those  who 
give  the  estimate  of  six  to  seven  cents  basing  them  upon  provisions  being 
raised  on  the  same  farm.  The  significant  fact  in  all  the  estimates  is 
that  the  lowest  come  from  Texas,  North  Carolina  and  Georgia,  which 
are  essentially  farming  States,  while  the  highest  come  from  Mississippi 
and  Louisiana,  the  States  which  were  formerly  par  excellence  the 
country  of  the  large  planters. 

"  IMPROVEMENTS. 

"  According  to  these  returns,  the  centennial  year  is  also  marked  by 
greater  improvements  than  ever  before  in  the  selection  of  seed,  in  the 
improvement  of  tools,  in  the  use  of  fertilizers,  and  in  the  average  crop 


87 

per  acre,  positive  evidence  having  been  given  of  the  production  of 
2,500  pounds  of  lint  or  clean  cotton  on  a  single  measured  acre  in 
Georgia.  It  was  not  claimed  that  this  had  been  or  could  be  profitable, 
but  it  is  significant  of  the  experiments  that  are  being  tried  in  many 
places.  The  average  estimates  of  profitable  work  range  from  400  to 
1,000  pounds  of  lint  or  clean  cotton  per  acre,  according  to  the  quality 
of  the  soil  and  the  kind  of  work  done  or  the  fertilizers  used.  The  last 
ten  years  have  also  witnessed  the  conversion  of  the  seed  of  the  cotton 
plant  into  many  useful  articles  but  little  known  before. 

"  In  respect  to  the  estimates  of  the  cost  of  raising  cotton  it  does  not 
yet  appear  that  any  very  accurate  data  exist  under  the  new  system  ; 
skillful  men,  who,  immediately  after  the  war,  feared  utter  ruin  unless 
the  price  could  be  maintained  at  20  cents  per  pound,  now  admit  having 
made  a  fair  profit  at  10  cents.  It  may  be  doubted  whether  the  cost 
can  ever  be  defined.  If  the  farmer  can  raise  an  ample  supply  of  grain, 
vegetables,  meat  and  fruit  for  subsistence,  and  can  also  produce  more 
or  less  cotton  for  sale,  the  cotton  represents  profit  or  surplus  rather 
than  cost,  and  under  such  circumstances  its  production  would  not 
cease,  although  it  might  be  checked,  even  if  it  should  decline  to  6  or  8 
cents  per  pound. 

"  OLD    A1STD    NEW    METHODS.     ' 

"  The  future  increased  production  of  cotton  in  the  United  States  and 
the  time  within  which  our  staple  will  take  the  place  of  all  inferior 
grades  is,  therefore,  only  a  question  of  numbers  and  intelligence.  In 
respect  to  intelligence  it  is  not  to  be  questioned  that  the  planter  of  old 
time  had  far  more  skill  than  many  of  the  farmers  of  the  present  day, 
but  the  system  of  labor  to  which  that  skill  was  applied  imposed  bad 
conditions  that  could  not  be  surmounted,  and  it  enforced  the  use  of 
tools  and  methods  unfit  for  the  purpose.  These  methods  may  have 
assured  prosperity  to  the  few  at  the  cost  of  the  many,  but  it  was  the 
high  price  and  not  the  low  price  of  cotton  that  limited  the  extension 
of  the  crop.  Twenty  years  since  every  bale  that  could  be  made  by  the 
force  then  upon  the  cotton  field  was  required  for  use,  and  under  the 
steadily  advancing  price  the  capital  needed  for  opening  new  fields  .as 
steadily  increased  with  the  advancing  price  of  slaves,  until,  in  1860, 
it  cost  50  per  cent,  more  to  buy  and  stock  a  cotton  plantation  to  raise 
the  cotton  for  a  given  factory  than  it  did  to  build  the  mill  and  fill  it 
with  machinery.  All  this  has  changed,  and  in  the  five  years  last 
past  more  than  a  million  persons  have  migrated  from  other  States  or 
from  abroad  to  the  fertile  lands  of  Texas,  and  the  independent  free- 
holder will  only  be  prevented  from  making  more  and  more  cotton  each 
year  by  the  low  price  and  not  by  the  high  price  that  it  may  bring. 
That  no  such  check  is  very  near  may  presently  be  made  apparent. 


88 


"  In  one  respect  great  improvement  is  needed,  and  but  little  has  yet 
been  made.  The  separation  of  the  lint  from  the  seed  is  the  process 
that  should  be  mostly  fitly  accomplished,  but  which  is  now  most  rudely 
done.  The  best  saw  gin  of  the  usual  construction,  unless  most  care- 
fully attended,  tears,  breaks,  doubles  and  otherwise  injures  the  staple, 
and  but  a  small  proportion  of  the  cotton  now  made  is  delivered  to  the 
spinner  in  the  best  condition.  Two  new  cotton  gins  were  exhibited  at 
Philadelphia,  which  promise  excellent  results — the  roller  gin  made  by 
Messrs.  Platt  Brothers  &  Co.,  of  England,  and  the  needle-point  gin  made 
by  the  Messrs.  Remington,  of  Ilion,  IsT.  Y.  If  these  machines  can  be 
made  to  produce  quantity  in  ratio  to  the  quality  of  the  staple  which 
they  deliver,  their  wide  introduction  cannot  be  long  delayed. 

"PACKING,  ETC. 

"  The  methods  of  packing,  covering  and  handling  cotton  in  the 
United  States  is  now  unfit  in  the  extreme,  and  as  the  competition  be- 
comes greater  with  declining  prices  it  is  to  be  hoped  and  expected  that 
better  methods  will  be  adopted.  At  present  it  is  alleged  that  it  is  not 
profitable  to  attempt  better  methods,  but  the  time  can  not  be  far 
distant  when  the  bale  of  cotton  will  be  as  carefully  prepared  and  pro- 
tected as  the  bale  of  cotton  fabrics.  Such  care  and  attention  was 
formerly  impossible.  It  must  be  remembered  that  the  slave  system 
repelled  and  degraded  free  labor ;  its  malign  effect  was  never  more 
tersely  expressed  than  by  Henry  A.  Wise,  of  Virginia,  who  said,  "  The 
negroes  skin  the  land  and  the  white  men  skin  the  negroes."  But  all 
this  has  passed  by,  and  the  professor  of  a  South  Carolina  college  who 
was  sent  out  of  the  State  because  he  said,  when  the  ordinance  of  seces- 
sion was  presented  to  him,  "  That  is  not  what  South  Carolina  wants — 
she  needs  manure,"  is  now  engaged  in  providing  that  valuable  com- 
modity, being  at  the  head  of  one  of  the  large  works  established  since 
the  war  for  converting  the  phosphatic  rocks  that  underlie  her  coast 
lands  into  the  material  that  her  exhausted  soil  so  much  required. 

"  THE    GOOD    TIME    COMING. 

"  With  local  self-government  assured  and  the  colored  race  fully  pro- 
tected by  the  urgent  competition  for  their  labor,  it  cannot  now  be 
doubted  that  the  fertile  soil  and  the  mild  climate  of  the  South  will 
soon  attract  to  other  portions  as  large  an  immigration  as  is  now  pour- 
ing into  Texas  ;  and  as  new  branches  of  industry  are  established  and 
a  more  dense  population  grows  up  or  comes  in,  even  though  the  negro 
should  quit  the  fields  and  take  to  other  occupations  in  towns  and 
villages,  as  it  is  alleged  he  will  do,  there  can  be  no  doubt  of  the  con- 
tinued increase  of  the  cotton  crop." 


89 


EXHIBIT  OF  MACHINERY  AND  FABRICS  AT  CENTENNIAL. 


SUPPLEMENTARY  CHAPTER. 

THE  cotton  manufacture  of  the  United  States,  as  illustrated  at  the 
Centennial  Exhibition,  although  very  complete  in  its  collection  of  the 
various  fabrics  made  in  the  country,  was  very  deficient  in  its  illustra- 
tion of  the  processes  by  which  they  were  produced,  many  of  the  best 
machines  being  entirely  unrepresented,  and  some  of  those  shown  not 
being  in  operation,  while  in  no  case  was  a  complete  system  of  cotton 
machinery  shown  by  any  exhibitor. 

There  were,  however,  machines  from  various  sources  on  exhibition, 
from  which  we  can  trace  the  operation  of  the  various  processes  which 
the  cotton  undergoes  in  its  progress  from  the  bale  to  the  cloth,  and  we 
will  endeavor  to  note  these  in  their  proper  order,  with  some  comments 
on  their  peculiarities. 

First  in  order  was  the  opening  and  picking  machinery  of  the  Kitson 
Machine  Co.,  of  Lowell,  consisting  of  two  machines — the  first  one 
for  opening  the  cotton,  from  the  bale,  and  partially  cleaning  it  from 
seed  and  leaf,  and  forming  it  into  a  lap,  which  is  taken  to  the  second 
machine,  where  it  is  still  further  cleaned,  and  where  three  of  these 
laps  are  united  into  the  one  which  goes  to  the  card. 

The  second  machine  did  not  differ  essentially  from  the  "  Lappers  " 
in.  ordinary  use  in  the  United  States  and  England,  but  the  first  one 
had  a  radical  modification,  in  the  addition  of  a  toothed  cylinder  (or 
pair  of  disks,  both  forms  being  employed)  to  tear  open  the  hard  masses 
of  cotton  as  they  are  taken  from  the  bale,  and  to  loosen  them,  before  sub- 
jecting them  to  the  blows  of  the  "beater,"  whose  office  it  is  to  knock 
out  the  seeds  and  sand,  while  the  cotton  is  carried  forward  by  a  cur- 
rent of  air  against  a  wire  gauze  cylinder,  which  forms  it  by  its  revolu- 
tion into  a  sheet  or  lap.  The  processes  of  opening  cotton  have  varied 
considerably  in  times  past,  according  to  the  character  of  the  staple  to 
be  treated  ;  but  the  mode  most  commonly  adopted  of  late  years,  for  the 


90 

great  bulk  of  middling  and  ordinary  cottons,  has  been  that  of  the 
"  Beater "  so-called,  a  straight  steel  bar,  of  which  two  or  three  were 
set  on  arms,  parallel  with  and  7  to  12  inches  distant  from  a  shaft  re- 
volving from  1,200  to  1,800  times  per  minute,  thus  giving  the  beaters 
a  velocity  of  from  5,000  to  8,000  feet  per  minute.  These  bars  strike 
the  cotton  as  it  issues  slowly  from  a  pair  of  feed  rollers,  and  by  their 
velocity  drive  the  seeds  and  heavy  substances  downward  through  a 
grating  underneath,  while  the  cotton  is  carried  on  with  the  beaters  till 
it  is  sucked  off  by  an  air  draught  on  the  side  opposite  to  the  feed  rolls 
— as  above  mentioned. 

With  loosely  packed  and  dry  cotton  this  mode  is  not  objectionable, 
but,  when  it  has  been  heavily  compressed  and  subjected  to  moisture, 
the  hard  " mats"  thus  formed  are  very  difficult  to  open,  causing  great 
strain  and  wear  on  the  machines,  and  consuming  an  unnecessary 
amount  of  power,  besides  causing  more  or  less  injury  to  the  staple,  and 
it  is  to  obviate  these  difficulties  that  Mr.  Kitson's  "Atmospheric 
Opener  "  was  constructed.  These  machines  are  now  being  introduced 
to  great  satisfaction  in  many  large  cotton  mills — both  in  America  and 
England. 

The  next  machine  in  order  is  the  card — of  which  there  was  not  one 
of  the  ordinary  form  on  exhibition,  the  only  machine  shown  being 
Messrs.  Foss  &  Percy's  "  underflat "  card,  which  aims  to  do  double  the 
work  of  the  ordinary  card,  with  only  J  more  power,  and  only  the  same 
amount  of  floor  space  in  the  mill. 

The  novelty  of  this  machine  lies  in  the  arrangement  by  which  the 
"  Card  Flats  "  are  held  up  by  springs  to  the  under  side  of  the  carding 
cylinder,  thus  giving  double  the  working  surface  ;  and  in  so  revolving 
the  cylinder  that  it  strikes  the  cotton  downward  instead  of  upward 
from  the  feed  rolls,  thus  knocking  any  dirt  and  sand  which  may  have 
escaped  the  picker  down  into  a  space  prepared  to  receive  it,  instead 
of  carrying  it  up  and  lodging  it  in  the  "  Top  Flats."  This  machine  is 
but  of  very  recent  introduction,  and  it  is  not  yet  possible  to  speak 
authoritatively  of  its  merits,  but  it  was  favorably  esteemed  by  the 
judges,  and  is  now  being  thoroughly  tested,  with  excellent  results,  in 
several  of  the  mills  at  Lowell  and  other  manufacturing  towns. 

Of  the  next  process,  the  "  Drawing-Frame,"  there  was  only  a  single 
specimen  exhibited,  and  that  one  not  in  operation  :  from  the  Saco 
Water  Power  Machine  Shop,  of  Biddeford,  Me, 

This  machine  was  thoroughly  well  built  and  finished,  and  may  be 
considered  as  a  fair  specimen  of  the  machines  at  present  used  for  that 
purpose. 

The  same  establishment  also  sent  a  very  perfect  set  of  Roving  or 
"  Fly  Frames,"  three  in  number,  of  excellent  finish  and  construction, 


91 

and  a  self-acting  mule,  of  the  Parr-Curtis  pattern,  which  may  all  be 
taken  as  good  specimens  of  the  best  type  of  cotton  machinery  in  use 
at  the  present  day. 

The  Providence  Machine  Company  also  exhibited  an  excellent  set 
of  roving  frames  in  operation,  which  were  noticeable  for  the  high 
velocity  and  great  ease  of  their  movements,  but  which  differ  little  in 
essential  points  of  construction  from  those  of  the  Saco  Water  Power 
Machine  Company. 

Messrs.  Fales  &  Jenks,  of  Pawtucket,  R.  I.,  had  on  exhibition  the 
"  Combined  Fly  Frame  and  Speeder  "  of  Messrs.  Mayer  &  Chatterton, 
which  had  several  excellent  features,  combining  very  ingeniously  some 
of  the  best  points  of  two  systems  ;  having  the  long  flyer  of  the  speeder 
separated  from  the  spindle,  thus  admitting  of  economy  of  time  in 
dressing  and  the  more  perfect  "  wind  motions  "  of  the  fly  frame. 

No  examples  of  the  spinning  frames  which  have  been  in  ordinary 
use  for  many  years  were  on  exhibition,  but  two  varieties  of  the  new 
light  ring  spindle,  which  is  rapidly  being  introduced,  were  shown  in 
operation,  viz.,  one  frame  of  the  "Sawyer  spindle,"  by  Messrs.  Geo. 
Draper  &  Sons,  of  Hopedale,  Mass.,  and  one  frame  built  by  the  Lowell 
Machine  Shop,  and  exhibited  by  the  Willimantic  Co.,  in  which  half 
the  spindles  were  of  the  Sawyer  pattern,  and  half  of  a  combination  of 
the  "  Sawyer  "  and  "  Pearl "  patents.  This  frame  was  shown  running 
at  a  very  high  speed,  and  spinning  No.  160  yarn  ;  but,  as  both  these 
spindles  have  been  described  in  another  place  more  fully,  it  is  unneces- 
sary to  say  more  about  them  here. 

Messrs.  Draper  &  Sons  also  exhibited  a  twister  with  the  Sawyer 
spindle,  a  spooler  with  the  "  Wade  "  bobbin  holder,  a  new  and  very 
ingenious  improvement,  and  a  Warper,  containing  several  new  and 
valuable  inventions. 

The  Lewiston  Machine  Shop,  of  Lewiston,  Me.,  also  contributed  a 
Warper,  of  the  very  best  plan  and  construction,  and  one  which  is  in 
very  extensive  use  and  highly  commended  in  many  of  our  best  mills. 

The  display  of  looms  was  quite  large,  and  contained  several  pat- 
terns of  the  well-known  Crompton  loom,  from  Worcester,  Mass. ;  the 
Knowles  loom,  from  the  same  place  ;  the  Thomas  loom,  from  the 
Lewiston  Machine  Shop  ;  the  Lyell  loom,  which  was  shown  weaving 
jute  canvas,  8  yards  wide,  grain-bags,  sheetings,  and  women's  corsets, 
the  latter,  by  an  application  of  the  Jacquard  motion  to  the  warp,  being 
produced  shaped  to  the  body,  and  the  loom  weaving  8  at  once. 

Other  looms  were  exhibited  by  Thomas  Wood,  of  Philadelphia, 
Jas.  Long,  Bros.  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  L.  E.  Ross,  Providence,  R.  I., 
Wolfenden,  Shove  &  Co.,  Cardington,  Pa.  All  these  looms  were  excel- 
lent for  their  intended  purposes,  and  very  thoroughly  illustrated  that 


92 

branch  of  manufacture,  especially  so  far  as  related  to  figured  or  "  fancy 
woven"  fabrics. 

Messrs.  George  Draper  &  Sons  also  exhibited  loom-temples  such 
as  are  in  universal  use  in  the  United  States,  and  double  adjustable 
spinning  rings. 

The  Willimantic  Co.  of  Willimantic,  Conn.,  made  a  very  fine 
display  of  cotton  in  its  various  states  of  progress  from  the  bale  to  the 
yarn,  and  showed  the  two  very  ingenious  automatic  machines  invented 
for  them  by  Hezekiah  Conant,  for  spooling  sewing  cotton,  and  for 
ticketing  the  spools. 

Messrs.  Butterworth  &  Co.,  of  Philadelphia,  exhibited  drying  cans, 
for  bleached  or  printed  fabrics  ;  Messrs.  Palmer  &  Kendall,  of  Middle- 
town,  Conn.,  have  a  very  ingenious  drying  and  tentering  machine  for 
mosquito  nettings,  lawns,  and  other  light  cloths  ;  and  Messrs.  Hope  & 
Co.,  of  Providence,  R.  I.,  showed  two  patterns  of  their  very  ingenious 
Pantograph  engraving  machines. 

There  were  some  smaller  exhibits,  but  the  above  list  comprised  all 
the  machinery  of  any  importance  in  the  American  department,  while 
the  display  from  other  countries  was  so  meager  as  to  allow  of  no  par- 
ticular comparison. 

The  display  of  fabrics  was  much  more  extensive,  consisting  of  142 
exhibits,  ranging,  with  one  or  two  exceptions,  from  No.  8  to  No.  40 
yarn,  as  the  basis,  and  comprising  a  very  great  variety  of  styles  of 
cloth,  from  cotton  duck  to  fine  muslins,  ginghams,  and  printed  calicoes, 
from  different  parts  of  the  Union. 

A  full  list  would  be  simply  a  repetition  of  the  official  catalogue, 
and  it  may  be  condensed  by  saying  that  Maine  was  represented  by  the 
following  exhibits,  viz  :  Cotton  duck  from  the  Westbrook  Manufactur- 
ing Company  of  Portland  ;  tickings,  cottonades,  cheviot  shirtings, 
seamless  bags,  sheetings,  shirtings,  jeans,  quilts,  ginghams,  and  silesias 
from  the  different  mills  at  Lewiston  ;  cottonades,  denims,  tickings,  dress 
goods,  skirtings,  and  shirtings  from  the  York  mills  at  Saco  ;  sheet- 
ings, shirtings,  drills,  and  jeans  from  Biddeford  ;  and  sheetings  and 
shirtings  from  the  Cabot  mills  at  Brunswick  and  the  Farwell  mills  at 
Lisbon.  New  Hampshire  also  made  an  extensive  display,  consisting 
of  tickings,  denims,  awning  stripes,  cotton  flannels,  ginghams  ;  fancy 
shirtings,  jeans,  drills,  duck,  seamless  bags,  printed  calicoes,  sheetings, 
and  shirtings,  from  the  mills  at  Manchester  ;  quilts  and  sheetings  from 
the  Monadnock  mills,  at  Claremont ;  cotton  flannels,  sheetings,  shirtings, 
and  print  cloths  from  Nashua,  sheetings  and  shirtings  from  Great  Falls, 
and  knitting  cotton  from  Morse,  Kaley  &  Co.,  of  Milford. 

Massachusetts  was  largely  represented  by  print-cloths,  printed  cali- 
coes, shirtings,  and  muslins,  from  Fall  River  ;  sheetings,  shirtings,  drill- 


93 

ings,  cotton  flannels,  printed  calicoes  and  furniture-coverings,  and 
bleached  and  dyed  cambrics  from  Lowell ;  printed  calicoes  and  lawns, 
cottonades,  tickings,  cheviots,  denims,  and  dress  goods  from  Lawrence  ; 
spool  cotton,  lawns,  muslins,  thread,  twine,  and  yarns,  from  Holyoke  ; 
cotton  flannels  from  Chicopee,  denims  and  dress  goods,  from  Palmer  ; 
sheetings  and  sateen  jeans  from  Salem  ;  sheetings  and  shirtings  from 
New  Bedford  and  Waltham  ;  ginghams  and  yarns  from  South  Hadley  ; 
ginghams,  skirtings,  and  dress  goods  from  South  Adams  ;  cottonades, 
shirtings,  tickings,  denims,  awning-stripes,  and  dress  goods  from 
Whittenton  ;  ginghams  from  Lancaster  ;  and  print  cloths,  cambrics,  and 
printed  calicoes  from  Southbridge.  Rhode  Island,  as  might  be 
expected,  as  the  birth-place  of  the  cotton  manufacture  in  America, 
made  a  wide  and  varied  exhibit  of  brown  and  bleached  cottons  and 
dyed  and  printed  fabrics,  from  a  number  of  mills  in  different  parts 
of  the  State,  all  having  their  business  headquarters  at  Providence. 
Woonsocket,  Pawtucket,  Warren,  Westerly,  Lonsdale,  Pontiac,  and 
other  manufacturing  towns  were  well  represented  ;  and  the  lawns  and 
muslins  of  the  Lonsdale  Co.,  and  the  similar  fabrics  from  the  Berkeley 
Co.,  are  worthy  of  especial  notice  from  the  perfection  of  their  manufac- 
ture and  the  fineness  of  the  fabrics  ;  the  sateens  of  the  Berkeley  Co.  being 
made  of  No.  100  warp  and  No.  150  weft,  and  supposed  to  be  the 
finest  goods  made  in  the  United  States.  Spool  cotton  of  excellent 
quality  was  also  exhibited,  and  a  great  variety  of  bleached  and  colored 
goods  from  different  bleacheries  and  print-works. 

Connecticut  sent  denims,  ducks,  cheviots,  tickings,  and  fancy 
stripes  from  Norwich  ;  shirtings  and  cambrics  from  Wauregan,  Putnam, 
and  Taf tville  ;  mosquito  nettings  from  Middletown  ;  and  sewing  cotton 
from  Willimantic,  the  latter  being  of  especial  merit  for  it's  smooth- 
ness, softness,  and  strength,  and  is  mentioned  in  another  place,  in  con- 
nection with  the  machinery  employed  to  produce  it. 

New  York  had  fewer  exhibitors,  sheetings  and  shirtings  from  Utica 
and  the  "New  York  Mills,"  silesias,  cambrics,  etc.,  from  Saratoga, 
comprising  her  list. 

New  Jersey  was  more  fully  represented,  and  sent  spool  cotton  from 
Newark  and  Mount  Holly  ;  ginghams,  print-cloths,  and  printed  and 
dyed  fabrics,  from  Gloucester  ;  cotton  towelings  and  dusters  from 
Paterson  ;  bleached  shirtings,  cambrics  and  silesias,  printed  linings, 
umbrella  cloths,  window  hollands,  tilloting  cloths,  etc.,  from  Millville, 
and  cotton  yarns  and  wicking  from  Wortendyke. 

Pennsylvania  showed  awning  stripes,  tickings,  printed  and  dyed 
calicoes,  and  muslins  in  great  variety — cottonades,  ginghams,  cotton 
yarns,  and  a  great  variety  of  cotton  fabrics  of  medium  fineness,  from 
the  immediate  vicinity  of  Philadelphia  ;  cotton  flannels,  nankeen,  and 


94 

tickings  from  Lancaster  ;  counterpanes  and  quilts  from  Allentown  and 
Lancaster  ;  and  tickings  from  Linwood. 

Delaware  sent  tickings  from  Wilmington,  and  warp  yarns  from 
New  Castle. 

Maryland  took  the  lead  in  cotton  duck,  with  three  very  fine  exhibits 
from  Baltimore. 

North  Carolina  sent  sheetings,  from  Great  Falls,  Rockingham  Co. 

Georgia  exhibited  very  good  sheetings  from  the  Alabama  and 
Georgia  Manufacturing  Company,  of  West  Point. 

Mississippi  contributed  excellent  heavy  cotton,  and  mixed  cotton 
and  wool  fabrics,  from  the  Mississippi  Manufacturing  Company  of 
Wesson,  and  also  excellent  yarn  from  F.  E.  Whitfield,  of  Corinth, 
which  had  been  manufactured  directly  from  seed  cotton,  by  an  appara- 
tus attached  to  the  card,  which  performed  the  same  purpose  as  the 
gin. 

Indiana  completed  the  list  of  the  States  of  the  Union  represented, 
with  staple  heavy  sheetings  from  Evansville. 

Canada  exhibited  staple  sheetings,  shirtings  and  yarns,  tickings  and 
bags,  from  Hamilton,  Dundas,  and  Toronto,  and  New  Brunswick  sent 
yarns  from  St.  Johns  ;  and  these  should  fairly  be  included  in  the  list 
of  distinctively  American  exhibits,  as  the  skilled  labor  which  they 
have  drawn  from  the  United  States  has  been  a  great  element  in  their 
success. 

In  taking  a  general  survey  of  the  subject,  a  tendency  to  the  manu- 
facture of  finer  fabrics  was  noticeable  in  Massachusetts,  and  especially 
in  Rhode  Island,  and  also  in  the  newer  mills  in  Maine.  New  Hamp- 
shire excelled  in  the  heavier  goods,  such  as  denims,  drills  and  tickings, 
though  the  finest  tickings  are  from  Pennsylvania,  and  Maryland  made 
a  specialty  of  duck  ;  Massachusetts  and  Rhode  Island  took  the  lead  in 
ginghams,  print  cloths,  and  dyeing  and  printing,  in  the  quantity  pro- 
duced, although  for  excellence  in  dyeing  and  printing  Pennsylvania 
and  New  Hampshire  fairly  disputed  the  palm  with  them  ;  while  for 
great  variety  of  minor  manufactures,  the  region  directly  about  Phila- 
delphia excelled. 

The  Southern  States  made  a  small  but  creditable  exhibit,  and  the 
time  will  come  when  with  peace,  and  attention  to  industry  instead  of 
politics,  they  will  make  the  greater  part  of  their  ordinary  clothing 
fabrics,  while  the  North,  as  it  is  now  doing,  turns  its  attention  to  finer 
goods.  With  this  short  comment  we  will  close  this  memoir  of  the 
growth  of  the  cotton  manufactures  of  the  United  States  up  to  the 
period  of  the  Centennial  Exhibition  of  1876. 


95 


APPENDIX  A. 

PAPER  BEAD  BY  WILLIAM  A.  BURKE,  ESQ.,  OF  LOWELL,  BEFORE  THE 
NEW  ENGLAND  ASSOCIATION  OF  COTTON  MANUFACTURERS,  OCTO- 
BER 25,  1876. — STATISTICS  RELATING  TO  THE  COST  OF  MANUFAC- 
TURING DRILLINGS  AND  STANDARD  SHEETINGS  IN  1838  AND  1876. 

"  MR.  PRESIDENT  AND  GENTLEMEN  :  I  have  been  requested  by 
your  Board  of  Government  to  present  to  this  meeting  some  statistics 
of  the  cost  of  manufacturing  drillings  and  standard  sheetings  in  the 
years  1838  and  1876. 

"These  statistics  were  collected  at  the  request  of  Mr.  Samuel 
Webber,  to  be  used  in  his  work,  soon  to  be  published,  on  the  '  Centen- 
nial History  of  the  Cotton  Manufacture '  in  this  country. 

"  The  mills  I  have  chosen  are  the  No.  1  Mill  of  the  Boott  Cotton 
Mills,  in  Lowell,  Mass.,'  and  the  mill  of  the  Jackson  Company,  in 
Nashua,  N.  H. 

"  The  year  1838  is  as  far  back  as  the  records  were  complete  enough 
to  be  relied  on. 

"  For  convenience  of  comparison,  the  items  are  arranged  in  a  col- 
umn for  each  of  the  years  1838  and  1876. 

"  The  No.  1  Boott  Cotton  Mill  was  one  of  four  mills  built  and 
equipped  ready  for  operation  by  the  *  Proprietors  of  Locks  and  Canals 
on  Merrimack  River,'  and  was  started  in  1836.  It  was  filled  with  ma- 
chinery for  making  drillings  only.  The  building,  water-wheels,  gear- 
ing, and  machinery  were  of  the  latest  and  best  construction  at  that 
time,  and  fully  equal  to  those  of  any  mill  in  Lowell. 

"  The  machinery  in  the  mill  was  as  follows  :  Two  conical  wil- 
lows. Two  pickers  or  lappers,  with  2  beaters  each.  Twenty-eight 
breaker-cards,  with  main  cylinders  37  inches  in  diameter  and  37 
inches  wide,  with  a  leader-in  6f  inches  in  diameter,  and  12  top  flats  ; 

15 


96 

draught,  32.  Two  lap-winders  for  making  a  lap  for  the  finisher 
cards,  from  32  breaker  card  slivers.  Twenty-eight  finisher  cards, 
with  main  cylinders  same  size  as  the  breaker  cards,  and  with  14 
top-flats  ;  draught,  31.27.  First  set  of  drawing-frames  had  16  deliv- 
eries, and  doubled  3  into  1  ;  draught,  4.12.  Second  set  of  drawing- 
frames  had  24  deliveries,  and  doubled  4  into  1  ;  draught,  3.76. 
Third  set  of  drawing-frames  had  24  deliveries,  and  doubled  4  into  1  ; 
(fraught,  3.17.  Six  speeders  of  18  spindles  each,  having  bobbins 
with  heads  6J  inches  in  diameter  and  8  inches  long  between  the 
heads ;  draught,  5.7 ;  twist,  .71  per  inch.  Ten  fine  speeders  or 
stretchers,  of  36  spindles  each,  having  bobbins  with  heads  5  inches 
in  diameter  and  7  inches  long  between  the  heads  ;  draught,  6.13  ; 
twist,  1.2  per  inch.  The  coarse  or  speeder  roving  was  doubled  on 
the  stretchers.  -Twenty-eight  flier  and  dead-spindle  throstles,  of  128 
spindles  each,  for  making  warp  ;  800  yards  of  yarn  put  on  a  bob- 
bin. Twenty  flier  and  dead-spindle  throstles,  of  128  spindles  each, 
for  making  filling  ;  400  yards  of  yarn  put  on  a  quill  ;  draught  on  all 
the  throstles,  9.94.  Three  thousand  five  hundred  and  eighty-four 
warp  and  2,560  filling  spindles,  making  6,144  spindles  in  the  mill. 
Eight  f  cradle '  warpers,  for  putting  250  threads  and  5,000  yards  in 
length  on  a  section  beam.  Twelve  dressing-frames,  carrying  8  section 
beams  each,  having  2  fans,  'and  drying  the  sized  yarn  with  the  air 
of  the  room,  or  that  coming  from  the  furnace  which  warmed  the 
mill.  Ten  cuts  of  32  yards  each,  when  wove,  were  put  on  a  loom 
beam.  One  hundred  and  seventy-six  looms  for  weaving  drillings  30 
inches  wide. 

"  The  comparison  is  made  for  four  weeks  (24  days)  in  May,  1838, 
and  for  the  same  length  of  time  in  May,  1876. 

"  The  statistics  for  1876  were  very  kindly  given  by  Mr.  A.  G. 
Cumnock,  the  present  agent  of  the  Boott  Cotton  Mills. 

"  Since  1861  all  the  mills  owned  by  the  Boott  Cotton  Mills  have 
been  renovated  and  enlarged  (one  new  mill  added),  supplied  with  ad- 
ditional motive  power,  new  shafting,  and  an  entirely  new  suit  of 
machinery  of  the  latest  construction,  arranged  for  the  greatest  econ- 
omy in  operating. 

"  The  number  of  spindles  in  all  the  mills  when  they  were  started, 
in  1836-'37,  was  about  28,000.  The  present  number  of  spindles  is 
about  113,000,  and  of  looms  2,550,  while  the  capital  stock  is  the  same 
as  in  1836,  viz..  $1,200,000. 

"All  these  renewals  and  additions  have  been  paid  for  from  the 
earnings,  and  the  mills  are  believed  to  be  equal  to  any  in  New  Eng- 
land for  economy  in  working  and  in  the  quality  of  the  cloth  manufac- 
tured. 


BOOTT  COTTON  MILL  No.  1. 


MAY,  1838. 

MAT,  1876. 

Organization  of  Cloth  (Drillings),  viz.  : 
Number  of  the  yarn  (average). 

13  64 

13  93 

Threads  in  the  warp  

2,000 

2196 

Picks  of  fillin"  per  inch 

60 

50 

Weight  in  yards  per  pound  .... 

2  91 

2  85 

Hours  of  labor  per  week  .... 

76| 

60 

Pounds  of  cloth  made  in  306  hours  

71,686 

Pounds  of  cloth  made  in  240  hours  *  .  . 

71  882 

Number  of  looms  used  

176 

194 

Yards  woven  on  a  loom  in  60  hours  

245£ 

264 

Number  of  spindles  run             .           

6  144 

6  965 

Pounds  spun  per  spindle  in  60  hours.  .  .  :   

2.292 

2  58 

Number  of  Operatives,  viz.  : 

In  card  room  (including  picking)  — 
Males  

143 

933 

Females  

33 

11 

In  spinning  room  — 
Males  

4.18 

25 

Females  (including  spoolers)  

55 

25 

In  dressing  room  — 
Males  

2 

1.5 

Females  (including  warper  tenders)..    . 

29 

4 

In  weaving  room  — 
Males  

3 

2.5 

Females  

86 

34 

Total  Males  

2348 

15  83 

Total  Females  

203 

74 

22648 

89.83 

Pounds  of  cloth  produced  by  each  operative  in  one  hour.  .  . 

Cost  of  labor  per  pound  — 
For  picking,  carding,  and  roving  .... 

1.012 

Cents. 
1  0291 

3.333 

Cents. 
6674 

For  spinning  (including  spooling)  

1.1168 

.7446 

For  warping  and  dressing.  ... 

7105 

1786 

For  weaving  

1  9371 

1  2627 

Total  cost  of  labor  per  pound.   .                 .... 

4  7935 

2  8533 

Average  of  Wages  paid  (Board  included,   Overseeing 
excepted). 

In  printing  and  carding  rooms  — 
For  males,  per  day         .  . 

&076-3- 

&1  22£ 

For  females,  per  week  

3.02^ 

3.98-i1,,- 

*  On  account  of  the  changes  made  in  the  machinery  and  its  position,  the  pounds  of 
cloth  given  as  made  in  May,  1876,  are  196  more  than  were  made  in  May,  1838. 


98 


Boon  COTTON  MILL  No.  1. — (Continued.) 


MAY,  1838. 


MAT,  1876. 


Average  of  Wages  paid  {Board  included.  Overseeing 
excepted). 

In  spinning  room — 

For  males,  per  day 

For  females,  per  week  (including  spoolers) 

In  dressing  room — 

For  males,  per  day 

For  females,  per  week  (including  warpers  and  web- 
drawers  ...  

In  weaving  room — 

For  males,  per  day 

For  females,  per  week 

Price  of  board  in  corporation  houses — 

For  males 

For  females. . 


$0.66f 
2.93i 


3.62 


1.75 


$1.00 
4.27* 

1.25 

5.40 

1.00 

5.88 

3.25 

2.10 


NOTE. — In  addition  to' the  $2.10  per  week  paid  by  females  for  board  in  1876,  the 
company  pays  30  cents  per  week  to  the  boarding-house  keeper,  making  $2.40  in  all. 

"  The  mill  of  the  Jackson  Company  was  put  in  operation  in  1832, 
but,  as  the  accounts  for  the  first  year  were  not  kept  in  detail,  the  six 
months  ending  June  1,  1838,  and  the  six  months  ending. April  30, 
1876,  are  taken  for  comparison. 

JACKSON  COMPANY. 


1838. 

1876. 

Number  of  spindles  

12  000 

23  888 

Number  of  looms  

400 

786 

Average  number  of  yarn  ,  

13  25 

13  25 

Weight  of  cloth  in  yards  per  pound  

2  95 

2  932 

Cost  of  labor  per  pound  

4  805  cts 

3  59    cts 

Geneva!  expenses  per  pound  

2  137  cts 

2  605  cts 

Cost  of  cotton  per  pound  at  the  mill  

1  2  73    cts 

14  132  cts 

Percentage  of  waste,  net  

12  91 

12  11 

Total  cost  of  cloth  per  pound  

21  99    cts 

22  289  cts 

Total  cost  of  cloth  per  yard  

6  64    cts 

7  601  cts 

Total  cost  of  print  cloth  per  yard  

5  726  cts 

None  made 

Yards  of  cloth  made  in  6  months  

2,832  575 

4737681 

Pounds  of  cloth  made  in  6  months  

960  195 

1  615  791 

Average  price  per  yard  received  for  sales  .... 

8  50  cts 

8  549  cts 

Profit  per  yard,  net  

1  86  cts 

948  cts 

Pounds  spun  per  spindle  in  64-J-  hours  

271 

2  635 

Pounds  woven  per  loom  in  64£  hours  

81.51 

8009 

Yards  woven  per  loom  per  day  of  11  hours  

41  03 

39  14 

99 


JACKSON  COMPANY. — ( Continued.) 


1838. 

1876. 

Six  months  is  equal  to  154  days,  or  25f  weeks  of  6  days 
each.  —  Hours  of  labor  per  week,  say  

74 

64A 

Operatives  employed  — 
Males         

(     514  62    ) 

82  64 

(      in  all      f 

35240 

Hours  of  labor  for  6  months  =  164  days  =  25£  weeks  of 
6  days  each  

1  898  84 

435.04 
1  65507 

Cloth  in  pounds  produced  in  one  hour  by  each  operative  .  .  . 

.9852 

2.275 

"  When  the  mill  began  work,  it  had  10,240  spindles  and  360  looms. 
No  record  of  the  machinery  appears  to  have  been  kept  until  June  1, 
1841,  when  the  number  of  spindles  is  given  as  12,500.  I  assume  that 
in  1838  there  were  12,000  spindles  and  400  looms.  For  a  few  years 
the  company  made  a  small  amount  of  print  cloths,  but  they  were  dis- 
continued, and  the  whole  product  of  the  mill  has  been  *  Indian  Head ' 
standard  sheetings,  so  favorably  known  over  the  whole  country. 

"  The  statistics  were  kindly  furnished  by  Frederic  Amory,  Esq.,  of 
Boston,  the  treasurer  of  the  Jackson  Company. 

"  The  cost  of  labor,  the  number  of  operatives,  and  the  average  of 
wages  paid  in  each  department  could  not  be  ascertained  for  the  six 
months  in  1838,  and  of  course  are  omitted  for  the  six  months  in  1876. 

"  As  the  reduction  in  the  cost  of  labor  and  the  number  of  opera- 
tives employed  does  not  appear  to  be  as  great  at  the  Jackson  Com- 
pany as  at  the  Boott  Cotton  Mills,  it  is  but  fair  to  remark  that  the 
Jackson  Company  continue  to  use  the  flier  and  dead-spindle  throstle 
for  spinning  (most  of  it  the  same  as  when  the  mill  was  started),  and 
have  not  until  recently  substituted  c  slashers  '  for  the  old-style  *  dress- 
er '  in  sizing  the  warp  yarn. 

"  My  purpose  is  to  show  what  progress  has  been  made  as  regards 
the  labor-cost  of  making  drillings  and  standard  sheetings  from  1838 
to  the  present  time.  Although  the  comparison  is  made  on  No.  14 
yarns,  yet  I  think  an  equally  favorable  result  would  be  found  on  finer 
numbers,  say  as  fine  as  No.  30. 

"  As  regards  prices  for  labor,  we  know  that  is  always  affected  by 
the  demand  and  supply  of  labor.  Wages  are  now  greater  than  they 
were  thirty-eight  years  ago,  but  not  as  large  as  within  the  past  few 
years. 

"  The  wages  as  given  at  the  Boott  Cotton  Mills,  after  deducting 


100 

the  prices  paid  for  board  by  males  and  females,  show  at  the  present 
time  an  increase  in  the  wages  of  males  (overseers  are  not  included)  of 
sixteen  and  one  half  cents  per  day,  and  of  females  of  eighty-nine  cents 
per  week,  more  than  the  net  wages  received  by  them  in  1838,  or  an 
increase  of  40  per  cent,  for  males  and  47  per  cent,  for  females. 

"  At  the  Boott  Cotton  Mills  the  labor-cost  on  drillings  is  1.94  cent 
per  pound  less  in  1876  than  in  1838,  and  is  distributed  as  follows  : 

Less  in  card  room 3617  cent. 

"     in  spinning  room. 3722     " 

"    in  dressing  room 5319     " 

"    in  weaving  room 6744     " 

1.9402     " 

"  But  a  greater  difference  appears  in  the  amount  of  cloth  produced 
by  each  operative.  This  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  at  the  Boott  Cot- 
ton Mills  one  hour's  work  by  each  person  gives  3.33  pounds  of  cloth 
in  1876  and  but  1.012  pound  in  1838. 

"At  the  Jackson  Company,  in  1876,  one  hour's  work  gave  per 
hand  2.275  pounds  of  cloth,  and  in  1838  but  .9852  pound.  I  presume 
the  records  of  other  mills  would  show  equally  well. 

"  How  has  this  improvement  been  obtained  ?  I  will  specify  a  few 
of  the  changes  that  have  taken  place  since  1838,  as  they  appear  from 
my  observation  : 

"  First.  Larger  mills,  with  better  opportunity  for  arranging  ma- 
chinery to  economize  labor.  The  size  of  cotton  mills,  as  established 
at  Lowell  forty  years  ago,  was  6,144  spindles  for  No.  14s  and  about 
8,500  spindles  for  No.  30s,  and  the  machinery  for  weaving  the  yarn 
into  cloth.  At  this  time  a  20,000  spindle  mill  is  a  moderate  size,  and 
we  have  them  of  50,000  spindles,  or  even  more. 

"  Second.  Improvements  in  the  construction  and  workmanship  of 
machinery  and  many  important  inventions  and  attachments  to  save 
labor  and  perfect  work.  I  will  note  but  some  of  the  principal  ones  : 
The  Wellman  Top  Card  Stripper,  the  use  of  lap-heads  (so  called) 
where  double  carding  is  practiced,  eveners  on  railway -heads,  the  stop- 
motion  on  drawing-frames,  great  improvements  on  mules,  the  intro- 
duction of  the  ring  and  traveler  spinning-frames,  also  of  the  '  slasher  ' 
for  sizing  yarn,  and  the  filling  stop-motion  on  the  loom.  These  are 
but  few  of  many  improvements  familiar  to  all  of  us. 

"  Third.  The  number  of  looms  a  weaver  is  now  able  to  tend  has 
more  than  doubled.  In  1838  two  looms  to  a  weaver  was  the  rule, 
though  there  were  cases  of  three  or  more  being  tended  by  one  person. 
Now  the  practice  is  for  four  to  six  and  even  eight  looms  to  be  run  by 


101 

one  weaver.  At  the  Boott  Mills  34  weavers  tend  194  looms  ;  and,  if 
two  of  the  34  are  "room  girls,"  then  194  by  32  would  give  a  trifle 
more  than  six  looms  to  a  weaver. 

"  Fourth.  The  reduction  of  at  least  one  half  of  the  piecings  in  the 
progress  of  the  cotton  from  the  bale  to  the  cloth.  We  now  make 
longer  laps  and  use  larger  cans  for  the  drawing-sliver  ;  by  improve- 
ments on  fly-frames  and  on  speeders,  we  double  at  least  the  length  of 
roving  laid  on  a  bobbin,  and  thus  enable  a  spinner  to  tend  more  spin- 
dles. We  double  the  length  of  yarn  wound  on  a  quill  or  bobbin  ;  we 
wind  three  times  as  much  weight  of  yarn  on  a  *  section  '  or  l  slasher  ' 
beam,  and  we  double  at  least  the  number  of  cuts  or  pieces  on  the  warp 
beam  for  the  loom. 

"  These  are  the  principal  changes  that  occur  to  me  as  having  op- 
erated to  increase  so  largely  the  amount  of  cloth  made  by  each  per- 
son employed.  They  are  the  result  of  the  experience  and  persistent 
labor  of  many  years,  have  been  of  slow  growth,  and  obtained  by  a  little 
here  and  a  little  there. 

"  I  might  give  another  reason  for  the  progress  made,  especially 
within  the  last  fifteen  or  twenty  years.  We  are  more  sensible  of  thfe 
advantage  of  keeping  well  informed  and  '  posted  '  in  whatever  relates 
to  economy  in  cost  of  production,  and  for  that  object  there  is  now  a 
greater  interchange  of  information  of  what  is  being  done  in  our  mills 
than  was  formerly  the  custom. 

"  This  association  is  an  important  aid  in  that  direction,  and  now, 
in  the  eleventh  year  of  a  flourishing  and  I  hope  permanent  existence, 
is  carrying  out  the  purpose  set  forth  in  the  preamble  to  its  constitu- 
tion, viz. :  l  Promoting  a  more  intimate  acquaintance  with  each  other, 
and  collecting  and  imparting  information  as  to  the  best  methods  of 
manufacturing  cotton.' " 


102 


APPENDIX  B. 

LETTER   FROM  AZA  ARNOLD   TO    THE    CHAIRMAN    OF   THE    COMMITTEE  ON 
PATENTS,    UNITED    STATES    HOUSE    OF   REPRESENTATIVES. 

"  WASHINGTON,  September  6,  1861. 

"  HON.  ELISHA  DYER,  Chairman,  etc.:  We  are  informed  that  the 
differential  speeder  is  claimed  by  Mr.  Appleton  as  a  Waltham 
invention.  But  the  author  of  Waltham  inventions  made  no  such 
claim.  No  improvement  on  cotton  machinery  appears  to  have  been 
made  at  Waltham,  up  to  1826,  except  by  Paul  Moody ;  he  was  chief 
mechanician  of  Waltham,  and  claimed  to  be  the  inventor  of  the 
Waltham  speeder  ;  he  claimed  eight  improvements  on  the  machine, 
but  they  proved  not  to  be  new.  Jonathan  Fisk  also  built  the  same 
kind  (Waltham  speeder)  at  Medway,  and  took  five  patents  on  the 
machine.  William  Hines,  of  Coventry,  R.  I.,  had  made  improvements 
on  the  speeder  and  patented  before  them.  And  it  is  remarkable  that 
the  parts  claimed  by  Moody  are  the  identical  parts  which  are  super- 
seded by  my  compound  motion,  and  were  never  used  in  a  differential 
speeder.  I  shall  refer  to  the  case  of  Moody  vs.  Fisk  in  a  future 
page,  to  show  that  Moody's  claim  proves  the  Waltham  speeder  to  be 
essentially  different.  Paul  Moody  took  charge  of  the  Lowell  establish- 
ments, and  Jonathan  Fisk  took  charge  of  the  Dover  factory.  And  I 
shall  show  that  neither  Moody  nor  Fisk  knew  any  method  of  compound- 
ing two  different  motions,  and  producing  their  differential,  for  four 
years  after  I  had  the  machine  in  operation.  I  was  well  acquainted 
with  Moody,  saw  his  machines,  and  considered  that  he  improved  the 
speeder  by  adopting  the  long  flier  ;  but  the  long  flier  was  invented 
by  Asa  Gilson,  at  Dorchester.  I  have  used  both  Hine's  and  Fisk's 
speeders,  and  well  remember  the  difference. 

"  If  I  exhibit  a  little  egotism-in  this  reminiscence,  you  will  excuse  it 
when  you  consider  the  local  prejudice  that  was  exercised  against  my 
machine  as  a  Rhode  Island  invention.  I  invented  the  differential 
speeder,  and  put  it  in  operation  in  1822,  at  South  Kingstown,  and  it 
was  soon  in  operation  at  Coventry,  Scituate,  Pomfret,  and  a  dozen  other 
places,  but  for  three  or  four  years  it  was  discountenanced  at  Waltham, 


103 

and  Lowell,  the  Waltham  speeder  being  exclusively  used  in  both 
places  until  I  had  constructed  and  put  in  operation  the  Great  Falls 
factory,  at  Somers worth,  N.  H.,  which  actually  produced  30  per  cent, 
more  goods  per  week  than  the  Waltham  or  Lowell  factories  had  pro- 
duced, of  equal  quality.  This  brought  down  the  directors  of  the 
Lowell  factories  to  our  place  at  Somersworth,  to  inquire  into  the  cause 
of  so  great  a  difference.  It  brought  also  Mr.  Moody,  their  engineer, 
and  Mr.  George  Brownell,  the  foreman  of  the  Lowell  machine  shop  ; 
they  also  sent  the  celebrated  mathematician,  Warren  Colburn,  to  see 
if  our  calculation  was  correct.  I  had  the  pleasure  of  exhibiting  and 
explaining  all  the  minutiae  of  the  Rhode  Island  invention  a  third  time, 
and  the  result  was  that  Mr.  Colburn  told  Moody  that  it  was  mathe- 
matically correct,  and  that  it  was  the  only  plan  that  he  had  heard  of  by 
which  the  machine  could  be  made  adjustable  to  all  sizes  of  ropings. 
We  notice  the  case  Moody  vs.  Fisk  (2  Mason  Rep.,  112),  tried  at 
Boston,  October  term,  1820.  In  the  defense,  it  was  proved  that  the 
improvements  claimed  by  Moody  were  not  new,  neither  were  they 
invented  at  Waltham.  William  Hines,  of  Coventry,  had  made 
improvements  on  the  speeder,  and  patented  in  February,  1819,  pre- 
vious to  Moody's  date.  Moody's  patent  was  vacated  for  want  of 
novelty.  The  object  of  referring  to  it  is  to  show  that  Moody's  claim 
proves  the  Waltham  speeder  to  be  a  different  machine  from  the  dif- 
ferential speeder.  In  summing  up  his  claims,  he  says  :  "First,  I 
claim  the  position  of  the  rolls.  Second,  the  two  upper  cones.  Third, 
the  method  of  moving  the  belt  on  the  two  lower  cones,  and  that  of 
communicating  motion  from  the  lower  cones  to  the  spindles,  and  all  the 
mechanism  and  method  of  communicating  motion,  from  the  upper  driven 
cone  to  the  arbors  or  axles  of  the  endless  screws,  and  perpendicular 
racks  or  screws  that  raise,  and  the  spindle  rail.  Fifth,  I  claim  the 
method  and  machinery  by  which  the  said  motion  communicated  to 
the  spindle  raW  is  changed  from  an  ascending  to  a  descending  motion, 
and  the  manner  of  connecting  the  same  with  the  wagon  carriage. 
Sixth,  the  wagon  and  the  wagon  carriage,  gallows  frame,  catch  wheel, 
the  cycloid  cam,  slide  lever  and  pulley  shaft,  which  raises  the  belt  on 
the  upper  cones,  and  all  the  similar  parts  that  raise  the  belt  on  the 
lower  cones  (except  the  cycloid,  or  cycloid  cam),  with  all  the  parts, 
movements,  and  mechanism  connected  with  the  same.  Seventh,  the 
flier  tubes,  and  method  of  applying  and  using  them.  Eighth,  the 
rotary  motion  of  the  cams,  and  the  intermediate  gear  work.  And 
further,  I  claim  that  these  my  inventions  are  applicable,  not  only  to 
this  machine  which  is  adapted  to  one  size  of  roping,  but  may  be  pro- 
portioned and  applied  to  the  making  of  any  other  kind  of  roping." 
So,  by  his  own  showing,  the  Waltham  speeder  makes  but  one  size  of 


104 

roping.  It  is  proper  to  remark  that  my  compounding  wheels  super- 
sede all  the  second  pair  of  cones,  cycloid  cams,  the  cycloid  racks,  the 
second  cone  belt,  and  the  method  of  moving  the  belt,  which  required 
to  be  brought  up  by  ratchets  and  catches,  with  teeth  of  different 
lengths,  graduated  to  suit  one  size  of  roping,  and  which  could  not  be 
used  to  make  a  different  grade  of  roping,  finer  or  coarser,  but  require 
another  set  of  parts  graduated  differently  to  suit  any  other  size  of 
roping,  and  this  proportioning  and  adjusting  of  the  machinery  was 
required  at  each  change  from  fine  to  coarse,  or  from  coarse  to  fine. 
The  object  of  my  inventing  the  differential  speeder  was  to  do  away 
with  the  intricate  construction,  and  to  simplify  and  extend  the  use  of 
the  machine,  so  that  one  set  of  gears  can  be  adjusted  to  each  and  every 
size  of  roping  by  merely  changing  the  pinions.  When  Mr.  Moody 
came  to  me  for  an  explanation  of  my  invention,  we  had  a  free  and 
full  discussion  of  its  parts  and  properties.  I  remarked  to  him  that  the 
exact  difference  between  the  retarding  motion  and  a  certain  uniform 
motion  would  be  always  right  for  the  accelerating  motion.  He  seemed 
not  to  recognize  the  fact,  and  spoke  doubtfully  of  it ;  I  then  remarked 
that  the  same  cause  that  required  the  graduating  of  one,  required  the 
graduation  of  the  other,  for  both  depend  on  the  diameter  of  the 
roping.  Therefore,  I  take  the  advantage  of  using  this  differential  for 
the  accelerated  motion,  rather  than  to  use  another  pair  of  cones  and 
belt  fixtures  ;  but  I  have  another  more  important  advantage  by  so 
doing,  that  is,  whenever  it  is  required  to  alter  one  graduation,  the 
other  always  keeps  right  along  with  it ;  whatever  may  be  the  rate  of 
change  required,  these  motions  are  always  reciprocal  to  each  other. 
Therefore,  I  use  a  rack  with  equal  teeth  for  moving  the  belt,  and 
move  it  by  a  pinion  of  any  requisite  number  of  teeth,  so  as  to  adapt 
the  same  machine  to  any  size  of  roping  by  merely  changing  the 
pinions. 

"  Up  to  this  time,  the  differential  speeder  had  not  been  seen  at 
Waltham  or  Lowell,  neither  had  the  authors  of  Waltham  inventions 
taken  the  pains  to  investigate  its  merits.  But  after  this,  I  had  a 
cordial- and  good  understanding  with  both  Moody  and  Fisk.  I  have 
subsequently  been  informed  by  Mr.  George  Brownell  that,  soon  after 
this  interview,  they  commenced  making  my  kind  of  gears  at  Lowell,  and 
not  only  built  my  kind  of  speeders,  but  also  took  up  their  Waltham 
speeders,  and  geared  them  over,  and  converted  them  into  differential 
speeders,  by  putting  in  my  compound  motion.  This  is  a  historical 
fact  of  some  significance  ;  George  Brownell,  I  think,  is  still  living  at 
Lowell,  and  will  confirm  these  remarks  ;  James  Dennis,  Gideon  C. 
Smith,  and  Daniel  Osborn,  who  were  with  us  at  Somersworth,  may, 
perhaps,  recollect  some  of  the  circumstances.  While  on  the  subject 


105 

we  may  remark  further  that  the  speeder  (fly  frame)  had  been  used 
in  England,  but  the  compound  motion  or  differential  had  never  been 
applied  to  an  English  machine,  until  Charles  Richmond  carried  to 
England  a  model  of  my  wheels  (unbeknown  to  me).  He  was  there  in 
1824-5,  when  Mr.  Houlds worth  took  up  the  subject  of  improving  the 
fly  frame.  Dr.  Ure  informs  us  that  Houlds  worth  applied  the  differen- 
tial system  and  patented  it  in  1826  ;  that  is,  three  years  after  the  date 
of  my  patent.  It  was  not  requisite  for  him  to  claim  it  as  his  orig- 
inal invention.  I  have  been  informed,  through  a  former  partner  of 
Charles  Richmond,  that  the  model  which  he  carried  to  England  was 
made  in  Taunton,  and  was  sold  in  England,  and  had  since  been 
patented  there.  We  said  that  J.  Fisk  did  not  understand  producing 
and  using  the  differential  motion  until  three  years  after  we  had  the 
machine  in  operation.  It  happened  that  J.  Cowing,  in  describing  my 
speeder,  told  Fisk  that  it  had  but  one  pair  of  cones,  and  one  cone  belt. 
Fisk  remarked,  then  it  could  not  work.  Cowing  replied,  "but  it 
appears  to  work  right  well,  and  makes  more  roping  than  the  Waltham 
speeder."  Mr.  Fisk  then  entered  into  argument,  saying,  "  It  is  impos- 
sible to  produce  both  graduations  by  one  pair  of  cones  and  one  belt, 
because,  while  one  is  a  retarding  motion  to  vibrate  the  spindle  rail,  the 
other  requires  to  be  an  accelerated  motion  for  the  winding  up."  So  it 
was  evident  that  he  did  not  understand  it,  or  he  would  not  have  made 
this  assertion.  If  my  differential  speeder  had  ever  been  supposed  to 
have  been  a  Waltham  invention,  we  should  have  heard  of  it  during  my 
three  years'  contest  with  six  corporations  of  Lowell,  yet  not  a  word  of 
any  such  claim  was  offered,  but,  on  the  contrary,  they  tacitly  acknowl- 
edged my  right  to  the  invention  ;  and  after  having  the  law  repealed, 
thereby  defeating  my  first  claims  up  to  that  time,  they  then  gave  me 
$3,500  for  the  right  to  use  the  same  for  the  last  year  of  the  term  of 
my  patent.  And  this  they  did  after  searching  all  the  evidence  that 
could  be  found  against  my  claim.  Mr.  Lyman,  of  Boston,  who  acted 
as  their  agent,  who  paid  me  the  money  and  received  the  license  for 
them,  told  me  they  found  no  evidence  against  it.  Few  readers  will 
take  the  trouble  to  understand  the  specific  difference  between  two 
complex  machines  ;  but  when  one  mode  of  operation  enables  the  manu- 
facturer to  produce  twenty  per  cent,  more  goods,  with  the  same  cost 
of  labor  than  has  before  been  done,  it  becomes  of  national  impor- 
tance. Dr.  Ure  well  remarks  that,  since  the  differential  system  has 
been  adopted,  manufacturers  have  been  able  to  produce  a  better  article 
at  a  less  cost,  and  have  thereby  increased  the  trade. 
"  I  am,  dear  Sir,  most  respectfully, 

"  Your  friend  and  servant, 

"AzA  ARNOLD." 


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"  16.  THE  LIFE  AND  GROWTH  OF  LANGUAGE.  By  Prof.  W.  D.  WHITNEY,  of  Yale  College. 
$1.50. 

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F.R.  S.    $1.75. 
"      1 8.    THE  NATURE  OF  LIGHT,  with  an  Account  of  Physical  Optics.    By  Dr.  EUGENE  LOMMEL,  Professor 

of  Physics  in  the  University  of  Erlangen.    88  Illustrations  and  a  Plate  of  Spectra  in  Chromo-iithography.    $2.00. 

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versity of  Louvain.  83  Illustrations.  $1.50. 

"  2O.  ON  FERMENTATIONS.  By  P.  SCHUTZENBERGER,  Director  at  the  Chemical  Laboratory  at  the  Sor- 
bonne.  28  Illustrations.  $1.50. 

"  21.  THE  FIVE  SENSES  OF  MAN.  By  JULIUS  BERNSTEIN,  O.  6.  Professor  of  Physiology  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Halle.  91  Illustrations.  $1.75. 

"    22.    THE  THEORY  OF  SOUND  IN    ITS    RELATION   TO   MUSIC.     By  Prof.  PIETRO 

BLASERNA,  ot  the  Royal  University  of  Rome.     Numerous  Woodcuts.     $1.50. 
"    23.     STUDIES    IN    SPECTRUM    ANALYSIS.     By  J.  NORMAN  LOCK  YE  R.    Illustrations.    $2.50. 

"    24.    A   HISTORY   OF  THE    GROWTH   OF  THE    STEAM-ENGINE.     By  ROBERT  H. 

THURSTON,  A.  M.,  C.  E.,  Professor  of  Mechanical  Engineering.    163  Illustrations.    $2.50. 

"    25.     EDUCATION  AS  A  SCIENCE.     By  ALEXANDER  BAIN,LL.D.,  Professor  of  Logic  in  the  University 

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"    26.     MODERN   CHROMATICS,  with  Applications  to  Art  and  Industry.     By  OGDBN  N.  ROOD,  Professor 

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"    27.    THE    HUMAN    SPECIES.      By  A.  DE  QUATREFAGES,  Professor  of  Anthropology  in  the  Museum  of 

Natural  History,  Paris.     $2.00. 

The  INTERNATIONAL  SCIENTIFIC  SERIES  is  entirely  an  American  project,  and  was  originated  and  organized  by  Dr.  E.  L. 
Youmans,  who  spent  the  greater  part  of  a  j-ear  in  Europe,  arranging  with  authors  and  publishers. 

The  character  and  scope  of  this  series  will  be  best  indicated  by  a  reference  to  the  names  and  subjects  included  in  the  lists  of 
volumes  published  and  in  preparation ;  from  which  it  will  be  seen  that  the  cooperation  of  the  most  distinguished  professors  in 
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The  works  will  be  issued  simultaneously  in  New  York,  London,  Paris,  Leipsic,  Milan,  and  St.  Petersburg. 


VOLUMES    IN    PREPARATION. 


The  Brain  as  an  Organ  of  Mind.    By  H. 

CHARLTON  BASTIAN,  M.  D.    {In  press.) 

The  Crayfish:  An  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  Zoology. 
By  Pro£  HUXLEY.  (In  press.) 

The  Stars.  By  Prof.  SKCCHI,"  late  Director  of  the  Ob- 
servatory at  Rome.  (In  press.) 

The  Sun.  By  Prof.  YOUNG,  of  Princeton  College.  With 
numerous  Illustrations. 

Psychometry.    By  FRANCIS  GALTON,  F.  R.  S. 


General    Physiology    of    Muscles    and 

Nerves.    By  Prof.  J.  ROSENTHAL,  of  the  University  of 
Erlangen. 

Animal    Intelligence.       By  GEORGE  J.   ROMANES, 

F.L.S. 
On  AntS  and    Bees.     By  Sir  JOHN  LUBBOCK,  Bart, 

F.  R.  S. 

Forms  of  Life  and  other  Cosmical  Con- 
ditions.    By  P.  BBRT,  Prolessor  of  Physiology,  Paris. 


D.  APPLETON  &  CO.,  Publishers,  549  &  551  Broadway,  New  York. 


A    H  I  STORY 

OF   THE 

GEOWTH  OF  THE  STEAM-EMM 


By    ROBERT    H.    THURSTON,    A.  M.,    C.  E., 

PROFESSOR  or  MECHANICAL  ENGINEERING  IN  THE  STEVENS  INSTITUTE  OP  TECHNOLOGY, 

HOBOKEN,  N.   J.,  ETC.,  ETC. 

With  163  Illustrations,  including  15  Portraits. 


1  vol.,  12mo.  Cloth Price,  $2.50. 


CONTENTS. 

I.  THE  STEAM-ENGINE  AS  A  SIMPLE  MACHINE. 
II.  THE  STEAM-ENGINE  AS  A  TEAIN  OF  MECHANISM. 

III.  THE  DEVELOPMENT  OF  THE  MODERN  STEAM-ENGINE. 

IV.  and  V.  THE  MODEEN  STEAM-ENGINE. 
VI.  THE  STEAM-ENGINE  OF  TO-DAY. 

VII.  and  VIII.  THE  PHILOSOPHY  OF  THE  STEAM-ENGINE. 


•(  In  the  preparation  of  this  work,  Prof.  Thurston  has  made  an  important  contribution, 
alike  to  the  excellent  series  of  works  of  which  it  will  form  a  part,  and  to  the  historical 
literature  of  the  arts  and  sciences.  There  was  a  niche  for  such  a  book,  which  ought  to 
have  been  filled  before.  We  have  had  many  works  on  the  steam-engine,  from  elementary 
catechisms  to  ponderous  treatises,  all  of  which  have  given  more  or  less  attention  to  its 
origin  ;  but  there  was  still  wanting  a  volume  that  should  tell  the  entertaining  story  of  the 
growth  of  this  wonderful  machine  in  a  way  to  interest  the  popular  mind  without  impair- 
ing the  dignity  or  diminishing  the  instructiveness  of  the  narrative.  Prof.  Thurston  may 
be  congratulated  on  having  executed  his  task  in  a  manner  not  unworthy  the  remarkable 
interest  of  the  subject." — Popular  'Science  Monthly. 

"  This  is  the  most  exhaustive,  lucid,  and  trustworthy  account  of  a  most  interesting 
subject.  There  are  two  features  of  the  work  to  which  we  would  direct  particular  atten- 
tion. One  is  the  full  and  careful  synopsis  of  the  records  and  traditions  relating  to  the 
first  discovery  and  gradual  development  of  the  essential  principle  of  heat-engines.  The 
other  is  the  chapter  outlining  the  direction  and  limitations  of  improvement  in  the  future." 
—New  York  Sun. 

"  Prof.  Thurston  almost  exhausts  his  subject ;  details  of  mechanism  are  followed  by 
interesting  biographies  of  the  more  important  inventors.  If,  as  is  contended,  the  steam, 
engine  is  the  most  important  physical  agent  in  civilizing  the  world,  its  history  is  a  desid- 
eratum, and  the  readers  of  the  present  work  will  agree  that  it  could  have  a  no  more 
amusing  and  intelligent  historian  than  our  author." — Boston  Gazette. 

"  Mr.  Thurston  was  a  well-known  citizen  of  Rhode  Island.  Personal  knowledge  of  an 
author  throws  an  additional  interest  around  the  productions. of  his  pen,  though  in  this 
case  the  work  needs  nothing  but  its  own  excellence  to  commend  it  to  public  favor.  The 
'  International  Scientific  Series '  is  to  be  congratulated  upon  the  advent  of  a  new  member 
presenting  a  grand  subject  scientifically  treated  and  admirably  adapted  to  popular  com- 
prehension."— Providence  Journal. 

D.  APPLETON  &  CO.,  PUBLISHERS, 

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